动态分层阿基米德Copula模型的构建与应用

Copula函数在金融中的应用大多限于二元情形,而对高维Copula函数及其动态模型的研究相对不足.文章在隐马尔科夫模型的框架下,构建了动态分层阿基米德Copula模型,并使用EM算法估计了模型的参数;然后将协变量引入到隐马尔科夫模型的转移概率中,以考虑其他因素对所考虑变量的相关性动态的影响;最后,将模型用于股票组合动态相关性的研究.     

Copula函数模型的选择

Copula理论在统计及金融分析中有着广泛的应用.目前Copula函数在实际应用中的一个关键问题是函数模型的选择.文章通过实例对Copula函数模型的选择问题进行了探讨,验证了各种方法的有效性.     

基于Copula-GARCH方法的投资组合VaR计算

VaR 方法是金融市场风险测量的主流方法.Copula函数广泛的应用于风险管理、投资组合选择、资产定价等金融领域.文章选取五种代表性的Copula并结合带正态分布和学生t分布的GARCH模型描述金融数据,通过Monte Carlo模拟计算投资组合的VaR,并对各种模型的计算能力做了对比,发现Clayton Copula结合GARCH(1,1)-T的模型对VaR的估计最好.     

相关性分析中Copula函数的选择

Copula函数在金融分析和风险管理中有广泛的应用,利用Copula函数可以构建组合风险资产的联合收益分布和资产之间的相关性.在构建Copula模型时,一个关键的问题就是如何选择最佳的Copula来拟合实际的金融数据.文章分析了Copula函数选择困难的原因,指出了现有的似然准则选择方法的不足,提出了基于参数Bootstrap技术的对数似然准则检验方法,考虑了更大范围的Copula函数族群,利用模拟实验检验了该方法的选择能力,模拟结果表明对于没有尾部相关性的Copula函数和具有较小的尾部相关性的Copula函数可以较好地进行区分,而且也能区分大部分的具有较大尾部相关系数的Copula函数.同现有的只能区分常见的几类Copula的似然准则选择方法相比,文章提出的方法可以在更大范围内识别不同的Copula函数.     

基于Copula方法的国债市场相依风险度量

本文讨论了如何利用Copula连接函数对多元金融数据的相依结构进行统计建模,首先对几种常用的Copula连接函数进行了介绍,分析了不同边际分布和不同Copula函数的选取对联合分布产生的影响,然后讨论了Copula函数的选取和其参数的估计问题,最后利用我国国债数据进行实证分析,得到了不同组合的风险值。     

基于时变相关的混合Copula模型的投资组合风险分析

由于金融时序数据具有时变非对称相关的特征,文章通过构建时变相关的混合Copula函数对金融时序数据的尾部相关和对称相关性进行捕捉,并以此为基础估计投资组合的VaR值,通过对比,发现基于时变混合Copula的函数能够更准确地捕捉投资组合的风险。     

基于Copula-EVT模型的组合风险测度

近年来,Copula理论被广泛地应用到金融领域,Copula可解释为"相依函数"或"连接函数"。Copula建模的方法与普通的线性相关的建模方法不同,Copu-la模型是针对整个联合分布建模,它能够捕捉更多的非正态、非对称分布的信息。     

资产相关结构对投资组合风险测度的影响分析

文章从分析金融资产收益率的统计特征入手,以GARCH模型为基础,用非对称幂分布描述组合资产中各金融资产收益率的边缘分布函数,在多种Copula函数情形下计算组合资产的风险值VaR及ES。结果表明:基于由多元Clayton Copula和多元Gumbel Copula组成的混合Copula函数较好地刻画了多只股票的相关结构,而且ES比VaR能够较准确地估计组合资产的尾部风险。     

资产相关结构对投资组台风险测度的影响分析

文章从分析金融资产收益率的统计特征入手,以GARCH模型为基础.用非对称幂分布描述组合资产中各金融资产收益率的边缘分布函数,在多种Copula函数情形下计算组合资产的风险值VaR及ES.结果表明:基于由多元Clayton Copula和多元Gumbel Copula组成的混合Copula函数较好地刻画了多只股票的相关结构,而且ES比VaR能够较准确地估计组合资产的尾部风险.     

