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1.
Joyce J. Chen 《Journal of population economics》2012,25(1):119-149
Existing evidence suggests that girls are differentially affected by income shocks and changes in bargaining power. Most studies, however, ignore household production and confound differential opportunity costs with changes in income or bargaining power. I disentangle these determinants of gender discrimination??preferences, income and time allocation??by comparing households with varying degrees of parental involvement. Results indicate that, controlling for household fixed effects, reducing the time available for household production has a disproportionately negative effect on daughters. But, for a transitory income shock, daughters?? education is less income-elastic. Increasing mothers?? bargaining power is most effective in narrowing the gender gap. 相似文献
2.
Theory predicts that lower-income households will produce more goods at home. Thus extended income, which includes household
production, should be more equally distributed than money income. Previous studies have confirmed the greater equality of
extended income and speculated that the result is due to the weak correlation between money income and household production.
We also confirm this result and identify the true reason. We show that the weak correlation cannot be the explanation and
that virtually all of the difference in measured inequality between the two measures is due to the addition of a large constant—the
average value of household production—to money income. 相似文献
3.
Roger Patulny 《Social indicators research》2011,101(2):289-293
Social trust is an important phenomenon, but the influence of important time-based measures upon trust has not been examined.
Such measures include social contact and anti-social activity, such as television watching, which allows for the co-presence
of other people. This paper reports on associations between trust and weighted means of co-present ‘social’ time (defined
as time spent in various ‘social’ activities) and co-present time spent watching television, using the Australian Time Use
Survey, 2006. It finds that trust is associated with social time spent in the co-presence of ‘strangers’ predominately from
outside the household, and that TV watching in the co-presence of ‘familiars’—friends and family—is negatively associated
with trust. 相似文献
4.
This study attempts to examine relative income effects on perceived happiness in three major Asian countries—China, Japan,
and Korea—in comparison with the United Sates, on the basis of largely comparable nationwide surveys in these countries. Consistent
with the results from previous studies in Western countries, comparisons with an individual’s own income and average income
of the reference group are significantly associated with the individual’s perceived happiness in Asia. The associations between
relative income and happiness are stronger for individual income than family income in China, while the opposite is true in
Japan and Korea. Even after controlling for the subjective assessment of family income or personal class identification within
the society as a whole, income comparisons within the reference group matter for assessing happiness, especially when using
family income for comparisons. Moreover, relative deprivation within the reference group, which is measured by the Yitzhaki
index, is negatively related to happiness, providing more evidence for the validity of the relative income hypothesis. 相似文献
5.
This study examines differences among urban Chinese consumers and their consumption patterns in three major cities—Beijing,
Shanghai and Tianjin—utilising data from a nationally representative sample survey conducted in 2005. Differences were found
in these consumers’ age distribution, education level, household composition, birth and death rates, income, expenditure patterns
and consumer durable ownership rates. Beijing and Shanghai, the two most affluent cities in China, exhibited the highest consumer
durable ownership rates and the highest cost of living. While previous research has frequently segmented China in terms of
a rural versus urban dichotomy or by geographic region, this study suggests that the urban Chinese do not constitute a homogeneous
market. Further, it is suggested that both geographic region and income, which varies between rural and urban settings, are
sound bases for segmenting this important market. 相似文献
6.
Gender discrimination and efficiency in marriage: the bargaining family under scrutiny 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Helmut Rainer 《Journal of population economics》2008,21(2):305-329
We consider a repeated family bargaining model that links the topics of employment and households. A key aspect of the model
is that marital bargaining power is determined endogenously. We show that: (1) the efficiency of household decisions is sometimes
inversely related to the prevailing degree of gender discrimination in labor markets; (2) women who are discriminated against
have difficulty enforcing cooperative household outcomes because they may be extremely limited to credibly punish opportunistic
behavior by their male partners; (3) the likelihood that sharing rules such as “equal sharing” are maintained throughout a
marriage relationship is highest when men and women face equal opportunities in labor markets.
Responsible editor: Deborah Cobb-Clark 相似文献
7.
