苏丹“七·一九”未遂政变始末

一、风云突变 1971年7月19日下午4时30分,我正在我驻苏丹大使馆内收听当地阿拉伯语新闻广播,突然,节目中断,奏起军乐,广播里不时传出以阿塔少校为首的苏丹“革指会”已接管政权,取得“7·19”革命成功的消息。接着又广播了“革指会”就此发表的简短声明。我一下愣住了,几乎不敢相信自已     

中美《八一七公报》斗争始末

中国人民对外友协副会长凌青说，黄华在任外长期间，取得了许多具有战略意义的外交成就，如实现中、美正式建交，签订中日和平友好条约等。这些在新中国外交史上具有里程碑意义的事件，都是经过长期艰苦的谈判才实现的。（本文标题为编者所加）     

1·23丹江口沉船蒙难始末

风大浪急,老渔民拒绝载客 2004年1月23日是大年初二.这天风很大,居住在湖北丹江口市均县镇的居民们正忙乎着走亲串友,相互拜年.     

"七剑"下房展

第23届北京个人购房房地产展示交易会于8月31日在军事博物馆拉开帷幕.据组委会透露,本届军博房展会当天便吸引了三万人次的参观.     

大学生初涉职场"七忌"

大学生初涉职场总觉得自己刚刚离开学校,好像一盆娇嫩的鲜花突然被移出温室,暴露于真实的自然环境中,全身上下有千处不适、万般委屈.     

无"七巧"不时尚

不知道吧,巧克力除了可以吃,现在更是被应用到美容中了!如今,世界各地都在狂掀这样一股潮流:用巧克力做SPA(自然美容).也许就是因为"巧克力SPA"不但在文字上能吸引求新的顾客,其名称背后所引发的保健、味觉与视觉的诱惑更是它迷人的关键.     

发财与"杀熟":一场传销骗局的始末

1998年,中国政府曾明令取缔一切传销活动.近年来,随着社会经济发展,传销活动又有些抬头的趋势.传销是一种典型的"杀熟"行为,也就是专门欺骗、坑害熟人(如亲戚、朋友、同学、战友、老乡等).从事传销的人,都是"杀熟"的受害者.而其中一些受害者,反过来也要"杀熟".他们的目的就是骗钱.     

鲁迅·《红楼梦》·"真的人"

2008年,对于鲁迅研究来说,是具有重要意义的一年.100年前,即1908年,鲁迅发表了<文化偏至论>,提出了"首在立人,人立而后凡事举"的核心思想.90年前,即1918年,鲁迅发表了<狂人日记>,借"狂人"之口说出一个大发现:从"每叶上都写着‘仁义道德'"的史册上看出"满本都写着两个字是‘吃人'",慨叹"难见真的人!"这一呼声成为旧中国"铁屋子"的第一声"呐喊".以后,鲁迅终其一生,都始终贯串着以人为本、人的自觉这一人学思想红线.只有紧紧抓住这条红线,才可能真正认识鲁迅的思想本质及其伟大价值.     

The Rise of Age Homogamy in 19th Century Western Europe

In many parts of Western Europe the age at first marriage and the level of celibacy declined in the second half of the 19th century. This weakening of the European marriage pattern (EMP) can be interpreted as a “classic” response to the increase of the standard of living, but a more far‐reaching interpretation is that the erosion of the EMP was part of a cultural shift characterized by the rise of a new, less instrumental and more egalitarian view on marriage and partner selection. The latter vision implies the increase of the preference for a same age marriage. We test this explanation by using a combined Belgian‐Dutch data set of marriage certificates (N = 766,412). Our findings corroborate the “cultural shift thesis.”     

Temporality and Social Change: The Case of 19th Century China and Japan

Manifold factors have been identified as causal mechanisms in social change, but an important one–temporality–has been neglected. Temporality is the social time that characterizes any society, and that social time is consequential for the rate and direction of change. The three dimensions of temporality are temporal pattern, temporal orientation, and temporal perspective. The differences between the Japanese and Chinese along these three dimensions help explain their differential responses to the 19th century Western challenge. Specifically, two propositions are examined in the light of the historical data: a society's temporality limits the range of adaptive responses to new circumstances, and the symbols of social time act as a mechanism of social control.     

The history, economics, and financing of mental health care. Part 1: 17th to 19th centuries

Families in colonial times cared for their mentally ill members at home, with little assistance from their communities. Community treatment is an old idea, not a new one. Early laws about containing the disturbances created by individuals with mental illness made no mention of clinical dimensions. The focus was strictly on the social and economic consequences of the mental disorders. Legislation about public mental hospitals in the mid-19th century was hardly enlightened. There were no particular plans, other than not to expend more dollars than actually necessary.     

