Earnings Inequality in the Nonmetropolitan United States: 1967–19901

Abstract Nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) inequality patterns are contrasted with those of metropolitan (metro) areas to assess the utility of neoclassical and restructuring theoretical frameworks. Inequality measures are constructed from March Current Population Surveys for the years 1968–1991. Results indicate that inequality is greater in nonmetro areas than in metro areas. Results of decomposition procedures suggest that the observed inequality is due to a mix of neoclassical and restructuring factors that account for more inequality in metro than nonmetro areas. National policies must take account of metro/nonmetro differences in patterns and sources of inequality.     

United States Paper Money as an Aid in Teaching American History

Abstract

Large Views of American History. The United States. By William H. Hudson and Irwin S. Guernsey. Frederick A. Stokes Co., New York, 1923. 632 pp. $4.00.

Large Views of American History. Our Republic. By S. E. Forman. The Century Co., New York, 1923. xvi, 852 pp. $3.50.

Large Views of American History. The Story of American Democracy. By Willis Mason West. Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 1923. xiii, 791 pp. $3.20.

Large Views of American History. History of the United States of America. By Henry W. Elson. The Macmillan Co., 1923. $2.50.

Large Views of American History. Three Centuries of American Democracy. By William MacDonald. Henry Holt and Company, New York, 1923. 346 pp. $2.25.

Large Views of American History. America: the Great Adventure. By George Philip Krapp. Alfred A. Knopf Co., New York, 1924. x, 406 pp. $4.00. Reviewed by Harry Elmer Barnes.

The united States Since the Civil War. The United States of America, II. From the Civil War. By David Saville Muzzey. Ginn and Company, Boston, 1924. vi, 847 pages. $3.GO.

The united States Since the Civil War. Recant American History. By Lester Burrill Shippee. Macmillan Company, New York, 1924. 554 pages. Reviewed by N. W. Stephenson.

Britain and the Empire. History of England and the British Commonwealth. By Laurence M . Larson. Henry Holt &; Company, New York, 1924. 911 . pp. (American Historical Series-Charles H. Haskins, General Editor.)

Britain and the Empire. A History of the British People. By Edward Maslin Hulme. The Century Company, New York, 1924. 717 pp. $4.00.

Britain and the Empire. An Introductory History of England. Vol. V . From Waterloo to 1880. By C. R. L. Fletcher. E. P. Dutton &; Co., New York, 1923. 496 pp. $4.25 Reviewed by Conyers Read.

Western Australia: a History from its Discovery to the Inauguration of the Commonwealth. By J. S. Battye. Oxford University Press, American Branch, New York, 1924. 480 pp. $8.35. Reviewed by Howard Robinson.

Tudor Economic Documents. Vol. I. Agriculture and Industry, edited by R. H. Tawney and Eileen Power. Longmans, Green &; Co., London and New York, 1994. 383 pp. $5.00.

English Industries of tha Middle Ages. By L. F. Salzman. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993. 360 pp. $3.50.

Egypt and the Army. By Lieut.-Col. P. G. Elgood. Oxford University Press, American Branch, New York, 1924. 369 pp., with two maps. $5.35. Reviewed by CAPTAIN ELBRIDGE COLBY

Books for the Traveller. The Complete Pocket Guide to Europa. Edited by Thomas L. and Nathan Stedman. Robert McBride and Company, New York, 1924. 592 pp. $4.00.

Books for the Traveller. A Satchel Guide to Europe. By W. J. Rolfe and W. D. Crockett. Houghton, Mifflin Company, Boston, 1994. 484 pp. $4.00.

A Loiterer in London. By Helen W. Henderson. George H. Doran Company, New York, 1994. 433 pp. $5.00.

A Wanderer Among Pictures. By E. V. Lucas. Doran, New York, 1924. 889 pp. $5.00.

New Guides to Old Masters. By John C. Van Dyke. Vol. IX, Venice and Milan (166 pp.); Vol. XI, Rome (144 pp.). Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1984. $1.25 each.

