共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
Osamu Iwahashi 《Researches on Population Ecology》1977,19(1):87-98
Summary The sterile insect release method was applied to eradicate the melon fly,Dacus cucurbitae, from the 58.5 km2 island of Kume, in the Okinawa Islands group. Weekly releases of 1 to 1.5 million flies irradiated as pupae with 6–7 kR from
a cobalt-60 source did not decrease the wild melon fly population. Releases of 1.5–2 million pupae per week made from September,
1975 to January, 1976 decreased the percent egg-hatch of females caught on Kume Is., but did not decrease the percent infestation
significantly. The number of pupae released was increased from February, 1976 to accelerate the eradication process. When
the number of pupae released exceeded 3.5 million per week, a rapid increase in the ratio of marked (sterile) to unmarked
(wild) flies, a remarkable decrease in percent egg-hatch, and a decrease in percent infestation of fruits were observed. There
has been no sign of melon fly infestation in wild cucurbit fruits from October, 1976 to the present time (April, 1977), despite
the fact that more than 70,000 fruits were carefully examined. The eradication of the melon fly from Kume Is. was thus achieved
by April, 1977, after the release of 264 million sterile fly pupae. 相似文献
2.
Liu Jianguo Ouyang Zhiyun Tan Yingchun Yang Jian Zhang Heming 《Population and environment》1999,21(1):45-58
Human population size and growth have been recognized as important factors affecting biodiversity, but the impacts of population
structural changes on biodiversity are not clear. In this paper, we made the first attempt to link human population structural
changes with implications for biodiversity, using Wolong Nature Reserve (south-western China) for the endangered giant panda
as a case study. From 1982 to 1996, the labor force (20–59 years of age) in the reserve jumped by 59.76 percent, although
the total population size increased by only 14.65 percent. During the same time period, the sex ratio (males:females) of small
children (0–4 years of age) changed from 0.98∶1 to 1.20∶1, and the percentage of children receiving education beyond the elementary
school level increased from 14.04 to 27.47. The increase in labor force and the number of male-biased children could have
more negative impacts on the panda habitat, whereas improving school education could help more young people move out of the
reserve by going to college and finding jobs elsewhere and thus reduce destruction to the panda habitat. 相似文献
3.
Chobei Imai 《Researches on Population Ecology》1984,26(2):353-362
Summary The population dynamics of the housefly,Musca domestica, on patchy and unstable habitats consisting of refuse was investigated at a waste disposal site by using sticky flypaper
and mark-release-recapture technique (Jolly-Seber's method). The newly disposed garbage was favorable for breeding of the flies for about one month after being disposed, while
a mixture of garbage and ash from incinerated refuse was less favorable. On the garbage under favorable conditions, the rates
of population increase was 1.25–2.82 per day, and approximately 1300–1500 flies were produced per square meter within the
available period of one month. The rapid decrease in the fly density was observed just after the appearance of high density
peaks. The mark-release-recapture study suggested that this rapid decrease would be mainly due to the density-dependent emigration
of adult flies from the patchy habitats. The emigration was also activated when the time after garbage disposition became
long. 相似文献
4.
Kazuo Nakamura Yosiaki It? Kazuyoshi Miyashita Akira Takai 《Researches on Population Ecology》1964,6(2):67-78
Summary Estimation of the number of adult grasshoppers,Mecostethus magister, was made by means of the mark-and-recapture method. The birth and death rates are possible to be estimated at the same time,
but the immigration and the emigration rate are inevitably involved in these respectively. The immigration and emigration
rates must be made clear to know the true birth and death rates. For this purpose the movement of the marked males in 1963
was analyzed.
The grasshoppers dominantly moved in the directions of N, NW and W, and the difference in frequency among the movement directions
was not so large. The distribution of the dispersal-distance relationship of each quadrate on each released day was fitted
approximately to normal distribution. It could be concluded that almost all of the grasshoppers moved within the range of
about 31–35m. The emigration rate from the quadrate (12×12m2) was about 0.73–0.77 and the difference in the rate among the released days was small. From these values the emigration rate
from the station (84×60m2) was estimated as 0.21–0.23.
