The Role of Society in Personal Behavior—Analysis of a Survey of “Sexual Behaviors Related to Multiple Partners”

考察多伴侣性行为发生的可能性,是研究社会对个人行为作用的最佳切入点之一。本文以全国随机抽样调查的分析结果为例,检验和比较了5种相关理论思路的解释力。作者把阶层归属、社区性文化和个人的性关系态度作为社会作用的代表,以性爱现状和个体的性状况作为对照物,分别考察了这5种因素对男女两性多伴侣性行为的作用强度。数据分析表明,“社会对个人的多伴侣性行为发挥主要作用”的命题可以成立,但阶层归属的作用非常微弱,而社区性文化对男性的作用和性关系态度对女性的作用极其突出。这说明生物制约论、社会结构理论及交换理论的思路不适用于解释个人的多伴侣性行为,环境制约论和脚本理论的思路则具有更强的解释力。     

双薪家庭的家务性别分工：经济依赖、性别观念或情感表达

基于２０１０年第三期中国妇女地位调查数据的分析显示,城镇家庭的家务劳动分工具有“女性为主,男性为辅”的特征。研究表明,经济依赖关系、工作时间、性别角色观念均显著地影响着两性的家务分工,但其影响机制存在差别。对于男性而言,经济上的独立与成就对于其家务劳动投入的影响最大,其次是工作时间与性别角色观念,这些要素均相对独立地发挥作用,男性家务劳动的承担不存在“性别表演”。对于女性而言,纯粹的经济独立（对配偶收入的依赖程度、本人的绝对收入状况等）并非其家务劳动投入的最好预测,性别角色观念也不独立地对家务劳动参与产生影响。部分女性的家务劳动在经济依赖与性别角色观念交互影响下存在着形态与效应各异的“性别表演”。这一特征揭示了两性在劳动力市场中的经济地位与社会文化期待交互影响的形塑作用。     

乡村女性自我的再认识:一项来自恩施土家族双龙村的研究

传统女性主义者认为,女性的自我是无主体性的“他性”存在。现代女性主义的批判指出,女性自我是有主体的,但这种主体本质上是女性多种生存“策略”所体现的理性主体。本文基于对恩施双龙村女性的田野调查研究,提出了“女性自我是情感主体的自我”的观点,这种情感主体的自我具有包容性和排他性双重特征。情感主体的意义表现为两个方面：一是女性在对相关他人命运的关心及对他人无功利的或弱功利的付出中,为乡村社会的团结与整合做出了自己特殊的贡献;二是女性在感性的率性行为中,突破了既有的习俗与规则,为乡村社会的变迁做出了贡献。     

男民工与阶层、社会性别、性的主体建构

农民工的“性”问题日益受到社会的关注。本文基于北京地区四个工地136位民工的访谈,以工地男民工“谈小姐”为切入点,将“谈小姐”视为男民工日常生活中的言说实践,以扎根理论的视角来探究“谈话”这种日常活动的建构意义。本文并不停留于男民工对“小姐”形象（谈论的客体）的构建,而是更进一步地探讨：（1）在“谈小姐”的言说实践过程中男民工如何构建出自身的阶层地位、社会性别与性文化;（2）分析阶层、社会性别、性这三者的关系。通过这种主体建构的呈现,本文试图揭示男民工如何寻找自己在这个社会中的定位,以及寻找现实生活中积极的生存策略。     

性别、权力与海南古代女性

社会性别的后天建构性使其成为分析社会结构的一个重要视角。本文从该角度重新审视海南历史上的汉黎互动,发现这种互动在本质上是两种迥异的性别文化的碰撞。在碰撞过程中,汉文化中的传统女性性别角色被黎文化不断挑战和改变,出现“女主外”的现象,但男性在政治领域的主导使“女主外”行为与支持男性“向学”的目的挂靠,女性“主外”行为的社会价值被贬低。“女耕男儒”的性别关系不但未能使女性获得自由,反而造成另一种性别压迫,最终成为海南独有的“男为尊”父权文化的表现方式。     

生命历程视角的城市居民二套房获得

本文从生命历程理论视角研究住房市场化背景下宏观和微观因素对城市居民二套房获得的影响,提出了“世代机遇论”“购房时机说”“精英优势论”“家庭禀赋说”和“理性选择说”等命题,并依据2010年广州市千户问卷调查数据,运用离散时间事件史模型进行验证。研究发现,在二套房获得上,世代和单位因素影响减弱,职业地位和家庭因素影响增强,经济管理精英、专业精英,以及家庭经济能力强、家庭资助或在房改结束前获得首套房的居民具有优势,房价上涨在一定程度上促进了二套房的购买。本文认为,早期市场化改革为不同阶层提供了住房机遇,但再分配和市场导致的住房不平等在住房市场化过程中相互强化,未来住房改革的重点在于避免住房贫富分化加剧。     

