人学辩证法与异化论逻辑

萨特<辩证理性批判>的一个基本观点是:马克思主义的缺陷是忽略了人.萨特提出一种既有对历史总体的宏观概括,又有对历史总体中的具体个人、事件和对象的微观确认的"前进-逆溯方法",试图通过受动与授动的双重规定的人学辩证法填补马克思主义的"人学的空场".由于萨特混淆了马克思对个人与历史所作的严格区分,其人学辩证法的底层仍潜藏着一种马克思在<德意志意识形态>中已予以批判与扬弃的异化论的逻辑.     

<学习与探索>2003年总目

哲学恩格斯“哲学终结”观的若干比较与分析外推背景下的总体性:对总体性的一种辩护西方话语霸权下中国哲学学科合法性之反思“海阔天空各自飞”:中国哲学史研究方式管窥萨特:前进一逆溯的方法—《辩证理性批判》解读中国和合思想与21世纪的人类和平后现代哲学与当代理性观构建论心理学哲学的研究对象心理学哲学视野中的主体心理学与存在心理学,’,合”的“形而上学”—论心理学哲学的理论根基、内容与功能试论现代历史观念的演变与问题【当代哲学问题探索】认知思维方式的生存论转向当代哲学的生存论转向与马克思哲学的当代性人的生存维度…     

历史的辩证意象——本雅明历史哲学思想的现实性

本雅明的历史和时间观念与他的认识论有着内在联系,这种联系发端于康德认识论哲学和黑格尔主义的批判.本雅明的星座、碎片和差异性的思想,延续了马克思哲学革命反对形而上学的传统.星座化的方法运用到历史领域形成的历史的辩证意象方法论范式,使本雅明看到了过去的历史事件都是辩证的,既是废墟又包含着意义,未来就存在于过去和现在中.过去、现在和未来汇聚的"当下"的历史时间观念.摆脱了现代线性时间的虚幻流逝状态,为理解人类本质历史和现实生存提供了意义指引.     

苏辙历史学说研究

苏辙的历史学说包括历史发展学说和历史编撰理论两个方面,在历史发展学说方面,通过阐述历史来阐发唯物主义,人知趋利避害并为权利奔走,天下变乱有其原因,用发展的、联系的和辩证的观点看待历史。在历史编撰理论方面,使人"有闻"和史官"助刑赏"的目的论",以史传经"的方法论,"学圣人者,不如学道"的是非标准。作为历史学家,学力深厚,见识高远,论证精辟,有许多可以称道的地方。     

从实践视角阐释马克思的辩证否定观

实践观点是马克思哲学的理论基础,辩证否定观是马克思哲学的重要方法论,从实践视角阐释马克思的辩证否定观,是为了把马克思哲学方法论同唯心主义方法论和旧唯物主义方法论严格地区别开来.从实践视角来看,马克思的辩证否定是实践活动的自我否定,实践活动的自我否定表现为实践活动的肯定性和否定性的统一:一方面实践活动的肯定性表现在一切事物都在实践活动基础上得到确立;另一方面实践活动的否定性表现在一切事物都在实践活动基础上实现自我分裂和自我统一.实践活动实现自我否定的内在机制是人的实践活动的"扬弃"机能.     

中文词"人学"的由来及演变

中文词"人学"有多种含义.耶稣会士的"人学"是指有别于神的启示的人的知识.郑观应的"人学"是指与科学技术学科不同的一个学科分类.费尔巴哈的"人学"是指他的人本学哲学学说.所有这些用法,与我国学术界目前讨论的"人学"不可混同.     

辩证法:在"拒斥"与"拯救"之间——分析马克思主义方法论的内在张力及其根源

就分析马克思主义而言,其独特之处在于方法论,尤其在于对辩证法的态度.分析马克思主义方法论的起点就是拒斤辩证法.从表面看来,分析马克思主义的领军人物对辩证法持批判和拒斥态度.他们所拒斤的包括三种形式的辩证法:作为"特殊的马克思主义的方法论"的辩证法;作为"黑格尔式"的辩证逻辑或辩证律;作为由黑格尔式辩证逻辑或辩证律所支撑的马克思主义理论的分析框架.但是,为了重建历史唯物主义,他们又不得不试图"拯救"某种经过分析了的、有意义的辩证法概念.科亨构建了一种"适度的"辩证法概念用以说明自由问题;埃尔斯特则从形式逻辑与辩证逻辑争论的"困境"中"拯救"出一种以意向性和因果性为框架的"矛质"现念.对辩证法的矛盾态度构成了分析马克思主义方法论的内在张力.进而,由于实证主义与历史主义在马克思主义哲学传统中的对抗导致了分析马克思主义方法论的非历史主义.     