Siblings, child labor, and schooling in Nicaragua and Guatemala 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Ana C. Dammert 《Journal of population economics》2010,23(1):199-224
This paper explores empirically within-household gender and sibling differences in child labor, domestic work, and schooling
of Guatemalan and Nicaraguan children. The main results show that older boys spend more time engaged in market and domestic
work, whereas older girls spend more time in domestic work than their younger siblings. These results are independent of whether
the younger sibling is a boy or a girl, which suggests that there is no substitution within the household of younger for older
siblings in market and domestic work. This paper’s findings show the relevance of domestic work and gender differentials in
children’s allocation of time in developing countries. 相似文献
8.
Labor Migration has long been viewed as a strategy adopted by the household unit to allocate family resources rationally to
increase the flows of income and to raise family standard of living. The research reported here examines the extent to which
remittances sent by Filipino overseas workers increase the income and standard of living of households in the Philippines.
Data for the analysis were obtained from a representative sample of 2,388 households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor
sending” areas in the Philippines. The analysis compares households with and without overseas workers to estimate the contribution
of remittances to household income and to household standard of living (measured once by an ‘objective’ indicator and once
by a ‘subjective’ assessment). The data reveal that due to remittances the income of households with overseas labor migrants
is considerably higher than the income of households without overseas workers. The data also reveal that remittances are used
mostly for consumption purposes (e.g. purchase of food, clothing, education, and goods) and that most of the difference in
standard of living (whether measured on the ‘objective’ or the ‘subjective’ scale) between households with and without overseas
workers are attributed to remittances. The implications of labor migration and the policy that encourages and supports labor
migration for the Filipino society are evaluated and discussed.
相似文献
Anastasia GorodzeiskyEmail: |
9.
We document the incidence and evolution of family complexity from the perspective of children. Following a cohort of firstborn
children whose mothers were not married at the time of their birth, we consider family structure changes over the first 10 years
of the child’s life—considering both full and half-siblings who are coresidential or who live in another household. We rely
on detailed longitudinal administrative data from Wisconsin that include information on the timing of subsequent births to
the mother and father, and detailed information on earnings, child support, and welfare. We find that 60% of firstborn children
of unmarried mothers have at least one half-sibling by age 10. Our results highlight the importance of having fertility information
for both fathers and mothers: estimates of the proportion of children with half-siblings would be qualitatively lower if we
had fertility information on only one parent. Complex family structures are more likely for children of parents who are younger
or who have low earnings and for those in larger urban areas. Children who have half-siblings on their mother’s side are also
more likely to have half-siblings on their father’s side, and vice versa, contributing to very complex family structures—and
potential child support arrangements—for some children. 相似文献
10.
This article examines the dynamics and causes of the shift in the gender composition of migration, and more particularly,
in women’s access to migration opportunities and decision-making. Our analysis focuses on Albania, a natural laboratory for
studying international migration where out-migration was essentially nonexistent from the end of World War II to the end of
the 1980s. Interest in the Albanian case is heightened because of the complex layers of inequality existing at the time when
migration began: relatively low levels of inequality within the labor market and educational system—a product of the Communist
era—while household relations remained heavily steeped in tradition and patriarchy. We use micro-level data from the Albania
2005 Living Standards Measurement Study, including migration histories for family members since migration began. Based on
discrete-time hazard models, the analysis shows a dramatic increase in male migration and a gradual and uneven expansion of
the female proportion of this international migration. Female migration, which is shown to be strongly associated with education,
wealth, and social capital, appears responsive to economic incentives and constraints. Using information on the dependency
of female migration to the household demographic structure as well as the sensitivity of female migration to household-level
shocks, we show how household-level constraints and incentives affect male and female migration differently. Throughout this
period, however, women’s migration behavior appears more directly aligned with household-level factors, and there is little
evidence to suggest that increased female migration signals rising behavioral independence among Albanian women. 相似文献
11.
Charlene M. Kalenkoski Karen S. Hamrick Margaret Andrews 《Social indicators research》2011,104(1):129-155
Time constraints, like money constraints, affect Americans’ well-being. This paper defines what it means to be time poor based
on the concepts of necessary and committed time and presents time poverty thresholds and rates for the US population and certain
subgroups. Multivariate regression techniques are used to identify the key variables associated with discretionary time and
time poverty. The data confirm the idea that individuals in households with children have less discretionary time and are
thus more likely to be time poor than those in households without children. Controlling for other household characteristics,
an additional child reduces a household adult’s daily discretionary time by 35 min. Surprisingly, while one might expect the
necessary and committed activities required of an individual to be less in a two-adult household with children than in a one-adult
household with children because child care can be shared, the data show that the presence of such a second adult only marginally
reduces the necessary and committed time burden of an individual household member. Perhaps even more surprisingly, household
income is not a statistically significant correlate of discretionary time or time poverty. 相似文献
12.