社会网络对生活满意度的影响研究——基于京、沪、粤三地的分析

本研究以2008年和2009年在北京市、上海市和广东省进行的“中国家庭追踪调查”的数据为基础，运用多层线性模型和协方差模型探讨了社会网络对生活满意度的影响程度。研究表明，拜年网中朋友的比例、邻里互动频率和非正式社会参与都对生活满意度有积极影响，生活满意度与拜年网规模之间则呈现出“∩”型的相关关系。协方差分析结果表明，社会网络规模的扩大、朋友比例的上升和非正式社会参与频率的增加都有助于提高个人的生活满意度，但邻里互动频率的变化对个人生活满意度的提升作用还有待进一步的研究。     

性别操演理论的经验解释与女性主义方法论反思——以高层两性人才访谈为例

本文运用对高层两性人才的访谈资料，尝试将巴特勒的性别操演理论做经验研究和现实解释，观察两性在性别操演时展现的灵动性和真诚性，并将该理论与女性主义方法论作对比，反思后者潜在的“受害人假定”和“对性别的过度归因”等问题，进而讨论女性主义方法论对研究对象的遴选标准、对研究内容的界定标准和建立于性别差异基础上的研究预设等所遭遇的合法性危机。最后，本文尝试将性别操演理论与女性主义方法论对接，以探讨性别操演理论对性别研究的意义。     

“双色蛋糕”：中间阶层的异质化特征

中间阶层作为一个在结构上拥有类似的社会综合地位的社会共同体,同时不能忽略其内部结构的异质化特征。特别是,随着我国市场机制的逐渐确立,以及体制权力的主要作用领域从政治资源转向为经济资源,形成了二元化“市场体制”利益配置机制,可以用中间阶层“双色蛋糕”模型进行形象描述。“双色蛋糕”异质化特征导致中间阶层各群体产生利益分化与冲突,并在长期阶段内存在,影响到中间阶层的整合与期望功能的实现,需要有效控制公共部门的私利取向以淡化其消极作用。     

中国新生代农民工：社会态度和行为选择

20世纪80年代以后出生的“新生代农民工”现已达到约1亿人,成为中国社会转型过程中破除城乡二元结构、加快推动城镇化进程的关键人群。与“老一代农民工”相比,新生代农民工的价值取向和行为规则等已发生很大变化。本文基于中国社会科学院社会学所2008年“全国社会状况综合调查”数据,比较分析了新生代农民工的收入状况、受教育水平、工作技能、消费特征和地位认同,并重点分析了“代际”（新生代）和“阶层”（农民工）两个因素对新生代农民工的处境、行为取向和社会态度的影响,以及收入、生活压力和社会态度三者之间的关系。研究发现,生活压力的变化和个人权利意识的增强,对新生代农民工的社会态度和行为取向具有非常重要的影响。     

探索新的关系和生活模式 ——关于成都男同性恋伴侣关系和生活实践的研究

这些年来,李银河提交同性婚姻提案的努力,将同性恋伴侣关系和家庭生活引入了公众视野,但国内学术研究对此尚无涉及。基于对成都“同志”社区的实地研究,本文详细考察了男同性恋伴侣关系和家庭生活的具体实践、追求平等关系、反思现有婚姻制度,以及争取社会承认的努力。研究强调中国社会中的同性之间的亲密关系正在转型,同性恋伴侣关系开始挣脱占据主导地位的异性恋亲属体系,成为一种可供选择的家庭生活模式。同时,借鉴西方近期关于“酷儿”家庭的理论和实践,文章讨论了同性恋伴侣关系对于主流社会和亲属制度的启示,呼吁在制度上给予这样的“草根”实践以更多的承认。     

Equal Marital Property Rights

Although the Family Law Act recognizes the contribution of a marriage partner as homemaker and parent, in practice, such contributions are often not recognized as equal to those made by paid workers when property is divided on divorce. Because a woman's earning capacity is usually diminished by her family responsibilities, the existing discretionary approach to property division reinforces women's dependency on men. Under a system of equal marital property rights, the equal value of contributions of unpaid spouses would be clearly established. Assets accumulated before marriage would usually be excluded from the equal ownership rule (and hence from distribution to the other party on divorce), both partners would be informed of transactions during marriage, and parties who choose to could contract out of the equal rights scheme. Men and women would know from the outset of marriage what their rights were.     

Why do young women marry old men?

This paper presents an overlapping generations household model with positive assortative matching (richer individuals marry richer partners), incomplete information about partner’s type (it takes time to reveal income-earning capabilities of individuals) and a gender pay gap on the labor market (men are more likely to end up with a high-paying job). In equilibrium, a gender pay gap creates an excess supply of desirable husbands and women marry early to increase their chance of being matched with an ideal partner, which results in a gender age gap on the marriage market. A modified model with asymmetric information yields a similar result. An extended model where individuals have an option to remain single (the marriage market does not necessarily clear in equilibrium) yields a similar result as well.     

