人类学宗教仪式研究评述

宗教仪式研究是人类学重要的研究领域,取得了大量的研究成果,表现在仪式的定义、仪式的基本要素、仪式的社会结构、仪式的基本类型、仪式的进程和仪式的功能及象征等诸多方面,以下是对此问题的文献梳理。     

人类学宗教仪式研究评述

宗教仪式研究是人类学重要的研究领域,取得了大量的研究成果,表现在仪式的定义、仪式的基本要素、仪式的社会结构、仪式的基本类型、仪式的进程和仪式的功能及象征等诸多方面,以下是对此问题的文献梳理。     

仪式及其象征的发生学研究:以酒神祭祀仪式为例

以田野调查为主要研究方法的人类学仪式研究硕果累累,但也日益显示出缺陷与不足,这一缺陷与不足表现为:现象与细节的描述过多,对现象与细节的解释不够;对当前的静态描述过多,对历史的动态分析不够。有鉴于此,笔者提倡对仪式进行发生学研究,从而清晰地梳理层出不穷的仪式概念,为仪式的发生及其历史演变正本清源。本文试以古希腊酒神祭祀仪式为例,分析仪式的发生及历史演变,从真正的人类学意义上把握仪式的形态、结构及功能。     

仪式场域中女性元素的人类学考察——以广西宁明县海渊茶场瑶寨的度戒仪式为例

度戒是瑶族地区最为重要的宗教仪式之一.在过往有关瑶族度戒仪式的研究中,学者们都将研究视角集中在仪式中的男性身上,而对于仪式中的女性关注少之又少.此种研究盲区不仅使我们难以窥探度戒仪式的全貌,同时也是对在仪式中扮演一定角色的瑶族女性的不重视.基于此原因,本文以广西宁明县海渊茶场一个瑶族村寨的度戒仪式为研究对象,通过对度戒仪式的过程展现,从中探讨仪式中不同年龄层的女性角色,从而达到真实、全面展示仪式及客观评价仪式中女性观的目的.     

湘西南上梁仪式语探微

上梁仪式语是湘西南众多仪式语中的精华和代表,具有其典型的民族特色和深厚的艺术内涵。本文对湘西南上梁仪式语的民族特色及艺术内涵的分析,提出了上梁仪式语具有促进社会和谐之政治功能等社会功能的观点。     

重庆“秀山花灯”仪式艺术研究

分析与探讨了重庆市"秀山花灯"仪式艺术的表征性、隐喻性和功能性意义,认为通过对仪式艺术形式及内容的解读,可以直接进入仪式表达的核心,进而了解人们是如何利用艺术来传递思想、表达意义以及仪式艺术场域的形成与宗教意图间建立的连接。     

新甘丹赤巴登甘丹法座仪式

新甘丹赤巴登上甘丹法座,意味着格鲁派一个普通学僧经过漫长历程,将从此获得格鲁派最高的宗教地位并成为宗教权威。新甘丹赤巴登甘丹法座的仪式,主要包括拉萨欢送新甘丹赤巴仪式及新甘丹赤巴往甘丹寺行进路上查验吉祥预兆仪式和登甘丹措钦大殿法座仪式等内容,仪式既有浓厚的宗教寓意,也有特殊的政治礼遇。     

家先观念与度身仪式——以粤北方洞过山瑶为例

在粤北方洞,瑶族度身仪式与家先观念及其"厅"组织三者之间存在紧密的逻辑关联。将度身置于家先观念及社会结构进行考察,探索度身产生与维系的观念基础及社会基础,是全面理解方洞瑶族度戒仪式的关键。认为对瑶族度戒仪式进行简单的"超地方"论述是危险的,应将度戒仪式植回具体生态环境、思想观念、社会结构、政治经济中,进行地方性、情境化思考。     

东巴面偶在纳西族东巴教仪式中应用现状的调查

作者从2008年开始对丽江东巴仪式活动较多的丽江县塔城乡署明村、鲁甸乡新主村、宁蒗县树枝村、香格里拉县三坝乡白地村、东坝村,四川省木里县俄亚乡等地进行东巴文化艺术田野调查,对知仪老东巴深度采访,实地参加东巴教祭天仪式①,希开、希务仪式②,拉姆务仪式③、祭风仪式④、退口舌是非⑤仪式等活动,收集整理了大量应用于东巴教仪式中的面偶艺术形象及内容,特别对东巴仪式中面偶应用现状进行调查研究。本文对东巴教面偶艺术的认识、保护、研究和传承有着积极的现实意义,能进一步推动对东巴教仪式文化艺术的整体研究。     