哲学人学的前提批判--兼谈马克思主义的人学自由观

人的自由问题是哲学人学的前提性问题。西方传统哲学对这个问题的解答主要有机械决定论、非决定论和自由意志论等几种基本观点 ,而当代西方哲学中又出现了调和论、取消论等 ,但所有这些理论都在不同程度上陷入偏颇和困惑。国内学术界以往对马克思主义的人学自由观的研究也存在着诸多误区 ,通过全面考察马克思经典著作中的有关论述 ,可以得出结论 :马克思主义的人学自由观实质上是一种立足于现实性、实践性和辩证开放性基础之上的辩证自由论     

唯物辩证法与马尔库塞的“历史唯物主义现象学”

马尔库塞早年试图把海德格尔的现象学与马克思的辩证法结合起来,创立历史唯物主义的现象学。尽管对此在存在的抽象性和孤立性的分析表明在当时他的"辩证现象学"就超越了海德格尔《存在与时间》中的现象学,但马尔库塞对恩格斯的误解表明他并没有把握唯物辩证法的真谛。把马克思的方法置于近代以来的认识论语境中就可以看到,马克思和恩格斯的唯物主义方法论与"全部哲学的基本问题"无关,作为对黑格尔的精神现象学的扬弃,唯物主义实际上是一种生活现象学。     

人学思想的历史演变及形态

人学作为一门学科的建立是晚近的事情,但人学思想早在哲学诞生之日起就已经产生,作为对人的哲学之思伴随着人的生成过程。人的生成过程随着人类社会历史的发展过程发生着演变,对人的哲学之思的人学思想也必然发生演变,并在人学思想发展史上形成不同的历史形态。大体说来,人学思想的演变已形成了三种历史形态:古代的神本论人学思想;近代的人本论人学思想;现代的生成论人学思想。考察人学思想的历史形态演变,才能给马克思主义人学以生成论的定性和现代性的定位。马克思主义人学属于现代生成论的人学。     

历史决定论：历史的考察和现状的分析

历史运动的规律性、目的性和选择性及其关系 ,历来是历史哲学关注的中心和争论的焦点 ,而问题的实质仍是如何看待历史决定论尤其是马克思主义历史决定论。从历史上看 ,历史决定论在近代历史哲学中占据统治地位 ,而反历史决定论观念则是现代历史哲学中的主导思潮 ;就逻辑而言 ,如何看待历史决定论问题体现为如何把握历史规律与人的活动的关系 ,历史运动的合规律性与合目的性的关系 ,历史发展的决定性与选择性的关系 ,历史本身的客观性与历史认识的主观性、相对性的关系等一系列问题。历史决定论与反历史决定论的论战是 2 0世纪哲学研究中最困难、最有争议同时又最富有内容的问题之一。因此 ,弄清这一问题的由来 ,把握这一问题的现状及其问题之所在 ,是一个重要的哲学课题     

DISABILITY: A STATE OF MIND?

Many people believe that discriminatory social attitudes are the fundamental cause of disablement. In this view, attitudinal change is regarded as the key to the emancipation of disabled people from the social oppression of disability. However, historical materialists, such as Abberley (1991a) and Oliver (1990), have rejected psychological accounts of disability on the ground that they fail to recognise the socio-economic causes of disablement. This article presents an historical materialist critique of the ‘attitudinal’ explanation of disability. The argument has three parts: the first reviews the recent application of historical materialist principles to the question of disability; the second considers the importance of space as a source of disablement; and the final part of the discussion is a report on recent research that has applied the materialist viewpoint to the study of disability in past societies.     

The Historical Forms of Materialism and the Philosophical Domain of Historical Materialism

Natural materialism, humanistic materialism and historical materialism are the three historical forms of materialism. The “material” in historical materialism is a social thing which is “perceptible and imperceptible by the senses” and connotes social relations; and the “history” in historical materialism is the realm in which contradictions between man and nature and between man and society are able to unfold, so historical materialism is “actually a critical view of the world” that inherently contains dialectics in a “rational form.” The formulation of historical materialism opened a new path for the development of materialism and even philosophy as a whole. In the course of its critique of capitalist society, which unfolds with capital as a core category, historical materialism sublates abstract existence and discovers real social existence, thus putting an end to metaphysics, which is grounded in abstract ontology.     

Historical Memory: The Construction of Consciousness

Historical (national) memory is considered in this article as one of the most important pillars of national identity. In addition to identifying some of the characteristic features of national, historical memory, the author shows that historical memory is influenced by two factors—the direct experience of the witnesses and participants of past events and official propaganda. As the direct witnesses of events disappear, the possibility of reconstructing and distorting historical memory increases. The ideas put forth in this article are formulated based on the historical memory of World War II in the United States, Russia, Germany, and other European countries.     