François Bourguignon 《Journal of population economics》1999,12(4):503-521
The collective approach to household consumption behavior tries to infer from variables supposed to affect the general bargaining
position of household members information on the allocation of consumptions goods and tasks among them. This paper investigates
the extension of previous work to the case where children may be considered as a public consumption good by the two adult
members of a household. The main question being asked is whether it is possible to retrieve from the aggregate consumption
behaviour of the household and the relative earnings of the parents information on the allocation of goods between them and
children. This alternative approach to the estimation of the ‘cost of children’ is contrasted with the conventional approach
based on a ‘unitary’ representation of and demographic separability assumptions on household consumption behaviour.
Received: 29 August 1997/Accepted: 26 November 1998 相似文献
13.
Keera Allendorf 《Population research and policy review》2012,31(2):187-206
The role of family context in determining women’s agency has been addressed through kinship patterns, household structure,
and domestic violence. This study suggests that another aspect of family context—family relationship quality—can also influence
women’s agency. Data from the Women’s Reproductive Histories Survey, collected in Madhya Pradesh, India, are used to examine
whether family relationship quality is a determinant of women’s agency. Results show that women with higher quality relationships
with husbands and parents-in-law do have greater agency. Further, family relationship quality is just as influential as other
well known determinants of agency, including education and employment. 相似文献
14.
Previous research on migration and gendered career outcomes centers on couples and rarely examines the reason for the move.
The implicit assumption is usually that households migrate in response to job opportunities. Based on a two-year panel from
the Current Population Survey, this article uses stated reasons for geographic mobility to compare earnings outcomes among
job migrants, family migrants, and quality-of-life migrants by gender and family status. We further assess the impact of migration
on couples’ internal household economy. The effects of job-related moves that we find are reduced substantially in the fixed-effects
models, indicating strong selection effects. Married women who moved for family reasons experience significant and substantial
earnings declines. Consistent with conventional models of migration, we find that household earnings and income and gender
specialization increase following job migration. Married women who are secondary earners have increased odds of reducing their
labor supply following migration for job or family reasons. However, we also find that migrating women who contributed as
equals to the household economy before the move are no more likely than nonmigrant women to exit work or to work part-time.
Equal breadwinner status may protect women from becoming tied movers. 相似文献
15.
Most studies that explore the impact of relative standing on subjective well-being use objective measures of the individual’s
relative position, such as the mean income of the reference group or the individual’s ranking in the relevant income distribution.
In this paper, using a new household survey from South Africa, we are able to derive subjective measures of relative standing,
as information is collected on individuals’ perceptions of where they rank in the income distribution. We find considerable differences between objective and subjective measures
of an individual’s relative ranking. Furthermore, our results suggest that an individual’s perceived relative status has a
significantly larger effect on subjective well-being than objective measures of relative status based on reported income.
We also examine the effects on subjective well-being of how individuals perceive their relative position in the income distribution
to have changed since childhood, and what they expect their relative position to be in the future. We find that future upward
mobility has a smaller effect than upward mobility compared to one’s past, suggesting that life satisfaction is influenced
more by what has been achieved than by anticipated achievements. 相似文献
16.
The upward trend in Americans’ weight has precipitated research aimed at identifying its underlying causes. In this paper
we examine trends in Americans’ time spent eating in an attempt to gain a better understanding of Americans’ changing eating
habits and their predictors. Data used in the analyses come from four national time use surveys conducted between 1975 and
2007. We find that Americans’ total eating time has risen over the past 30 years largely because of increases in secondary
eating time. Multivariate analyses reveal that shifts over time in wage rates, food prices, household income, and racial/ethnic
composition may be contributing to Americans’ changing eating patterns. 相似文献
17.