仪式、仪式过程及民俗物的关系——基于象征理论的"於菟"仪式解析

民俗仪式通过其所涉及的民俗物及仪式过程本身,指涉其特有的象征意义。"於菟"系列民俗仪式中各个单元特有的民俗物都具有特定的象征寓意,因而成为特定的象征指符。同时"於菟"系列岁末仪式中各个的仪式单元存在独自的象征意义,并最终构成岁末民俗的象征符号系统,从而展现出特定的文化模式。这种文化模式反映出文化持有人的世界观、价值观,也反映出区域内或群体内部的某种秩序的维持机制。     

Oestrogen Rising 2016: Ireland’s stained and bloodied cloths

A weaver, seamstress, laundress and artist, in this essay I shall spin a yarn, tangle a web, and construct a text(ile) of the inter-weave of narrative and identity that I define as my intellectual, textual, somatic and material/visual practice obsessions. My work explores ‘the places in-between’ in the entanglements of Irish and Northern Irish gender and identity, and in the abject fabrics of death and of desire. As an Irish feminist, sense-making of the complexities, conundrums, challenges and contradictions of my land, my cloth, my body and my culture owes much to Irish women before me who fought for female suffrage, and Irish women now – north and south of the border that divides the island of Ireland – who still struggle for equality of citizenship, social justice, human rights, and full reproductive autonomy. My contention is that when we accept that Ireland herself is a many-layered cloth, a stained and bloodied cloth, a cloth marked irreversibly by history, conflict, denial and abuse, stained by its own repression, marked through denial of all its people’s rights and needs, and bloodied by its greatest export, the haemorrhage of its people, then – polemical, didactic or reflective, with more compassion, empathy, humility and heart – we just might make peace with our past.     

云南回族马帮的组织与分布

马帮是一个集货物运输与商业贸易为一体的商旅组织 ,肇始于古代云南边疆地区 ,流行于云南三迤各族群及毗邻的东南亚泰、缅、老、越各山地民族社会 ,以及中国西南的川、黔、桂、藏和印度、尼泊尔等的广阔区域里。云南有回、汉、白、彝、藏等 5个族群从事马帮营运活动 ,但以回族马帮规模最大、历史最久。本文依据田野调查资料 ,对云南回族马帮的组织结构、地区分布、通商道路、营运货物等 ,作了系统论述     

Managing Memphis: governance and regulation in sterile spaces of play

Designed for the express purpose of encouraging consumption-intensive capital accumulation, the physical and symbolic reconstitution of select parcels of America's urbanscape into spectacular, multifaceted environments has heralded a new epoch in the material [re]formation of urban America. Yet, on daring to venture behind the corporatist veil of urban regeneration, one is soon confronted with an array of social injustices instantiated through the brutalizing praxis of the neoliberal public/private institutional amalgams that regulate, manage, and govern today's entrepreneurial cityscapes. Our focal points in this paper are the policies and practices of social governance through which both valorized and pathologized urban bodies are made visible, regulated and managed, as they contribute toward materializing the differentiated (and indeed differentiating) new urban landscape. We concentrate our argument on one North American city, Memphis, and specifically the efforts by private and public institutions to regulate and manage the Memphis cityspace, and realize the goal of reinventing the city (both materially and symbolically). Through dissecting the Memphis scenario, we discuss, and expose: the ‘lean and mean’ (Smith, 1998) urban geographies of aggressive place management and marketing; and, the various narratives underpinning the discursive constitution of belonging and difference within the revanchist metropolis.     

The power of Hyphen-Nationalism: Martin Scorsese's sojourn from Italian American to White-Ethnic American

Martin Scorsese is one of the most celebrated American filmmakers of the last 50 years. This essay looks at his public story in films, books, television, radio, journals, and newspapers. This story reflects the personal and artistic journey of Scorsese and the collective rendition of this journey by Scorsese, critics, journalists, and others. It shows the intersection of the personal life, public biography, creative work, and critical reception of a public intellectual negotiating his ethnic and racial-identity for six decades. Informed by work in Race and Ethnic Studies, Critical Whiteness Studies, and Critical Rhetoric Studies, this essay uses this story as a case study of the ideological power of white ethnic-identity and white racial-identity in the racial formation of post-civil rights America. I show how the public story of one of the most popular and critically acclaimed American artists over the last half-century transcribed the conversion of an ‘unmeltable’ Italian-American of the late 1960s Ethnic Revival to a White-Ethnic American of an end-of-the-century Hyphen-Nationalism. I demonstrate the power embedded in the institutional and cultural regime of Hyphen-Nationalism in the United States that acts to erase in personal memory, creative imagination, and art the power and legacy of white privilege.     