Trail Life in the Canadian Rockies. By B. W. Mitchell. The Macinillan Company, New York, 1924. 269 pp. $3.00. Reviewed by Grace Crosby.

Sesing Canada. By John T. Faris. J. B. Lippincott &; Company, Philadelphia, 1924. 264 pp. $6.50.

Elements of Rural Economics. By Thomas Nixon Carver. Ginn and Co., Boston, 1924. 266 pp. $1.48.

Introduction to Agricultural Economics. By Lewis Cecil Gray. The Macmillan Co., New York, 1924. Xii, 556 PP. Reviewed by Alvin S. Tostlebe.

Life and Public Services of Justin S. Morrill. By William Belmont Parker. I Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston and New York, 1924. 378 pp. Reviewed by Roy F. Nichols.     

Age,Experience, and Schooling: Decomposing Earnings Inequality in the United States and Brazil*

This article analyzes age and experience profiles of earnings inequality for U.S. and Brazilian males. Decomposition of the inequality profiles using a standard human capital earnings equation clarifies the determinants of cross-sectional inequality profiles and demonstrates a number of important differences in the shape of the two countries' profiles and in their underlying components. Most dramatic are Brazil's higher returns to schooling and higher variance in years of schooling, both factors contributing to the significantly higher level of income inequality in Brazil. Changes in the distribution of schooling across cohorts are shown to play a central role in explaining cross-sectional inequality profiles within each country and differences in earnings inequality in the United States and Brazil.     

Gender Inequality in Authority and Autonomy in the Workplace in Japan,Britain, and the United States*

Abstract This study examines gender inequality in the distribution of various aspects of autonomy and authority in the workplace in Japan, Britain, and the United States. In all three societies, there are clear gender gaps in access to autonomy and authority relations, but the distributions are most unequal in Japan. The main part of this study involves the testing of four hypotheses which attempt to explain gender differences in autonomy and authority. The first hypothesis, which focuses on family responsibilities, receives limited support from the Japanese and British data. Japanese and British women are disadvantaged in obtaining managerial positions and supervising other employees by the presence of children. The human capital explanation of gender inequality in the workplace appears to be supported to some extent in Japan and Britain because gender gaps are reduced when we controlled for Render differences in education, tenure and work experience in these countries. The differential access to managerial positions is an important source of gender inequality in workplace social relations in all three countries. Nonetheless, significant gender gaps remain. especially in the United States. When all these factors (family responsibilities, human capital and managerial positions) are taken together, gender gaps are reduced substantially in Japan. In contrast. persistent gender inequality is found in the United States.     

Migration and Inequality in the Rural United States: Connecting Urban to Rural and Local to Global

This article draws from several overlapping literatures to frame urban–rural migration in the United States as the cause of emerging dimensions of inequality. To begin, the article reviews the amenity migration field of research, noting that scholars often underestimate or overlook inequality within rural destinations because common research lenses and methodological decisions inadvertently mask it. The article then describes a second thread of research that explicitly implicates migration as a driver of inequality and a third that draws connections to gentrification. Finally, the article reviews more recent research that characterizes inequality in rural destinations using a more global sociological perspective. The author draws attention to work, which recognizes that migration constitutes a material and theoretical connection between inequality experienced locally and societal inequality at the national and global scales.     

Welfare Reform and Elderly Immigrants' Naturalization: Access to Public Benefits as an Incentive for Naturalization in the United States

Welfare reform in the United States restricted non‐citizens' eligibility for public assistance programs and strengthened economic benefits from naturalization. We examine the impact of these policy changes on elderly immigrants' naturalization, considering their level of need for public benefits. Using individual data from the Current Population Survey as well as state‐level data, we employ a differences‐in‐differences approach to consider variations in time, state policy, and probability of Medicaid participation. Results show that naturalization significantly increased among elderly immigrants who were likely to participate in Medicaid, suggesting that elderly immigrants in need of Medicaid became naturalized to maintain their eligibility for public benefits after welfare reform.     

