社会信用体系建构问题初探

市场经济就是信用经济,市场经济迫切需要建立完善的社会信用体系。当前,我国社会信用基础比较薄弱,社会信用体系发育程度低,普遍的信用失衡现象突出。造成这一现象的原因是多方面的。为此,必须加强社会信用管理制度和法律制度的建设,进一步规范政府行为,加强社会诚信教育,培育社会信用观念和意识,营建社会信用环境,建构完善的社会信用体系。     

论信用缺失的成因及对经济的侵蚀

信用是现代市场经济的生命 ,但信用缺失是我国当前经济生活中一个不争的现实。政府行为不规范 ,法律制度不健全 ,市场经济体制不完善 ,以及经济主体自身存在的不足是其存在的主要原因。由于缺乏诚信 ,对我国经济造成极大的危害 ,增加了交易成本 ,导致了需求不足 ,国际竞争力下降 ,从而在一定程度上延缓了我国经济市场化进程     

社会信用失范的原因与对策

信用问题是建立和完善市场经济体系进程中的一个根本性问题。社会信用失范的主要原因在于信用内部性和外部性的诱导、信用法律法规不健全、教育的偏废和误导、政府的失信与角色错位。建立健全的信用激励与惩罚机制、制定和完善信用法律法规、普及信用教育以及规范政府角色和行为,是解决社会信用失范问题的基本途径。     

转型时期中国社会信用缺失的政治经济学分析

信用是市场经济的基础和命脉。从本质上讲,信用是外在强制内化为社会主体自觉的心理取向,是社会主体自我约束的行为准则和基本规范。它既反映了交易主体追求预定目标的道德诚意,也体现了交易主体履行承诺的能力。转型时期,中国之所以会出现社会信用体系的全面危机,除了社会制度变迁过于剧烈的原因以外,还有三个不容忽视的重要因素:一是制度短缺条件下的信用机制转型所造成的真空与漏洞;二是激励结构的缺陷所造成的逆向激励;三是信用监控机制的弱化加剧了信息的不对称。建设信用社会的前提是建立起信用的政府、良性的产权制度以及法治的社会等宏观的基础性条件。     

黑龙江省社会信用体系建设存在的问题及成因

改革开放以来,黑龙江省的经济获得了长足发展,信用建设也取得了一定的成绩,但是,也存在着不容忽视的问题,主要表现为:缺少信用评估制度、标准化的信用信息数据库制度、信用激励和惩罚制度以及社会信用法律法规,致使信用教育与研究滞后,信用中介组织服务的市场化程度偏低。其原因在于:历史上缺少信用文化积淀,信用基础薄弱;受计划经济体制的影响,人们缺乏与现代市场经济运行相适应的信用意识;政府、企业与个人作为市场主体尚不成熟。正视存在的这些问题及其成因,才能采取相应的对策与举措,使全省社会信用体系建设取得成效。     

信用制度创新：中国票据市场有序发展的必由路径

票据市场发展的本源问题是信用问题，即信用观念存在误区、信用制度约束软化、缺乏有效的市场退出机制、缺乏权威信用评估机构和完善的信息披露制度。在此基础上从市场环境的构建和信用管理制度的创新方面提出了几点建议，即构建法治和信用环境、建立信息披露制度和信用评级制度、完善商业信用制度等。     

信用机制与商法保护

市场经济是信用经济 ,随着全球经济一体化 ,诚信问题已成为一个国际性问题 ,无论是在初建市场经济体制的国家 ,还是市场经济发达国家 ,都面临着如何重塑信用制度的问题。本文从信用与市场经济和商法的关系着手 ,分析了目前我国社会信用缺失的原因 ,阐述了商法对建立信用机制和完善信用制度的保护作用     

论我国个人信用法律制度体系建设

建立个人信用法律制度体系是当前一个热门话题。中共中央十六届三中全会提出要建立健全社会信用体系,形成以道德为支撑、产权为基础、法律为保障的社会信用制度。关于对信用的理解学者们各抒己见,但在探讨个人信用法律制度体系建设中必须给信用一个合理的定位,才能进一步探讨我国个人信用法律制度体系建设的构架,从而提出一些设想。倡导和培育现代信用观念和信用文化,建立个人信用征集制度,完善信用公开披露制度,加强信用监督制度,加大失信惩戒机制,建立健全个人信用法律制度,制定一些与个人信用有关的法律,修改完善现行法律。政府应为建立个人信用法律制度体系创造良好的外部环境。     