青藏铁路周边少数民族文化遗产保护与旅游发展对策研究

青藏铁路不仅是一务政治线、经济线,更是一条文化线,一条朝圣旅游遗产线.本文在文献研究和实地调研的基础上,从旅游学、文化学、人类学的角度出发,主要以青藏线西宁至格尔木段为例,对青藏铁路周边多民族文化遗产的类型、生存现状、价值、旅游开发利用程度等进行了描述及分析,在此基础上提出了对多民族文化遗产如何进行有效保护,如何利用多民族文化遗产这一特有资源打造青藏铁路世界级旅游黄金带的对策与思路.     

“五个发展”理念与民族地区经济社会全面发展研究

Development is the master key for resolving various problems in ethnic areas. During the process of development, we must have correct principles of development. During the “13th Five-Year Plan” period, it was acknowledged that the realization of the goal of building a moderately prosperous society, resolving its challenges, and grasping the advantages of development in ethnic areas must firmly establish and thoroughly conduct the development concepts of innovation, coordina￣tion, green, openness and sharing. This article presents an evaluation framework of the “five de￣velopment” concept, and then evaluates the devel￣opment status of ethnic areas. Based on the results of this evaluation, it proposes approaches for inno￣vation, coordination, green development, open￣ness, and sharing in ethnic areas.
Innovation is the first driving force in guiding development;coordination is the requirement for a sustainable and healthy development; green or“green development” is a necessary condition for sustainable development and important for people’s pursuit of a good life;openness is the only road for a country’s prosperity and development; and sha￣ring is the basic requirement of socialism with Chi￣nese characteristics. This paper analyzes the status of innovation in ethnic areas from the innovations of products, technology, markets and systems, etc. And, it discovers that the general level of innova￣tion in the eight ethnic provinces and districts of China ( Inner Mongolia, Guangxi, Tibet, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai) is low, and that the development of innovation is unbal￣anced. Compared with the national average, devel￣opment in these areas lags far behind. For the pur￣pose of maintaining constant economic growth in the ethnic areas, and chasing after the level of de￣veloped areas, the input in innovation must be in￣creased, and the structure of innovation must be further optimized so that innovation becomes an im￣portant driving force in economic development. Realizing innovative development in ethnic areas must depend on the effort of constructing its own learning ability. Laborers should get good educa￣tion, good infrastructure should be built, and good innovation environmental programs should be crea￣ted with the investment of the government.
Realization of harmonious regional develop￣ment is the basic purpose of China’s regional devel￣opment strategy. Understanding this from the angle of economics, the concept of coordination at least should include coordination among three elements, i. e. time, departments and space. The concept of coordination for development should be realized through market mechanisms in the competitive en￣vironment, or through the rational intervention of the government. The concept of coordination for development discussed here mainly refers to the development of coordination of different regions and of urban and rural areas. Seeing from the perspec￣tive of harmonious regional development, the de￣velopment in the eight ethnic provinces and dis￣tricts is actually imbalanced. In addition, urban-rural relationship is another important aspect of re￣gional coordination development. The imbalanced development between urban and rural areas in Chi￣na is not only reflected in income, but is even more reflected in basic public services. The ap￣proaches for realizing the development of regional coordination in ethnic areas should 1 ) be com￣bined with an economic support belt, and impor￣tant lines of communication;2 ) guide the popula￣tion and economic activities to move to important regions for development;and 3 ) take a path of in￣clusive and green urbanization.
Green development is a basic element for sus￣tainable development. The purpose of green devel￣opment is to get solid growth, and avoid unsustain￣able models. Green development will make the re￣sources efficient, clean and resilient in the process of development. Green development requires con￣sidering the environmental capacity or resource carrying capacity while pushing economic develop￣ment. There are three factors in green growth, that it be: efficient, clean and resilient. Green devel￣opment in ethnic areas is decided by its ecological location. Generally speaking, compared with the national level, both the efficiency of resource usage and carbon emission in ethnic areas is low; and environmental resilience is very different in various areas. Increasing the resource usage rate and re￣ducing carbon emission are the main approaches for realizing green development in ethnic areas. The rich natural resources in ethnic areas are only a potential advantage, and not an economic advan￣tage in reality. For the purpose of turning rich nat￣ural resources into an economic advantage, and u￣sing them to promote the regional economic devel￣opment, one should depend on the property rights structure of natural resources, regional conditions of the area, the exploitation cost, the local tech￣niques for transforming natural resources, and the market conditions. We should strive to develop green ecological economics, and realize the“Three-Wins” in growth, poverty alleviation, and ecolo￣gy. According to the ecological advantages of the ethnic areas, as well as their ecological position in the whole country, we should rapidly develop green ecological industries ( eco-agriculture, eco-tourism, eco -industry ) , and make ecological economics become the important source for increas￣ing the income of the poor population. This should be done by taking the rare ecological resources as the base, the market needs as guidance, the mod￣ern business model as the carrier, and social cap￣ital as the driving force. Moreover, we should make plans for green development , make clear its goals and steps, and implement the Green Industry Approach. We should enhance ecological construc￣tion and protection; and initiate new progress in ecological civilization and poverty alleviation.
Openness or opening up is an inevitable course for the prosperity and development of a country or a district. Openness in ethnic areas in￣cludes both external and internal openness. Exter￣nal openness is opening up to other countries or districts, and internal openness is opening up to other areas within China. It could be noticed that external openness in the eight provinces and dis￣tricts of ethnic areas in China is imbalanced. So, we should integrate it with the construction strategy of the “One Belt and One Road” program, and construct a new external opening up framework in an all-round way. Ethnic areas are core areas of and an important foundation for constructing of the Silk Road economic belt, and the 21st -century Maritime Silk Road. The ethnic areas should im￣plement more actively the strategy of openness, and improve the strategic framework of opening up externally, construct new, open economic systems, expand new, open economic spaces so as to build the ethnic areas into important bridgeheads and create vital border economic belts opened to the west, north, and south of China.
Sharing the results of development by various ethnic groups, and realizing a common prosperity are the requirements of socialism. The nature of sharing development is inclusive, fair and benefi￣cial. It further clarifies the keynotes of the rela￣tionship between development and the people, and re-emphasizes that improving the benefits of the people, promoting the people’s development in all-round ways are starting points and goals of de￣velopment. Poverty alleviation is the key in sharing development in the ethnic areas. The Central Pov￣erty Alleviation and Development Work Conference proposed that “ the goal of poverty alleviation dur￣ing ‘the 13 th Five-Year Plan’ is to win the battle against poverty, which includes ensuring food, clothing, compulsory education, basic medical service and housing security for the poor by 2020.” Furthermore,“precise poverty alleviation”is the basic strategy for fulfilling this goal. The foundation of “precise poverty alleviation” is to i￣dentify poverty precisely, and to judge whether it belongs to income poverty or poverty by chance. Speaking from policy choice, we need to strength￣en the self-development capability of poor popu￣lations; speaking from project choice, we should evaluate whether it is pro -poor or pro -growth;speaking from industrial development, we should consider both the market choice and governmental support;and, speaking from spacial layout, a con￣cept of sharing in development should be realized within centralized equalization.     