Cellular-Only Substitution in the United States as Lifestyle Adoption: Implications for Telephone Survey Coverage

Historically, the coverage bias from excluding the United Statescell-only population from survey samples has been minimal dueto the relatively small size of this group. However, the unrelentinggrowth of this segment has sparked growing concern that telephonesurveys of the general public in the United States will becomeincreasingly subject to coverage bias. While there is evidencethat demographic weighting can be used to eliminate this bias,the availability of the weights lag behind the rapidly changingcell-only population. To explain the extent of the problem,we propose a reliable model to forecast cell-only populationsize and demographics. This model posits that a stable behavioralprocess, the rate of habit retention, can be estimated fromprior wireless lifestyle adoption in the United States and mayalso describe adoption of the cell-only lifestyle. Using measuresof incentive and habituation, we test this assumption by predictingchanges in the cell-only population size and changes in agedemographics. The accuracy of predictions confirms the two adoptionbehaviors are similar. We then develop forecasts of age demographicsthrough 2009, and show how cell-only lifestyle adoption leadsto potential coverage bias that is better addressed throughthis type of modeling rather than weighting from historicaldata.     

试论进步时代美国的城市空气污染

19世纪90年代至一战前这一美国历史上的进步时代不仅是美国从农业社会迈入工业社会的大转折年代,同时也是城市空气污染问题开始凸显的时期。进步时代美国的城市空气污染主要源自19世纪下半叶工业化进程中的生产活动和人们不尽合理的生活方式。从结果来看,城市空气污染一方面直接影响和损害民众身体健康,另一方面也能成为引发其他问题的导火索,甚至激起剧烈的社会矛盾和冲突。可以说,城市空气污染问题是世纪之交美国社会自身运行状况的真实反映,同时也鲜明体现了美国社会的转型特性,对其进行研究或将助益于省思当下中国的城市空气污染问题。     

Income Inequality across Micro and Meso Geographic Scales in the Midwestern United States, 1979–20091

This article examines the spatial distribution of income inequality and the socioeconomic factors affecting it using spatial analysis techniques across 16,285 block groups, 5,050 tracts, and 618 counties in the western part of the North Central Region of the United States. Different geographic aggregations result in different inequality outcomes, suggesting spatial scale needs to be carefully considered in inequality research. Inequality is spatially clustered in suburban areas of larger metro areas and around Native American reservations in the Dakotas. Higher inequality is associated with better socioeconomic conditions, counter to the social inequality literature but consistent with the inequality growth literature. However, growing inequality is associated with worse socioeconomic outcomes. Results partially support the polarization thesis that declines in industrial sectors and growth in services has caused incomes to diverge. Higher and growing inequality is associated with both low‐skill and high‐skill services jobs. However, employment in agricultural and industrial sectors experiencing large losses over the past three decades is also linked to higher and growing inequality. This suggests a dual process where many former agricultural and industrial workers are now employed in other sectors at lower wages, while the remaining workers in these sectors earn higher and growing wages.     

Risk Management for Catholic Priests in the United States

Abstract

Following the disclosure of decades of Episcopal cover-ups of child sexual abuse, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops (USCCB) promulgated the Charter for the Protection of Children & Young People(USCCB, 2002). This document requires that all U.S. dioceses and eparchies identify a code of conduct for clergy, employees, and volunteers. The Virtus Model Code of Pastoral Conduct (National Catholic Risk Retention Group, Inc., 2002) has been selected by many dioceses/eparchies. Other dioceses and eparchies have used similar variants. While codes of conduct for priests may seem reasonable, current codes do not distinguish between the functions of mental health providers and priests. As a result significant ministerial implications may effect pastoral service delivery. This paper focuses on risk management strategies, similar to those used by social workers and other mental health practitioners, that will become increasingly necessary for priests who provide pastoral counseling, spiritual direction, or any clinical-type intervention to parishioners and those seeking pastoral services. Specifically, dual relationships, mandated reported, duty to warn/protect, and documentation will be addressed.     