信用分割的表现形式及其影响探析

道德信用、经济信用和法制信用是全面信用的三种不同的表现形式,在一般情况下,它们相互联系、相互影响、相互促进,并形成一个有机的统一体;而在极端的情况下,它们会分别演变为以“义”至上的道德信用、以“利”至上的经济信用和以“法”为准绳的法制信用三种极端形式。信用分割的三种极端表现形式在我国企业中都不同程度地存在着,虽然它们也都有其存在的合理内核,但更多的是它们对经济、社会发展起阻碍作用,所以必须杜绝信用的机械分割,构建起集道德信用、经济信用和法制信用为一体的“三位一体”的全面信用管理。     

论社会信用体系建设中的诚信意识养成

信用社会和信用体系建设的终极目标,是形成全民自觉的诚信意识并自发地付诸信用行为。中国是一个历史文化崇尚诚信的国度,而社会层面信用意识的缺失则是难以回避的现实。形成这种矛盾的原因是多方面的,其中,社会伦理对诚信的推崇,法制化建设中的薄弱链条对失信的纵容,是形成这一矛盾的重要因子。因此,提升我国公民的诚信意识,重要的不是教育与灌输,而是在推进法治的社会大背景下,建设和完善社会信用体制,切实落实信用监督和信用处罚机制。通过这一体制来规范人们的信用行为,形成人们的信用习惯,最终养成人们的信用意识,使诚实守信成为中国公民素质的构成部分。     

中小企业创业成长是解决我国就业压力的有效途径

中小企业创业成长,是我国改革开放之后经济发展最具活力的主力军,是增加就业岗位、解决我国就业压力的有效途径。以政府为主导的中小企业创业基地,是有效解决企业初创阶段普遍存在的规模偏小、布局分散、产业层次低、用地难等问题的重要平台,各级主管部门要以超前理念、创新活力和现代化的服务,为创业者提供良好的发展空间。同时,以信用评价体系为基础、以信用担保体系为手段、以中小企业顺利融资为目的开展工作,破解中小企业融资难题。     

The impact of microcredit on small firms in Brazil: A potential to promote investment,growth and inclusion

Over the past decades, microfinance has become a pillar of economic development policies. However, despite the great popularity of micro-credit programs, the results of empirical studies are mixed. Thus, more research is needed to help us understand how effective microfinance is in achieving poverty reduction, economic development, and financial inclusion. This paper contributes to the literature by relying on a unique dataset from one of the biggest Fintech companies in Brazil to study the impact of microcredit on small firms’ outcomes. Using a difference-in-difference approach, we find that access to credit increases monthly revenues and profits by nearly 4.5%. We show that the effects are stronger for women-led businesses and less experienced entrepreneurs. In addition, we find that credit renewal strengthens the benefits of credit access. We discuss several policy implications from our results. In particular, the permanent availability of credit – as opposed to one-time/short-term interventions -- has greater potential to generate virtuous cycles of ever more reinvestment and growth, indicating larger gains from relaxing borrowing constraints in the long run.     

