城郊农民市民化的多重阻滞和推进路径

城市化进程中形成城乡交集的城郊结合部这一特殊场域,居住着大量介于农民和市民之间、正在从农民向市民化转型的特殊群体.他们在市民化过程中存在着城市适应力较弱、制度政策环境较差、人格尊严易被漠视、新生代农民工融入城市困难等问题.城郊农民要从里到外变成市民,自身的观念、心理、行为方式要转变,外部的社会生存环境也要改善.因此,农民城市适应性的提升、以制度创新优化政策环境、农民人格尊严的维护、新生代农民市民化的推进,成为当前城郊农民市民化的关键环节.     

转型期中国公众的分配公平感：结果公平与机会公平

本文考察了中国公众的结果公平感和机会公平感,检验并比较了社会结构解释和相对剥夺解释在中国的适用性。研究发现,大多数公众认可结果公平和机会公平,且机会公平感高于结果公平感,但二者仅微弱相关。结果公平感由收入水平决定,机会公平感主要受教育水平影响。外资和私营单位雇员比国有和集体单位雇员更具机会公平感,城市中下层就业者对结果和机会分配均持批评态度。“个体相对剥夺”而不是“群体相对剥夺”对分配公平感有决定性影响,结果公平感只受横向剥夺影响,而机会公平感则主要受纵向剥夺影响。     

论中国"农民非农化"与"农地非农化"的协调

"农民非农化"与"农地非农化"是工业化与城镇化的必然趋势.在中国现阶段两个"非农化"正在加速推进,但与此同时,二者的不协调也越来越明显,产生了一系列的矛盾和问题,已经严重影响经济发展和社会和谐.学界缺乏对两个"非农化"关系的研究,因此,文章集中论述了中国两个"非农化"目前不协调的表现和原因,两个"非农化"协调的内涵、衡量标准、必要性和途径.     

从人口城市化到农民市民化的演变研究

从人口城市化到农民市民化是时代发展的理论诉求。除了人口城市化含义与测度指标的局限外,从时代发展、政策诉求还有现实理论来看,都有必要全面开展农民市民化研究。通过探讨农民市民化的内涵与外延,归纳了人口城市化与农民市民化的联系与区别,指出农民市民化是人口城市化、人口社会化和人口现代化的统一,是对人口城市化的理论发展。     

论作为一种农民市民化机制的都市农业——以金融危机下的杭州市茶产业为例

由美国次贷危机引发的全球金融危机已经对中国的城市化进程造成了相当的影响,在此背景下,探索都市农业在城市化进程的作用,成为一个极具意义和挑战性的话题.都市农业的多功能性是不争的事实,但是将其作为农民市民化的一种机制进而讨论其在推进城市化进程中的作用,则是一个崭新的话题.本文以杭州市的茶产业为例,讨论了都市农业在推进农民尤其是城郊农民市民化中的作用,包括缓冲城市化资金压力,提供就业岗位增收减贫,促成新老市民交流机会,培养科技和生态等现代意识,培育城市社区文化和管理体制,提高老市民的接纳和认同度等.在此基础上,本文还提出了依靠都市农业推进农民市民化的政策建议,以期对中国应对金融危机下的城市化挑战有所助益.     

不稳定就业与农民工市民化悖论：基于劳动过程的视角

本文旨在从劳动过程的视角,将不稳定就业作为一种资本积累方式进行政治经济学的理论分析,并使用具有全国代表性的调查数据和企业访谈案例,结合广义倾向值匹配等方法进行经验论证。本研究梳理出不稳定就业的一般特征及其对当代中国农民工群体的影响,并尝试从国家与资本的双重运作逻辑中去理解经济转型期农民工市民化的困境。研究发现,在资本积累及劳动过程全球化的背景下,中国形成了规模庞大的农民工及其不稳定就业现象。资本通过控制农民工就业流动而达成最大限度地获取利润的目标,无需承担劳动者的再生产成本。这就从根本上导致了农民工市民化的悖论：不稳定就业有助于提高农民工个体的工资水平,但是不利于其家庭成员随迁。这种资本积累方式的隐蔽性在于,所谓的农民工流动自由其实是雇主通过掐尖式用工以保证资本的利润率。不稳定就业不会提升农民工的群体性收入,反而强化了群体内部的竞争。     

老人的居住模式与子女的赡养行为

本文使用2006年全国社会综合调查的抽样数据,分析了老年人的居住模式、与子女的居住距离和儿女数量对子女赡养行为的影响。研究发现,老人的居住模式和居住距离并不明显影响子女给予的经济支持,但会影响子女在日常照料和情感慰藉方面给予的支持。有同住子女的父母可以得到子女更频繁的关心和照顾,而空巢家庭的父母从子女处获得的日常照料和经济支持则较少;子女居住得离父母越近,则越经常给予父母日常照料和情感慰藉。研究也发现,子女给予父母各方面照料的频繁程度不受兄弟姐妹数量的影响,独生子女并不比非独生子女更频繁地照顾父母。     