Subtracting the emigration rate from the death-and-emigration rate, the true death rate was calculated. The death rate was
very low until the number of males reached to the peak, then increased gradually. Supposing that immigration rate was equal
to the emigration rate, the true birth rate was also estimated. But the presumption might not be pertinent, for the value
of birth rates became negative. 相似文献
5.
Chobei Imai 《Researches on Population Ecology》1985,27(1):111-123
Summary Investigation was carried out from 1976 to 1979 to establish a new control system against the houseflies,Musca domestica, at a sea-filling waste disposal site in Osaka Bay, Japan.
Field surveys showed that the garbage was favorble for the fly breeding for 20–30 days after being disposed, while the sewage
sludge and the ash from incinerated refuse were unfavorable. Comparing the fly density at the site to the reported cases of
the public complaints in the urban area near to the site, a complaint threshold density of the flies at the site was estimated.
Then, a control threshold density was assumed from the complaint threshold density and the reproductive rate of the housefly
population. Several insecticides, as well as a surface active agent, polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (PEL), were found effective
for the temporary suppression of the fly density.
Based on the results obtained, the following control system was worked out. 1) Refuse is disposed onto the same area as other
inorganic wastes to deteriorate the capacity of breeding sources. 2) The fly density is examined on newly disposed refuse
almost everyday by landfill operators. 3) PEL is sprayed when the density slightly exceeds the control threshold density.
If the density increases rather higher, insecticide should be used. 4) The disposed refuse is covered with soil or other inorganic
wastes on every weekend or every other weekend by 15 cm thickness.
Success in both fly control and reduction of the amounts of insecticides sprayed was achieved by a field application of this
new control system. 相似文献
6.
J. P. Spradbery R. S. Tozer J. M. Robb P. Cassells 《Researches on Population Ecology》1989,31(2):353-366
Summary The feasibility of the sterile insect release method (SIRM) was tested against natural populations of the Old World screw-worm
fly,Chrysomya bezziana in the Musa Valley, Papua New Guinea. Sterile mating frequencies were determined from egg masses laid by native females on
wounded, sentinel cattle. The aerial release of sterilised puparia resulted in low frequencies of sterile matings and few
trap recaptures of released material. The release of chilled adult flies resulted in higher frequencies of sterile matings
and many trap recaptures. The mean density of males released was 230 males per km2 per week over a target area of 361 km2 (48% of the valley). Sterile masses were first detected 2 weeks after the release of chill flies commenced, reaching a weekly
peak of 33% after 5 weeks of releases with 15% of egg masses found to be sterile during the final month. The levels of sterile
matings achieved in this trial were similar to comparable SIRM studies made in the USA, Mexico and Guatemala to control the
New World screw-worm fly,Cochliomyia hominivorax. 相似文献
7.
In this paper, highly skilled and less-skilled immigrants in three age classes (20–34, 35–49, and 50–64) are distinguished.
Since most highly skilled immigrants are males who enter the USA as numerically restricted, we study only numerically restricted
male immigrants. Annual data (1972–1991) for 86 source countries are pooled, and the Hausman–Taylor instrumental variable
technique is used to estimate the regressions. Along with measures of differential economic opportunities, migration costs,
and USA institutional controls, we incorporate a unique set of variables relating to social programs in source countries.
Such programs prove to be significant determinants of the skill composition of USA immigrants. 相似文献
8.