Ethnic Institutions Reconsidered: The Case of Flemish Workers in 19th Century France1

Abstract Traditional perspectives on ethnic institutions tend to consider mainly their role in the preservation of the cultural and social fabric of ethnic communities. Increasing evidence indicates that ethno‐institutional effects are often more varied and complex. France's first industrial‐era immigrants, massively crossing the border from Belgian Flanders during the second half of the 19^th century, are a case in point. Immigrant Flemish workers introduced a new type of institution to the French working class: socialist cooperatives. These would have a long‐term impact not only on the immigrant Flemish community itself, but also on the larger labour movement, on the region, and on the country as a whole. Three elements were important in this process of institutional cross‐fertilization: Belgian workers’ rich institutional repertoire; the coincidence of their settlement with the rise of the French labour movement; and the fact that their institutional innovation was easily transferable.     

Civility, Rituals, and Exclusion: The Emergence of American Golf during the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries

This study examines the relationship between golf and civility and advances the work of Norbert Elias by providing a theoretically informed analysis of the ritual dynamics involved in the civilizing process. Employing content analysis of texts and other forms of data, the authors examine the origins of American golf between 1894 and 1920 and the way various attributes of civility were expressed in this newly emerging recreational pursuit. This research demonstrates that social characteristics of civility found in European noble pastimes were also present in the American game of golf. These qualities dictated a civilized code of conduct and etiquette that included self–restraint, practice, courteousness, proper decorum, compliance, and honorable behavior. Such a code of conduct distinguished the upper class from those of lower rank and designated the game of golf for the former while discouraging others from participating in this pastime.     

The Railway Switches of History: The Development of Disease Control in Britain and the United States in the 19th and early 20th Century

When Britain and the United States began to respond to outbreaks of disease in the 19^th century they developed two distinct systems of disease control. While not polar opposites, Britain focused primarily on sanitation, whereas the United States adopted policies of quarantine. Utilizing the approach of path dependency I argue that this divergence can be partly explained by the timing of disease control formation in each country. As Britain formed its system of disease control earlier, during the 1840s, it was influenced by a miasmatic understanding of disease (the belief that disease is caused by noxious gases that emanate from filthy environments), while as the United States formed its disease control system later, around the end of the 1870s, it was more influenced by new ideas about contagion and the rise of germ theory. Once formed, the public health system of each country began to travel down divergent historical paths; Britain came to connect disease control to the social problems of the working classes (e.g. poverty, working conditions, overcrowding) while the United States developed a militaristic approach that, at times, used quite coercive measures to isolate the contagious bodies of the sick. The origins of public health formation in each country helped shape the overall development of disease control in Britain and the United States over the long‐term.     

The Population Census of 1917 and its Relationship to Egypt's Three 19th Century Statistical Regimes*

Abstract This essay is a comparison of Egypt's three 19th century statistical regimes, with particular emphasis on the third established by the British before WW1, and culminating in the holding of the 1917 census. It is argued that the organizer of this census used it self-consciously to encourage the production of statistical data as an essential tool of modern government. He also provided officials with a method of integrating their findings through the use of a national model based on the balance between population and resources. Foucault's notion of governmentality is deployed to provide a framework within which to understand the central processes at work.     

The Import/Export of Police Models: Danish 19th Century Police Reform Between Elites of Revolution and Reaction

The article investigates the diffusion of police models in the 19^th century taking the Danish import of the Metropolitan Police implemented in London in 1829 as its main object of analysis. Building on the sociological framework of Pierre Bourdieu, the focal point of the analysis is how an international police model was crafted by national elites who profited from the import of a specific form of policing. In the Danish context, the import and mutation of the English role model was closely related to a transformation of the national field of power as absolutism was formally disbanded but practically folded into a new constitutional monarchy in which conservative and liberal elites coexisted.     

The Roman Catholic Church: A Centuries Old History of Awareness of Clerical Child Sexual Abuse (from the First to the 19th Century)

Debates in international forums and in mainstream media on the role, responsibility, liability, and response of ecclesiastical authorities of the Roman Catholic Church (RCC) toward clerical child sexual abuse (cCSA) fail to take into account the historical roots and awareness of the problem. Reports also fail to mention the historic organizational laws RCC developed over centuries. In contrast, RCC documents evidence that the Catholic Church not only carried century’s old history of cCSA, but also repeatedly condemned cCSA by successive papal authorities, organizational laws, and institutional management mechanisms. During the first millennium, however, church laws remained confined to the bookshelves and were not converted into appropriate management policies and infrastructural models. This was largely due to the absence of a central administrative organizational structure, which developed later in the 12th century, following the Second Council of Lateran (1139) when the Papacy asserted its authority to establish administrative control over the organizational church. It was only then that management policies started to be framed and institutional structures enacted to deal more appropriately with cCSA from the 14th to 20th centuries. Despite this, RCC developed a culture of secrecy using clandestine organizational management models and institutional laws prescribed in 1568, 1622, 1741, 1866, 1922, and 1962 which aimed to manage cCSA. The current study traces reported cCSA as far back as the first century and critically examines the organizational laws, and institutional policies developed by RCC to address clerical sexual misconduct up to the end of the 19th century.