农业现代化与现代化农民

农业现代化是实现全面现代化的必由之路.无论是从理论上,还是从国民经济建设和发展的需要或是西方发达国家的产业发展经验看,农业必然要从传统农业发展为现代化农业.农业作为基础生产部门必须要与国民经济其他部门协调发展;同时实现农业现代化也是提高农民收入的根本途径.实现农业现代化的条件有两个,一是物质条件现代化;二是劳动者智能化.其中劳动者智能化的过程就是农民现代化的过程.现代化农民的实现途径主要通过经济社会快速发展;对农民进行现代化教育;通过对农民身份和职业的转换逐步"消灭"农民阶层.     

论中国农民教育平等权的缺失与保护

中国农民教育平等权的缺失主要体现在农村居民与城市居民获得教育的机会不平等、城乡教育费用的负担不平等及国家义务履行不到位三个方面。由于历史原因而形成的城乡二元体制,是导致中国农民教育平等权缺失的主要原因。应该借鉴外法域的成功经验,关注中国农民群体的权利保护,在政策和法律上赋予农民平等地受教育的权利和机会,也只有如此,才能提高农民群体的自我发展能力,进而实现全中国共同富裕的目标。     

从土地依恋到户籍依恋——天津城郊农民生活安全脆弱性与市民化意愿代际分析

通过对天津城郊农民市民化意愿及其代际差异的研究发现,城郊农民具有较高土地依恋和户籍依恋、 较低市民化意愿,其失地后存在生活安全脆弱性,且父代均显著于子代.多元logistic回归分析显示,年龄和生活安全变量对土地依恋产生显著影响;年龄和抵御风险水平变量对户籍依恋产生显著影响.以反对市民化态度为参照,集体购置保险对中立态度的选择具有显著正向影响;对支持态度的选择,代际变量具有显著负向影响,职业技能和就业状况具有显著正向影响.     

农民维权活动的理法抗争及其理论解释——两起征地案例的启示

基于对广西两个征地案例的研究,本文发现,农民维权抗争的实践逻辑,不能用现有的“日常反抗”、“法权抗争”和“规则模式”框架来解释。当地农民维权活动的一般性特征可称之为“理法抗争”,其行为理据、策略选择和目标制定都在合“理”合“法”的框架内。具体表现为：对被征土地的“待价而沽”、积极运用“拖”的抗争策略、在集体行动中并用“理”与“法”的行动策略,不使事态失控,不与地方政府交恶。农民的“理法”抗争,既根植于乡土社会,也因中国政府政治合法性的转变而导致的国家对稳定的刚性需求、地方追求经济绩效和维稳工作实践之间始终存在某种张力,正是这种张力促使农民在与地方政府争取拥有平等对话主体资质的抗争过程中形成某种“默契”。     

Children's Voices: The Views of Vulnerable Children on Their Service Providers and the Relevance of Services They Receive

This paper describes and analyses the views of vulnerable childrenof eleven years and under on the relevance of services theyreceived. The two research questions posed were, first, whatare effective practices for engaging with vulnerable children;and, second, how can the voices of vulnerable children be usedto influence the development of policy? The first question wasaddressed through a systematic review of existing literatureon effective strategies for interviewing vulnerable childrenand revealed that few studies that focus on interviewing youngchildren are designed to address effectiveness. As yet, notall young children are asked for their views by those makingdecisions about their lives, though their involvement increaseswith age. The second question was addressed through focus groupsand interviews which revealed that children hold many validviews related to their roles and relationships with serviceproviders and decisions being made concerning their lives. Itwas concluded that whilst children’s lived experienceof services they receive could contribute to the creation ofmore democratic communities in which children and their familiesparticipate, it remains to be seen whether the new Green Paper,Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003), increases their sense of autonomyor merely extends the degree to which they are controlled.     

Non‐Resident Fathers' Engagement with their Children: The Salience of Leisure

This paper reports on selected aspects of a recent study of non‐resident fathers' leisure with their children. The settings and context for non‐resident fathers' contact with their children are described and the methodology comprising interviews with eighteen non‐resident fathers is briefly explained. The fathers who participated were a diverse group. Leisure is a vital aspect of most non‐resident fathers' engagement with their children. Nevertheless, for non‐resident fathers to be fully‐integrated in their children's lives they need to participate in a range of everyday activities that allow them to function as parents rather than as regular visitors. Policy and legislation must better recognise the qualitative aspects of parent's engagement with their children.     