Economic Migration and Happiness: Comparing Immigrants’ and Natives’ Happiness Gains From Income 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David Bartram 《Social indicators research》2011,103(1):57-76
Research on happiness casts doubt on the notion that increases in income generally bring greater happiness. This finding can
be taken to imply that economic migration might fail to result in increased happiness for the migrants: migration as a means
of increasing one’s income might be no more effective in raising happiness than other means of increasing one’s income. This
implication is counterintuitive: it suggests that migrants are mistaken in believing that economic migration is a path to
improving one’s well-being, at least to the extent that well-being means (or includes) happiness. This paper considers a scenario
in which it is less likely that migrants are simply mistaken in this regard. The finding that increased incomes do not lead
to greater happiness is an average (non)effect—and migrants might be exceptional in this regard, gaining happiness from increased
incomes to a greater extent than most people. The analysis here, using data from the World Values Survey, finds that the association
between income and happiness is indeed stronger for immigrants in the USA than for natives—but even for immigrants that association
is still relatively weak. The discussion then considers this finding in light of the fact that immigrants also report lower
levels of happiness than natives after controlling for other variables. 相似文献
18.
Abhilasha Srivastava 《Population and development review》2020,46(2):249-285
Household allocation of labor is an important area of scholarship in developing countries where women's well-being is affected by the heavy load of unpaid work within the household. This study extends nuclear household-centric research on labor allocation by drawing attention to bargaining between female in-laws in multigenerational households in India. This paper empirically tests two competing theories based on the impact of a daughter-in-law's education on household division of labor in multigenerational households. First is Caldwell's thesis that contends that increasing education would increase the bargaining power of daughter-in-law, thereby tilting the distribution of household labor in her favor, and the second is patriarchal bargain theory that makes an opposite claim. Both these theories are tested using time-use data, and the latter is found to have higher explanatory power. Further layers are added to the analysis by tracing the effects of caste, class, and religion. Findings show that these mediate and determine the division of housework and bargaining outcomes between female in-laws. This study emphasizes the need for an intersectional understanding of gender norms that are inextricably tied to factors such as religion, caste, class, and family structure. Findings also underline the need to study within-gender dynamics systematically. 相似文献
19.
Fertility and endogenous gender bargaining power 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Mizuki Komura 《Journal of population economics》2013,26(3):943-961
We develop an intra-household bargaining model to examine the feedback effect of household fertility decisions on gender bargaining power. In our model, the household balance of power is endogenously determined reflecting social interactions, i.e., the fertility choices by the other couples in society. We show the presence of multiple equilibria in fertility outcome: one equilibrium characterized by patriarchal society with a high fertility rate, and another in which women are sufficiently empowered and the fertility rate is low. In other circumstances, this study also demonstrates a positive relationship between female wage rates and the fertility outcomes. Finally, we discuss its policy implications, comparing the effects of two family policies: the child allowance and the subsidies for market childcare. 相似文献
20.
Bruce Headey 《Social indicators research》2008,89(1):23-39
The purpose of this paper is to suggest an improved measure of financial poverty, based on household consumption and wealth
as well as income. Data come from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics Australia (HILDA) Survey, which appears to be
the first national socio-economic panel survey to provide longitudinal data on all three measures of household economic well-being.
National measures of poverty in Australia and other Western countries are usually based only on low income. But this is conceptually
incorrect; the measures lack validity. To be poor is to have a low material standard of living—involuntarily. So measures
of poverty should also take account of household consumption and wealth. If a household has an adequate current level of consumption,
it should not be classified as poor right now, even if its current income is low. Similarly, if it has substantial wealth
(net worth), it should not be viewed as poor because it could draw down on wealth to boost current consumption. The invalidity
of income-based measures has long been recognised in principle (Ringen 1987, The possibility of politics. Oxford: Clarendon Press). In practical terms, the problem is to combine measures of wealth and income, and especially consumption,
in the same survey. In the 2005 HILDA Survey a battery of household expenditure items was included which, benchmarked against
the Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Household Expenditure Survey for 2003–04, appeared to provide valid measurement of 53.4%
of total household expenditure. These well measured items correlated 0.76 with total expenditure and, in combination with
standard demographic variables, accounted for 78.3% of the variance in the total. This paper uses 2005–06 HILDA data to construct
revised measures of financial poverty. The value of these measures for public policy and research purposes is illustrated.
In particular, the new measures give much lower estimates of poverty than income-based measures. They can also be used to
predict which households are at risk of future poverty.
相似文献
Bruce HeadeyEmail: |