K. Tanaka T. Watanabe H. Higuchi K. Miyamoto Y. Yusa T. Kiyonaga H. Kiyota Y. Suzuki T. Wada 《Researches on Population Ecology》1999,41(3):253-262
To examine density dependence in the survival, growth, and reproduction of Pomacea canaliculata, we conducted an experiment in which snail densities were manipulated in a paddy field. We released paint-marked snails of
15–20 mm shell height into 12 enclosures (pens) of 16 m2 at one of five densities – 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 snails per pen. The survival rate of released snails was 95% and was independent
of snail density. The snail density had a significant effect on the growth and egg production of individual snails. This density
dependence may have been caused by reduced food availability. The females at high density deposited fewer and smaller egg
masses than those at low density, and consequently produced fewer eggs. The females at densities 8 and 16 deposited more than
3000 eggs per female, while the females at density 128 oviposited only 414 eggs. The total egg production per pen was, however,
higher at higher snail density. The survival rates of juvenile snails were 21%–37% and were independent of adult density.
The juvenile density was positively correlated with the total egg production per pen and hence was higher at higher adult
density. However, the density of juveniles larger than 5 mm in shell height, i.e., juveniles that can survive an overwintering
period, was not significantly different among density treatments. These results suggest that snail density after the overwintering
period is independent of the density in the previous year. Thus, density dependence in growth and reproduction might regulate
the population of P. canaliculata in paddies.
Received: October 23, 1998 / Accepted: July 16, 1999 相似文献
9.
Summary The populations of native male adult oriental fruit flyDacus dorsalis (Hendel) and artocarpus fruit flyD. umbrosus (F.) in two selected site (BU and SD) were estimated weekly by the capture-recapture technique using live traps baited with
methyl eugenol. In BU where many varieties of fruit trees were grown, the estimated population densities ofD. dorsalis were between 980 and 3100 male flies per ha between May and July, 1984. During the same period, in SD where there were fewer
number and varieties of fruit trees, the estimated population densities were between 300 and 1000 flies per ha. The estimated
population densities ofD. umbrosus over the same period were between 570 and 1290 flies per ha in BU; and between 5 and 95 flies per ha in SD.
Of a total 6828 markedD. dorsalis flies released only one fly (released 6 weeks earlier in BU) was caught in a different site. 相似文献
10.
Yoshitaka Tsubaki Rowan E. Hooper Michael T. Siva-Jothy 《Researches on Population Ecology》1997,39(2):149-155
The damselflyMnais pruinosa costalis (Odonata: Calopterygidae) is unusual in that males are dimorphic, existing as clear-winged non-territorial ‘sneaks’ and orange-winged
territorial ‘fighters’. Here we report the results of population census data and behavioural observations in the field and
laboratory, and present estimates of emergence period, reproductive period, total lifespan, and reproductive success of each
morph. Clear-winged males are smaller and have lower daily reproductive success than orange-winged males, but live for longer
in the field and laboratory. We accounted for the difference in the ‘operational reproductive life’ of the two morphs and
estimated lifetime reproductive success: there was no difference between clear-winged and orange-winged males. We discuss
possible mechanisms for the maintenance of the two forms. 相似文献
11.
Summary Male and female prairie deermice housed singly from weaning (21 days) until 40 days of age had urine from one of the following
sources applied daily to their nostrils: sexually mature laboratory population males or females, and sexually mature breeder
males or females from our laboratory colony. Other males and females were treated with water. Records were obtained of the
weights of the tests, seminal vesicles and bacula of males and the ovaries and uteri of females at 40 days of age.
The major results of this study were as follow: Female urine from sexually mature and inhibited population or isolated mice
stimulated the development of the male reproductive organs significantly more than water or male urine. Male urine applied
to young males did not differentially affect the weights of their reproductive organs compared with water and thus showed
no inhibition effects.
The reproductive organs of females treated with male urine did not differ significantly in weight from those of females treated
with female urine. Females treated with water developed significantly larger uteri than those treated with urine from sexually
mature population females (P≤0.02), inhibited population females (P<0.001) and inhibited population males (P<0.007). 相似文献
12.
Michael H. Smith 《Researches on Population Ecology》1967,9(2):108-112
Summary Males outnumbered females as juveniles but not as adults among mice captured by hand in their burrows. The higher production
of male offspring together with their higher mortality rate resulted in a 1∶1 sex ratio for the adult mice. Despite the equal
abundance of each sex, more males than females were caught in traps. Males must have a higher chance of encountering a trap
and/or of entering a trap after finding it. 相似文献
13.