Trust,Capitalism and Contract in English Economic History: 1500-1750

As most market transactions involved the extension of informal credit because of a lack of ready cash, this meant that interpersonal trust was of central importance, and, as a result, a reputation for honesty and fair dealing in the community was vital to being successful. Money was used only in a limited number of exchanges, and credit, in the form of household reputation, was a “cultural currency” of trust used to transact most business. Trust, belief, and credit all went together, and no distinction was made between economic and social credit, as credit produced wealth and status of the middling sort. As the market expanded in the late sixteenth century, networks of credit became more intertwined over longer geographical distances, and thus trust became more problematic, and disputes over debts led to contention. These produced an enormous amount of litigation as the common law was increasingly used to enforce contracts. This led to much downward mobility through over-indebtedness, which reinforced the social importance of having good credit, and consequently the culture of credit became increasingly legalised. Although competition for credit together with the need to maintain household profitability put stress on the social maintenance of trust in the market, the economy could not work without it. As a result, the increase in commerce was seen as an essentially sociable activity because it required trust. Trust gradually came to be interpreted as the basis of justice, and the necessity of keeping promises, as the foundation of all social organisation. But by 1750 litigation had collapsed to a very low level, and self- control and politeness on the part of rational individuals came to play a more important role in dispute settlement than legal means. Whereas in the early modern period conflict occurred and was dealt with after its occurrence, self-control aimed to prevent inter-personal conflict and litigation before they happened. As a result, the concepts of “capital” and “savings” developed in the eighteenth century, and the structure of credit networks was changed.     

Financial development and economic growth: New evidence from Tunisia

This paper examined an empirical investigation of whether financial development can boost economic growth in Tunisia. We used an Autoregressive Distributed Lag method to assess the finance-growth relation taking private credit, value traded and issuing bank's securities on the financial market as financial development indicators.The empirical results showed that the domestic credit to private sector has a positive effect on the economic growth suggesting that the financial development is a driver of a long term economic growth, but subject to a financial fragility at the short run. Moreover, this study confirmed the view of bidirectional relationship between credit and economic growth. However, we found that neither the stock market development nor the intervention of banks in the stock market had robust and positive effects on the economic growth. Thus, Tunisia is recommended to accelerate in priority the financial reforms of the Tunisian stock market in order to contribute to mobilize savings and promote long run economic growth.     

我国货币政策非对称性效应——基于本轮经济衰退的政策效果研究

货币政策的非对称性效应这个经过大量实证研究得到检验的结论,却在我国本轮经济衰退中被打破了.本轮自2008年底开始的经济衰退,在“适度宽松的货币政策”及积极财政政策的配合作用下,效果明显.文章主要就我国货币政策传导的主要渠道——信贷渠道进行了阐述,认为在体制转轨时期地方政府强烈的促进经济增长的冲动、商业银行的积极配合,使...     

企业征信体系的构建与法律规制——以北京市企业信用管理系统建设情况为分析基础

借鉴欧美以及日本等征信国家在信用管理、立法上的经验,我们在企业征信体系的构建中要解决路径选择和法律支撑问题,要就企业信用信息的公开和收集、征信主体的法制化运营、企业征信与商业秘密保护协调等方面给出具体的法律制度设计。     

促进中小企业发展初探——以南宁市为例

随着社会主义市场经济的深入发展和不断完善,我国中小企业将越来越发展壮大,在经济与社会发展中的地位和作用也会越来越重要。南宁市中小企业发展存在人才瓶颈、融资瓶颈、管理瓶颈、信用瓶颈、创新瓶颈、战略瓶颈等问题,因此应抓好制度创新、产品创新、技术创新、环境创新等。     

浅析我国消费信用的法制现状

消费信用是一种经济现象,是市场经济的必然产物,它是商品由物物交换、货币交换后再发展到信用交换的高级阶段.为维护这种信用交易的正常秩序,发挥它的经济作用,国家应当有一个相应的健全的法律体系以调整信用交易关系.但目前我国法律体系中,这种信用经济关系的立法是空白的,在规范消费信用交易的操作中,仅靠援引类似的部门规章来解决问题.针对这种现状,加速消费信用立法,建立科学完整的消费信用法制势在必行.     

论我国消费信贷业务存在的问题及其对策

改革开放以来,我国的消费信贷活动出现了一般消费信贷明显减少,特种消费信贷发展较快和消费心理、消费习惯发生了变化等三个新的特点。面对消费信贷活动迅速发展的新特点,银行开展的消费信贷业务却面临着业务量所占的比重小、品种少,对开展消费信贷业务的作用认识不足和缺少一套完善的消费信贷制度等问题,这些问题的存在既不能满足消费信贷活动迅速发展的需要,也束缚着我国和西方发达国家在消费信贷业务方面的竞争。为了克服这些问题,在竞争中处于有利地位,必须提高认识,突出重点,完善机制,努力提高人