股票组合VaR估计：基于动态Copula方法

已有的使用动态时变Copula估计VaR的研究都仅限于考虑两个资产,对两个资产以上,Copula函数的参数过多,逐一设定参数的动态过程,将使模型复杂化,在计算上也不可行。为解决这一问题,文中使用条件Copula的概念,结合Engle的DCC方法,将椭球Copula的相关系数矩阵动态化,并将t-Copula的自由度设定为一动态过程的Logistic变换,由此得到的动态正态Copula和t-Copula可用于刻画两个以上资产相关结构的动态关系,进而可估计两个以上资产组合的VaR。最后,文章给出了一个经验应用。     

A General Quantile Function Model for Economic and Financial Time Series

This article proposed a general quantile function model that covers both one- and multiple-dimensional models and that takes several existing models in the literature as its special cases. This article also developed a new uniform Bayesian framework for quantile function modelling and illustrated the developed approach through different quantile function models. Many distributions are defined explicitly only via their quanitle functions as the corresponding distribution or density functions do not have an explicit mathematical expression. Such distributions are rarely used in economic and financial modelling in practice. The developed methodology makes it more convenient to use these distributions in analyzing economic and financial data. Empirical applications to economic and financial time series and comparisons with other types of models and methods show that the developed method can be very useful in practice.     

Data cloning estimation of GARCH and COGARCH models

GARCH models include most of the stylized facts of financial time series and they have been largely used to analyse discrete financial time series. In the last years, continuous-time models based on discrete GARCH models have been also proposed to deal with non-equally spaced observations, as COGARCH model based on Lévy processes. In this paper, we propose to use the data cloning methodology in order to obtain estimators of GARCH and COGARCH model parameters. Data cloning methodology uses a Bayesian approach to obtain approximate maximum likelihood estimators avoiding numerically maximization of the pseudo-likelihood function. After a simulation study for both GARCH and COGARCH models using data cloning, we apply this technique to model the behaviour of some NASDAQ time series.     

Inference for linear and nonlinear stable error processes via estimating functions

This paper describes an estimating function approach for parameter estimation in linear and nonlinear times series models with infinite variance stable errors. Joint estimates of location and scale parameters are derived for classes of autoregressive (AR) models and random coefficient autoregressive (RCA) models with stable errors, as well as for AR models with stable autoregressive conditionally heteroscedastic (ARCH) errors. Fast, on-line, recursive parametric estimation for the location parameter based on estimating functions is discussed using simulation studies. A real financial time series is also discussed in some detail.     

Estimating and Testing Nonlinear Local Dependence Between Two Time Series

ABSTRACT

The most common measure of dependence between two time series is the cross-correlation function. This measure gives a complete characterization of dependence for two linear and jointly Gaussian time series, but it often fails for nonlinear and non-Gaussian time series models, such as the ARCH-type models used in finance. The cross-correlation function is a global measure of dependence. In this article, we apply to bivariate time series the nonlinear local measure of dependence called local Gaussian correlation. It generally works well also for nonlinear models, and it can distinguish between positive and negative local dependence. We construct confidence intervals for the local Gaussian correlation and develop a test based on this measure of dependence. Asymptotic properties are derived for the parameter estimates, for the test functional and for a block bootstrap procedure. For both simulated and financial index data, we construct confidence intervals and we compare the proposed test with one based on the ordinary correlation and with one based on the Brownian distance correlation. Financial indexes are examined over a long time period and their local joint behavior, including tail behavior, is analyzed prior to, during and after the financial crisis. Supplementary material for this article is available online.     