Dejian Lai 《Social indicators research》2009,90(2):257-265
After the first large scale national sampling survey on handicapped persons in 1987, China conducted its second national sampling
survey in 2006. Using the data from these two surveys and the national life tables, we computed and compared the expected
years of life free of handicapped condition by the Sullivan method. The expected years of life lived with handicap for the
Chinese population increased from 4.87 years for males and 5.81 years for females in 1987 to 5.55 years and 6.32 years in
2006, respectively. The same trend was observed for people in working ages (15–64) and old ages (65+). However, the expected
years of life lived with handicap decreased for children (0–14). Our results also showed that the effect of skeletal handicap
increased notably for both sexes. Healthy life expectancy is an important indicator in measuring quality of life of a population.
Our study utilized this measurement to quantify one aspect of quality of life of the Chinese population. 相似文献
14.
We focus on three environmental impacts particularly influenced by population age-structure—carbon emissions from transport
and residential energy and electricity consumption—as well as aggregate carbon emissions for a panel of developed countries,
and take as our starting point the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) framework.
Among our contributions is to further disaggregate population into three particularly key age groups: 20–34, 35–49, and 50–64,
and by doing so demonstrate that population’s environmental impact differs considerably across age groups, with the older
age groups (ones typically associated with larger households) actually exerting a negative influence. Furthermore, those age-specific
population influences are different (in absolute and relative terms) for the different environmental impacts we analyze. Also,
we find that urbanization, in developed countries, best measures access to a country’s power grid, and thus, is positively
associated with energy consumption in the residential sector. Finally, we suggest some modeling and methodological improvements
to the STIRPAT framework. 相似文献
15.
Somchai Isichaikul Koichi Fujimura Toshihide Ichikawa 《Researches on Population Ecology》1994,36(1):23-28
Nymphs ofNilaparvata lugens were experimentally reared from the 2nd instar in a cage covering part of the leaf sheath of an individual rice plant grown
in a Wagner pot. Plants were covered with the cage from the water surface of the pot to 10 cm above the surface (lower cage-group)
or from 10 cm to 20 cm above the surface (upper cage-group). Temperatures measured at three different parts of the cage remained
fairly constant in both groups at around 25°C (23.7–25.2°C in mean value). In the lower cage-group, relative humidities measured
at the three heights in the cage in (76.3–90.5% in mean value) markedly increased with the approach to the water surface.
The nymphs of this group, particularly during the molting period, aggregated close to the surface. Eighty-two percent of the
released nymphs emerged in this group. Relative humidities measured at three heights of the upper cage-group were 69.5–72.7%
in mean value, and all the nymphs in this group died within 3 days after their release although half of them stayed on the
rice plants within 6 h after their release. The role of relative humidity as a limiting factor on the range of the microhabitat
and the population density ofN. lugens in rice fields was discussed on the basis of the results. 相似文献
16.
Indonesia was a Dutch colony until 1949. In the aftermath of World War II and the independence of the former Dutch East Indies,
many people migrated from Indonesia to the Netherlands or other Western countries. This migrant population, known as the Indo-Dutch
population, consists of Europeans, Asians, and persons of mixed European-Asian blood. These groups have all associated themselves
with and experienced the colonial culture of the former Dutch Indies, and have carried this cultural experience elsewhere
through migration. This paper provides a demographic history of the Indo-Dutch population, using a variety of data sources
and methods. Starting from the population of ‘Europeans’ according to the 1930 census of the Dutch Indies, a demographic projection
is made covering the period 1930–2001. By the beginning of 2001, the estimated number of Indo-Dutch persons is 582,000, including
the second generation. Of these 582,000, an estimated 458,000 are living in the Netherlands and 124,000 elsewhere. The composition
by age, sex and generation very clearly reflects the demographic history of the population. 相似文献
17.