Capacity building for rural development in the United States

Rural development in the United States places considerable weight upon the contribution of leadership in small communities to bring about local regeneration. This effort draws upon the theory and practice of capacity building processes. The application of this approach is examined through the experience of the Colorado Rural Revitalisation Project which was initiated in 1988 as a collaborative venture between two universities and a state agency. It concluded in 1992 having worked with 47 rural communities. The outcomes of the partnership programme related to learning and action are discussed and the results of an evaluation exercise are presented. A suite of local, institutional and national issues arising from the Project is identified. It is concluded that there is merit in greater interest being taken in initiatives like the Colorado Rural Revitalisation Project by policy makers, educationalists and rural communities in Europe.     

Police militarization in the United States

In 2014, police responses to protests and riots in Ferguson, Missouri, prompted an unprecedented level of news coverage on the phenomenon of police militarization. Though the increased attention to police militarization and governmental programs thought to facilitate it (e.g., the 1033 Program) may give the impression that police militarization is a recent phenomena, social scientists have been documenting trends in police militarization for decades. This article provides an overview of the social science research literature on police militarization, starting with a discussion of a theory informed conceptualization of police militarization. We next discuss the major normative debates that have guided research on police militarization. We then review the empirical literature that focuses on the methodological approaches and findings of extant work on police militarization. Finally, we close with an overview of the state of the literature and suggestions for future research. Our major suggestion for future work is to consider the dimensions of police work that police militarization can occur in while continuing to engage with the normative debates of previous scholars so as to improve the overall quality of police work and public safety in the United States.     

Early Marriage in the United States

Despite drastic changes in the American family, a significant minority of Americans marry early. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N= 14,165), this study evaluates the prevalence and antecedents of early marriage in the United States. The results indicate 25% of women and 16% of men marry before age 23, and early marriage varies widely across a number of characteristics. Individuals who marry earlier are more likely to be from disadvantaged families, from conservative Protestant or Mormon families, to value their religious faith more highly, to have a high‐school diploma but a lower educational trajectory, and to cohabit before marriage. Scholars and policymakers interested in marriage should pay adequate attention to understanding and supporting these individuals’ marriages.     

Housing Policy in the United States

No abstract available for this article.     

Social Civility in the United States

The existence of social civility is explored in terms of the components of social responsibility, social concern, and social involvement. Social civility is viewed as consisting of the degree to which people have a sense of duty or obligation to society, the extent of their concern for the welfare of others as well as themselves, and whether they help others through voluntary activities. The purpose of this article is to describe the level and distribution of the components of social civility in the population. Data are from a 1995 random digit–dialing sample of U.S. adults between the ages of 25 and 74. The findings fail to support the hypothesis of social incivility in the U.S. Adults report high levels of social responsibility and invest a great deal of thought and effort into their life and their contributions to others' welfare. Social civility is found to be higher among more educated, married, female, and older adults. Regular religious attendance, which predicts greater social civility, mediates the relationship of the key demographic variables with social civility.     

Racialized parenting in the United States

Contrary to anti-black, cultural deficit logics that frame Black parenting as tied to the reproduction of social disadvantage, research shows that Black parents, and other parents of color, are agentic as they parent in direct response to the dominant racial order of the United States. In this paper, I review this scholarship and primarily focus on how Black parents approach raising children in the racialized worlds that they live in. To mitigate the disadvantages caused by racism, Black parents use various intentional racialized parenting approaches to instill in their children a resilience to a racist social world. The strategies used to cultivate resilience to racism exist in varied social and institutional contexts, and intertwine with how parents understand race, class, and identity. Laborious racialized parenting techniques do not solely matter at the micro-level as such practices are unevenly recognized by white-dominant social institutions. This uneven dynamic indicates how hegemonic norms of American parenting culture fit within a project of racial neoliberalism. Consequently, Black parents are structurally pushed to burden more responsibility to prepare their children to survive a deeply racist and hyper-competitive social world with no guarantee that such intensive, strategic parenting will be rewarded.