Dynamic financial distress prediction based on Kalman filtering

In models for predicting financial distress, ranging from traditional statistical models to artificial intelligence models, scholars have primarily paid attention to improving predictive accuracy as well as the progressivism and intellectualization of the prognostic methods. However, the extant models use static or short-term data rather than time-series data to draw inferences on future financial distress. If financial distress occurs at the end of a progressive process, then omitting time series of historical financial ratios from the analysis ignores the cumulative effect of previous financial ratios on the current consequences. This study incorporated the cumulative characteristics of financial distress by using the characteristics of a state space model that is able to perform long-term forecasts to dynamically predict an enterprise's financial distress. Kalman filtering is used to estimate the model parameters. Thus, the model constructed in this paper is a dynamic financial prediction model that has the benefit of forecasting over the long term. Additionally, current data are used to forecast the future annual financial position and to judge whether the establishment will be in financial distress.     

Simulation-Based Density Estimation for Time Series Using Covariate Data

This article proposes a simulation-based density estimation technique for time series that exploits information found in covariate data. The method can be paired with a large range of parametric models used in time series estimation. We derive asymptotic properties of the estimator and illustrate attractive finite sample properties for a range of well-known econometric and financial applications.     

Comparison of the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH,back propagation neural networks and support-vector machines in forecasting financial returns

The use of GARCH type models and computational-intelligence-based techniques for forecasting financial time series has been proved extremely successful in recent times. In this article, we apply the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH model instead of AR or ARMA models to compare with the standard BP and SVM in forecasting financial time series (daily stock market index returns and exchange rate returns). We do not apply the pure GARCH model as the finite mixture of the ARMA-GARCH model outperforms the pure GARCH model. These models are evaluated on five performance metrics or criteria. Our experiment shows that the SVM model outperforms both the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH and BP models in deviation performance criteria. In direction performance criteria, the finite mixture of ARMA-GARCH model performs better. The memory property of these forecasting techniques is also examined using the behavior of forecasted values vis-à-vis the original values. Only the SVM model shows long memory property in forecasting financial returns.     

BL-GARCH models and asymmetries in volatility

In this paper the class of Bilinear GARCH (BL-GARCH) models is proposed. BL-GARCH models allow to capture asymmetries in the conditional variance of financial and economic time series by means of interactions between past shocks and volatilities. The availability of likelihood based inference is an attractive feature of BL-GARCH models. Under the assumption of conditional normality, the log-likelihood function can be maximized by means of an EM type algorithm. The main reason for using the EM algorithm is that it allows to obtain parameter estimates which naturally guarantee the positive definiteness of the conditional variance with no need for additional parameter constraints. We also derive a robust LM test statistic which can be used for model identification. Finally, the effectiveness of BL-GARCH models in capturing asymmetric volatility patterns in financial time series is assessed by means of an application to a time series of daily returns on the NASDAQ Composite stock market index.     

Conditional Heteroscedasticity in Qualitative Response Models of Time Series: A Gibbs-Sampling Approach to the Bank Prime Rate

Previous time series applications of qualitative response models have ignored features of the data, such as conditional heteroscedasticity, that are routinely addressed in time series econometrics of financial data. This article addresses this issue by adding Markov-switching heteroscedasticity to a dynamic ordered probit model of discrete changes in the bank prime lending rate and estimating via the Gibbs sampler. The dynamic ordered probit model of Eichengreen, Watson, and Grossman allows for serial autocorrelation in probit analysis of a time series, and this article demonstrates the relative simplicity of estimating a dynamic ordered probit using the Gibbs sampler instead of the Eichengreen et al. maximum likelihood procedure. In addition, the extension to regime-switching parameters and conditional heteroscedasticity is easy to implement under Gibbs sampling. The article compares tests of goodness of fit between dynamic ordered probit models of the prime rate that have constant variance and conditional heteroscedasticity.     

Bootstrap entropy test for general location-scale time series models with heteroscedasticity

This study considers a goodness-of-fit test for location-scale time series models with heteroscedasticity, including a broad class of generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic-type models. In financial time series analysis, the correct identification of model innovations is crucial for further inferences in diverse applications such as risk management analysis. To implement a goodness-of-fit test, we employ the residual-based entropy test generated from the residual empirical process. Since this test often shows size distortions and is affected by parameter estimation, its bootstrap version is considered. It is shown that the bootstrap entropy test is weakly consistent, and thereby its usage is justified. A simulation study and data analysis are conducted by way of an illustration.