Takaya Ikemoto 《Researches on Population Ecology》1978,19(2):237-249
Summary The spatial distribution patterns of the population ofAnopheles sinensis larvae were studied in the rice field area in the suburb of Urawa city in Japan, during the summer seasons in 1973 and 1974.
The distribution pattern of the larval population within the field, analysed by the m−m regression method, indicated that
the basic component of larval distribution was not a group of individuals but a single individual and such components were
distributed contagiously over the field. This basic pattern did not change significantly according to developmental stage,
census date or field. Therefore, we could describe the distribution pattern of the population in a rice field by the single
linear regression, x=0.021+1.339x(r2−0.912).
Also, the relation for the whole population in the field area including the five fields could be shown by the linear regression,
x=0.049+1.749x(r2−0.959). The value of α remained to be nearly equal to zero, but the value of β became larger than the value for the single-field
relation. Such a change in distribution pattern seemed to reflect the greater heterogeneity in conditions among the fields
than within individual field.
Using the information on the distribution patterns mentioned above, some considerations were given on the sampling plans for
mosquito larvae, including samplesize determination and application of sequential methods to estimate population size as well
as to classify population level. 相似文献
18.
Masami Hasegawa 《Researches on Population Ecology》1990,32(1):119-133
Summary The demography of the lizardEumeces okadae was studied for 4 years on Miyake-jima, in the Izu Islands, central Japan. Most males matured at 3 years of age with a mean
snout-vent length of 77.5 mm. Females matured at 3–4 years with a mean SVL of 77.8 mm, and reproduced biennially thereafter.
Growth continued after maturity with a decreasing rate. In females, annual growth was negligible in reproductive years, but
resumed markedly in non-reproductive years. Clutch size increased with SVL and was used to construct a fecundity schedule.
Population density (exclusive of hatchlings) was estimated to be ca. 4000 individuals/ha in August, an exceptionally high
density for lizards. Before introduction of the weasel onto Miyake-jima, low predation pressure had allowedE. okadae to maintain a high population density. Estimated annual survival rates were 36% for hatchlings, 56% for yearlings, 80% for
2-year-olds, 63% for adult males and 76% for adult females. The cohort generation time (6.95 years) was so long that theE. okadae population can be characterized by a combination of low natality and slow turnover. 相似文献
19.
Richard W. Dapson 《Researches on Population Ecology》1972,13(2):161-169
Summary An accurate age-estimating technique, based on biochemical changes in eye lens protein, was used to study age structures of
six populations of the old-field mouse,Peromyscus polionotus. A new mathematical procedure permitted quantitative comparisons of these populations. Four inland populations had essentially
the same median ages (75–84 days), maximum ages (248–297 days) and relative production rates (56–58% of the surviving population
had been born in the 100 days prior to sampling). Approximately 50% of the females were old enough to have weaned a litter.
One inland population had a lower median age (49 days), a lower maximum age (181 days) and a higher relative production rate
(73%). Relatively fewer females (38%) could have weaned a litter. The single beach population was also different, with higher
median age (180 days), and lower relative production rate (2%). All females were old enough to have weaned a litter. Maximum
age was essentially the same as for the four similar, inland populations. Factors which may have contributed to observed differences
in these populations are discussed. 相似文献
20.
Nick Parr 《Population research and policy review》2010,29(3):319-338
This paper examines childlessness in later adult life among males in Australia. The data are from 1,610 males aged 45–59 interviewed
in 2001 for Wave 1 of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, a large-scale, nationwide, longitudinal
survey of the household population. Staged logistic regression models are used to identify the early lifecourse antecedents
of a man being childless in later life and the mediating effects of work-related variables and duration of union. The results
show that the father’s and mother’s occupations, the level and type of education, and birthplace are important early lifecourse
antecedents of whether a man is childless in later life. The lengths of time a man has been in married and cohabiting and
his current occupation are found shown to have significant relationships with whether he is childless. 相似文献