城镇化背景下的家庭农业与乡土社会——对内蒙赤峰市农业经营形式的案例研究

本文要讨论的问题是,在农业青壮年劳动力大量外出,只有老人和妇女留守农村的情况下,中国农业将如何转型,农业生产的规模化服务将如何实现?农业生产技术的改进与生产要素的市场化无疑会促进农业生产服务的规模化,而规模化服务并不以土地的集中和小农经济的消亡为前提。乡土社会网络降低了农业规模化服务过程中的组织成本,在农村乡土社会面貌不变的情况下实现了农业生产服务的规模化,从而建立了一种“新型农业经营体系”。     

从职业发展到家庭完整性：基于稳定城市化分析视角的农民工入户意愿研究

本文基于稳定城镇化的框架,从个体职业发展和家庭完整性角度分析农民工入户诉求,并以一个代表性的调查数据,对此展开实证研究。研究发现,农民工的入户意愿,不仅受其职业发展现状和未来职业发展规划影响,还受其家庭完整性因素的影响,如夫妻团聚（同城工作或生活）、子女教育以及住房状况等。相对于珠三角地区,长三角地区的农民工群体入户意愿更高,且家庭完整性因素对其入户意愿的影响更显著。这说明,对农民工不能仅在经济上接纳却在社会上排斥,而应让农民工与市民在权利方面逐步均等化。同时,在长三角地区,改革户籍和促进民工市民化任务显得更为迫切。     

转型时期居委会的社区权力及声望研究

在中国城市社会变迁的转型时期,社区居民委员会的权力与声望正在经受前所未有的挑战。对南京BX区61个社区居民的随机抽样调查及分析表明：居委会目前的社区权力结构中仍以政府赋予的行政权为主,而在社区居民对其期待颇多的自治权、协管与监督权、突发事件处理权等的运用方面,居委会并未拥有足够的资源存量;社区其他营利及非营利组织在直接参与社区服务和管理的过程中多少瓜分了居委会的权力,从而影响了居委会的声望,并且随着社区居民群体在经济、社会及文化层面的进一步分化,居委会在不同社区成员中的权力与声望呈现差异化的格局。     

Assessing the impact of an asset-based intervention on educational outcomes of orphaned children and adolescents: findings from a randomised experiment in Uganda

ABSTRACT

This paper examines the effect of an asset-based intervention on academic performance and school transition among orphaned and vulnerable children in Uganda. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control arm or two treatment arms receiving an asset-based intervention. Participants in the treatment arms scored better grades; and had higher odds of transitioning to post-primary education relative to the control arm. Programmes which target financial insecurity may have a positive impact on the educational achievement and progression of orphaned children. There is a need to consider incorporating asset-based interventions within the development of educational policy, especially in low-income countries.     

Mother‐to‐Child Transmission of HIV in China and the USA: A Comparative Analysis

This paper analyzes and compares the existing policies and programs for the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV existing in China and in the USA. The implementation of these is still imperfect and there needs to be improvements in the education (the spreading of information) and in the general health care system of China. Particular attention will be drawn to the existing barriers to the effective implementation of prevention of mother‐to‐child‐transmission. The recommendations aim to solve similar barriers in both countries and some specifically dealing with problems in China. Since HIV infection in children is caused almost entirely by prenatal transmission, it is important that the governments, in partnership with civic society organizations, make all the necessary efforts to save the lives of their newborn citizens.     

The Deinstitutionalization of Children in Bulgaria – The Role of the EU

In this article, the role of the EU as a key factor for the development of the deinstitutionalization of children is explored. A series of hypotheses concerning EU funding, policies and politics are addressed with regards to how the EU as a whole has affected the deinstitutionalization of children. The article explains the presence of association between instigation of public interest and civil mobilization and the launch of a nationwide reform – in particular how advocacy both at national and EU level led to the adoption of a national reform strategy in Bulgaria. Further, the association between the availability of an innovative approach to spending the EU funds and the decision generally to reform the system for institutional care for children is presented. The article explains the difference that €107.6 million will make for Bulgaria's abandoned children if the European structural funds are realized with their full potential. On the other hand, it reveals the challenges that the process is facing. A great deal of non‐governmental organization (NGO) experience concerning EU involvement in the process has been generalized and construed in order to achieve the best possible understanding of the whole process, the key players and the fundamental issues.     

农业转型的社会基础:一项对茶叶经营细节的社会学研究

本文关注我国农业转型过程中的组织形态，以茶叶为例，描述了茶叶经营过程中的家庭经营和市场网络，论述了农业的技术细节和交往细节如何塑造了这一经营组织形态。茶叶种植、采摘过程的技术细节决定了家庭经营的独特作用，但是在家庭经营的基础上还需要市场网络与之配合。这个网络的有效运行需要解决一定的“组织困境”，经营者普遍使用类似“和稀泥”的方式解决监督管理问题。本文紧扣交往细节和交往心态分析特色农业的组织形态何以可能的社会基础。交往细节具有费孝通所提出的“意会”的意涵，通过对交往细节和交往心态的分析，深挖交往细节背后的历史维度，可以与社会学理论本土化的努力结合起来，推进社会学对社会关系的研究。