Center–periphery relations,local governance and conflicts in Ethiopia: the experience of Metekel province

In Ethiopia, the study and issue of center–periphery relations is not an easy task. It has remained complex and dynamics as it has been dictated and shaped by ever changing socio-economic relations, state ideology and structure. A case in point is Metekel region, which had been characterized by under development, lowland, hot climate and traditional way of life. Until post-1991developments, Metekel was peripheral in relation to the central state. It was an area of confrontation and conflict. Owing to the structural weakness of the centre, successive rulers of the area did not command effective control over it. Focusing on Gumuz, a Nilo-Saharan family, on one hand, and highlanders and new settlers, on the other, this essay examined the main features and dynamics of center–periphery relations, governance and conflicts in Metekel area. The sources, both primary and secondary, have been carefully examined based on the objectives of the study.     

论《格萨尔》对藏族民间信仰观念之体现

《格萨尔》作为一部曲折表现藏族人民认识世界、解释世界和改造世界的英雄史诗,承载了藏族民间的信仰文化,藏族人的真、利、善、美、圣观念在其中被体现得淋漓尽致,因而使其思想性和艺术性获得了高度的统一。也正是这种统一性,使得历史与现实的“真”和文学的“真”,通过以表现史诗主人公格萨尔金戈铁马一生所获得的现实的“利”与幻想的“利”的故事为载体,以善、美、圣为意义的支持而得以实现。文章从探讨存在于《格萨尔》中藏民族的真、利、善、美、圣观念及其相互支持、相互诠释、相互渗透、相互依赖的关系入手,企图从整体上考察藏族文化何以形成被社会各阶层普遍认同的凝聚力,何以有延续千年而不衰的活力。     

新冠疫情防控与中华民族共同体意识的提升路径

2019年至2020年初出现的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情是人类历史上的一次重大公共卫生突发事件,对我国经济社会发展也造成了重要影响。在这场"大灾大难"面前和持久的防疫、抗疫、战疫实践中,全国各族人民、港澳台同胞和海外侨胞的中华民族共同体意识和中华文化认同意识得到增强,中华民族凝聚力在中华传统文化和新媒体、自媒体和融媒体的作用下辐射汇聚,形成合力,使得中华民族向心力、聚合力、凝聚力达到了新的历史高度。党和国家在这场防疫、抗疫、战疫和构建人类命运共同体、营造健康和美世界的实践中向全世界提供了"中国声音""中国智慧"和"中国方案",彰显了中华民族传统美德和时代强音,为民族精神的时代性和时代精神的民族特征赋予了全球化时代的新内涵。