历史学的客观性：后神话时代的思考

文章从认知主体、认知对象、认知媒介和认知方法四个方面 ,论述了历史认知活动的客观性问题。文章认为 ,纯粹客观的历史认知只是一个神话 ,批判这一神话是为了剖取其合理内核。历史学的客观性其实处于一种弹性状态 ,有一个伸缩范围 ,决定其是伸是缩及伸缩维度的是史料、认知主体及其认知方法 ,其中认知主体又是最具主动性和导向性的因素。在这样的格局中 ,如果仍然坚持追求客观性这一主观意向 ,则人类的历史认知仍然能够达到某种维度的客观性     

历史个体与普遍历史:历史主义脉络中的社会变迁

发端于18世纪的德国历史主义思想脉络中,包含着一种从历史个体到历史个体的普遍历史解释模式。这种独特的社会变迁思想是在同启蒙思想的对话中确立起来的。起先包裹在天意历史论的目的论外衣中,后来历史主义的发展逐步脱去了这层外衣,在解释社会学传统中演变成了一种经验科学意义上的独特社会变迁思想。随着社会理论对韦伯的去历史化,蕴含在解释社会学中的这种社会变迁思想逐渐被淹没了。有鉴于此,本文将在赫尔德以来的历史主义脉络节点中梳理这种社会变迁思想的形成。     

北京地名管理工作中的历史地名保护

历史地名是北京历史文化名城遗产的组成部分,具有重要的历史文化价值。面对历史地名保护工作中的困境,我们需要转变观念,把历史地名当作文化遗产加以保护,确立历史地名保护的基本原则,开展历史地名的调查研究,制定保护规划。     

The Social as Heaven and Hell: Pierre Bourdieu's Philosophical Anthropology

Many authors have argued that all studies of socially specific modalities of human action and experience depend on some form of “philosophical anthropology”, i.e. on a set of general assumptions about what human beings are like, assumptions without which the very diagnoses of the cultural and historical variability of concrete agents' practices would become impossible. Bourdieu was sensitive to that argument and, especially in the later phase of his career, attempted to make explicit how his historical‐sociological investigations presupposed and, at the same time, contributed to the elaboration of an “idea of the human being”. The article reconstructs Bourdieu's philosophical anthropology, starting with his genetic sociology of symbolic power, conceived as a form of critical theory (latu sensu), and concluding with an account of the conditio humana in which recognition (“symbolic capital”) appears as both the fundamental existential goal through which human agents strive to confer meaning on their lives and the source of the endless symbolic competition that keeps society moving. The agonistic vision of the social universe that grounds his sociological studies returns in his philosophical anthropology under the guise of a singular synthesis between Durkheim's thesis that “Society is God” and Sartre's idea that “hell is other people”.     

Re-shaping our words,re-shaping our world: crimes against humanity and other signs of the times

This article employs the methods of discourse analysis (speech act theory (SAT), semiotics) to analyze the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia’s (ICTY) precedent-setting ruling which classified rape and sexual enslavement as crimes against humanity. Through the Tribunal’s speech acts of rendering a judgment and of finding defendants guilty, the Tribunal declared that rape is no longer considered an intrinsic part of war. Despite this advancement in International Humanitarian Law, a discourse analysis of the Tribunal’s speech acts reveals a fault line in human rights discourse concerning the historical dual categorization of women: as “women” and as “human.” This fault line is evidenced by a series of fissures which expose the instability of this categorization. The presence of these fissures challenges the world community, through entities such as the Tribunal, to continue to struggle with this categorization and thus continue to re-shape the realm of human rights.     

Openness in adoption: Challenging the narrative of historical progress

One significant change in adoption practice that has occurred over the last four decades is the shift away from an expectation of confidentiality towards an expectation of openness in adoption. Openness is typically conceived in terms of the level of contact between adoptive and birth families following adoption or the extent to which adoption is openly discussed within the adoptive family. While these shifts in practice have generated controversy, they are largely supported by research evidence and have become a feature of contemporary adoptive family life. As a result, the narrative that has emerged in relation to openness in adoption is one of historical progress. In this paper, I argue that the lived reality of adoption is less straightforward than this narrative suggests. An analysis of the social and cultural context in which adoption operates suggests instead that the persistent feature of adoption throughout this historical period of increasing openness can be more accurately described as a state of enduring ambiguity regarding the nature of post‐adoption relationships. The paper highlights the potentially damaging consequences of overlooking this aspect of adoptive family life and comments on the role of policy in shaping openness in adoption.