现代性语境下的职业倦怠

社会-文化-历史的职业倦怠观认为，职业倦怠并不是某一阶段单一个体的突发状况，而是社会结构在个体身上的投影。现代社会结构的建立和形成，与我们中的每一个体息息相关，影响着现代人的生产、生活。世俗化与精神危机、社会分层及流动与职业追求、转型期的职业声望、科层制与现代企业组织理性化和现代生活方式等这些现代性的具体表征都对现代人的职业倦怠产生了重要影响。     

现代社会的漂浮：无根的现代性及其呈现

现代社会作为一个漂浮的形态,其基本特性的现代性就表现为社会无根特性。现代社会的拔根状态所呈现的失根景况在日常生活中特别是在高度现代性的城市生活中有多种样态的层叠。社会扎根方案和社会寻根行动内涵了现代社会的可能。这表明了知识行动论的出场路径的打通。     

“现代性时间”及其文化价值反思

文化的个性化根源于时间的多样化."现代性时间"建立在资本主义生产方式和基督教文化、人文主义精神、理性主义精神以及进化观的文化信仰基础上,是尺度单一和价值单一的时间."现代性时间"反映了现代资本主义生产方式的量化特征,给文化的健康发展带来了负面影响."现代性时间"成为现代社会中的最高统治者,人成为时间的奴隶.在"现代性时间"维度上,不仅不同民族的文化独特性消失殆尽,个体也被割断了与历史的联系而成为无根的存在.     

文艺现代性反传统的面相——以西方现代文艺思潮为中心

在西方文艺的现代转型中,反传统不但是文艺现代性的发展动力和基本倾向,而且还影响了现代文艺的方方面面。现代文艺思潮集中反映了文艺现代性反传统的基本倾向,也是其精神的具体展开、体现,主要体现在反对传统和文艺传统、传统的审美趣味和审美观念、传统眼光中的世界和事物、专断的创作者和被动的接受者等方面。文艺现代性的反传统,促进了文艺的现代转型、创新、发展,但也存在着绝对、极端等倾向,并导致了严重的破坏性恶果。我们应该正视这些困境,全面总结其经验、教训,科学评估其得失,促进我们对现代文艺思潮、文艺现代性及其与传统关系的认识,并为我国的学术研究和文艺实践提供有效的参考。     

“利用”以“厚生”:张申府儒学观的现代价值取向

张申府的儒学观并没有单纯地停留于对传统文化的解读，而是赋予其积极的现代价值取向。张申府认为，科学所关注的工具理性带给人们的是物质世界的满足，而民主所代表的则是人更深层次精神世界的需求，两者的核心精神皆在于理性。而理性是与孔子儒学的核心思想“仁”相契合的，理性是“仁”之外化，科学与民主亦是“仁”之现代性表征，其出发点与落脚点都在于人，即都建立在对人的关注与关怀之上，可说是对“仁者，人也”最为生动的现代诠释。而这也正是张申府所极力推动儒学创造性转化和创新性发展的有益尝试。     

思想政治教育在人的现代化中的作用

人的现代化就是人获得现代性和人的本质的确证的过程。现代性自身并不必然就是正确性、真理性。因此,人的现代化过程离不开思想政治教育,思想政治教育对人的现代化的作用主要表现在对培养人的现代性具有方向性的指导作用和思想政治教育是培养人的现代思想政治素质的基本途径两个方面。     

“大学精神”的理性反思与大学教育目的的深度澄明——从现代性社会与现代公民的德性人格生成的角度

教育目的是一个国家教育的总目标,是一个国家的教育活动在实现各种具体教育目标时的终极性追求,它同时也是一种教育模式最基本的价值取向,是教育活动中的“哲学”,它体现着教育的理性。现代性社会需要具备公共性精神与优良人格品位的人,只有以此为基础,才能建立起现代性文明、健康、公正和合理的公民社会。但从中国目前的大学教育制度安排与教育实践来看,与这种要求显然存在较大差距。现代大学教育本质上是一种社会化了的公民教育,即“公众教育”,是指全社会都参与到新的理性与人文精神的学习、传播、创新和实践中来,其核心是对大学生的“公民意识”和“公民精神”的教育,使其具有公民的人格意识、责任意识、权利意识、义务意识、纳税人意识、规则意识,等等。     

货币之桥上的迷失者：齐美尔论货币与现代性体验

对现代个体生存体验的关注是齐美尔现代性思考的重要特征。随着货币经济在现代社会的日益繁荣,货币逐渐将其自身的品格渗透到现代人的心理层面,影响现代个体行为,塑造独特的现代性体验。可以说,货币成为“货币”的过程,就是现代人获得其现代体验的过程。都市体验是最为典型的现代性体验,都市人是“忧郁的栖居者”,厌腻态度构成了现代人“忧郁”的内核。而在冒险体验与陌生体验中,蕴藏着现代个体保持独特个性、对抗货币逻辑的可能。通过“货币”,齐美尔试图揭示的不仅仅是现代人的生存问题,更是关乎人类终极价值的问题--在看似碎片化的现代性体验与人类的总体存在方式之间,齐美尔提供了一条经由“货币”的解释路径。     

自然的自然--试论A·吉登斯的生态政治观

吉登斯的生态政治观在现代西方政治理论中是较为独特的一种。一方面它不苟同于以“改造世界”为核心的生态激进主义观点，另一方面它揭示了“放任自然”、“退出自然”为主的生态自然主义不现实性。整合这两方面的观点便是吉登斯的生态政治的基本立场和观点，本文把它概括为“自然的自然”——让自然自然地存在和发展，这具有两方面的含义，一是尊重自然，遵循自然规律；二是强调人对自然、世界的参与性和共存性。尊重自然，让自然自然地存在和发展，其“尊重”是人在尊重，其“让”是人在让，人类通过对自然的反射性不断整合自身与自然的关联。本文通过对古登斯的自然终结论，对绿色理论的批评，反射性生态理论和可持续发展理论的论述，提示了其生态政治观的理论内涵和发展线索。     

论教育与人的全面发展

本文在中国教育开始转轨和教育哲学观大裂变的宏观背景下，对教育的目的及功能作了新思考，并以马克思关于人的全面发展理论为指导，阐述了全面发展的素质教育观的基本内涵与构成，凸显了其核心———主体性教育     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.     

Is subsidiarity a conditio sine qua non for sustainability?

This paper argues that subsidiarity is a condicio sine qua non for sustainability. Through the complexity paradigm, the paper provides a historical reconstruction of both concepts to the end of elucidating their interdependence. The main thesis is that subsidiarity to sustainability is what self-organisation is to emergence. The paper ends with a sketch of future global governance structures based on a subsidiarity where cities take the lead on sustainability.     

Global employment and decent jobs, 2010–2030: The forces of demography and automation

Globally, an estimated 734 million jobs will be required between 2010 and 2030 to accommodate recent and ongoing demographic shifts, account for plausible changes in labour force participation rates, and achieve target unemployment rates of at or below 4 per cent for adults and at or below 8 per cent for youth. The facts that most new jobs will be required in countries where “decent” jobs are less prevalent and workers in many occupations are increasingly subject to risks of automation further compound the challenge of job creation, which is already quite sizable in historical perspective. Failure to create the jobs that are needed through 2030 would put currently operative social security systems under pressure and undermine efforts to guarantee the national social protection floors enshrined in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).