生命历程理论视角下劳动力迁移对初婚年龄的影响

本文利用2012年清华大学“城镇化与劳动力移民”项目的调查数据,通过事件史方法考察劳动力迁移对初婚年龄的影响。研究发现,劳动力迁移会对初婚年龄产生推迟效应,迁移事件发生的时机和过程都会左右这一影响的具体结果。研究显示,越早实现迁移,越有助于移民进入婚姻,频繁的流动则削弱了结婚的可能性,而父亲的迁移经历同样会对子女的初婚年龄产生影响。通过对不同世代群体的比较,本文进一步发现,迁移对初婚年龄的影响程度随世代推移呈现“倒U型”趋势,这一结果与不同世代下的迁移特点及其身处情境有关。研究结果表明,劳动力移民的生命历程基于迁移发生了转轨,他们放缓了自我再生产的周期,这对人口结构和社会结构的调整具有重大意义。     

Sexual Communication and Seroadaptation Practices in HIV-Negative Midlife and Older Men Who Have Sex With Men

Advances in treatments have increased the longevity of people with HIV. The high prevalence of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) creates a greater risk for exposure that increases with age. Seroadaptation, which includes serosorting (sexual behavior and condom use based on knowing the serostatus of self and partners) and strategic sexual positioning (choosing receptive versus insertive anal sex), is sometimes used as an HIV risk-reduction strategy. This study examined seroadaptation, sexual communication, and HIV-risk behaviors in 420 sexually active HIV-negative MSM aged 40–81 years in South Florida via anonymous pen-and-paper questionnaire. Recreational drug use and serosorting (i.e., not using condoms if the partner said he was HIV-negative) were associated with higher risk for unprotected receptive anal intercourse. Younger age, greater number of partners, and serosorting were associated with higher risk for unprotected insertive anal intercourse. Understanding these behaviors in this group might help guide HIV-prevention efforts. Future research may examine the role of HIV-prevention medication (PrEP) in influencing sexual behavior in midlife and older MSM.     

Gender‐specific or Common Classroom Norms? Examining the Contextual Moderators of the Risk for Victimization

We tested whether gender‐specific vs. common classroom norms were more powerful moderators of the association between a risk factor (rejection) and peer victimization among girls and boys. The participants were 1220 elementary schoolchildren from grades 4–6 (with 10–13 years of age). We compared different multilevel models including combined vs. separate regressions for boys and girls, as well as the effects of norms of the whole class, same‐sex classmates, and cross‐sex classmates. Among girls, the association between rejection and victimization was strongest in classes where bullying behavior was common, and anti‐bullying attitudes were rare among girls. Among boys, the strength of the slope of victimization on rejection could not be explained by either common or gender‐specific classroom norms, but boys' level of bullying behavior was related to overall classroom level of victimization. The findings suggest that contextual factors may contribute to victimization especially among high‐risk girls. The importance of exploring multiple levels of influence on children's social development is discussed.     

走向后现代的美国家庭：理论分歧与经验研究

社会的发展与家庭模式的变迁在美国一直是备受关注的领域。本文从理论上追溯了功能主义者对现代家庭理想模式的建构,及其对美国家庭研究的影响,分析了美国上世纪90年代以来有关家庭的研究,从离婚、单亲家庭、非婚同居、同性婚姻等方面探讨后现代背景中美国家庭模式的巨大变迁。经验的事实表明,在美国,现代家庭模式已失去了现实中的主导地位,而且现代婚姻家庭制度的基础也受到了强烈的挑战。女性主义者提出了“后现代家庭”的新概念,学者们也从理论上思考这个时代家庭的走向。美国家庭模式变迁的经验成果与理论探讨为我们研究全球化时代中国婚姻家庭的变迁提供了有益的参考。     

Primary prevention of adolescent pregnancy

Teenage pregnancy is associated with many health, emotional and socioeconomic problems including higher rates of anemia, labor complications, mortality, legal and social struggles and hhigher divorce rates. Professional social workers need strategies to help teenagers avoid early, unwanted pregnancy. This paper offers promising experential and research backing for a primary prevention group work strategy for all adolescents. Social and health programs overlook educational, cognitive anc interpersonal factors biasing youths' ability to comprehend and regulate contraception. Primary prevention to assist adolescents in thinking analytically about their sexual behavior must stress problem solving and decision-making as well as facts about human reproduction and birth control. To implement decisions, youths also need interpersonal communication skills. Small groups are ideal for delivering cognitive-behavioral primary prevention. This approach is based on the premise that youths become pregnant not because of a lack of relevant information, but because they lack cognitive and behavioral skills necessary to use information. Group work involving role-playing helps develop communication skills. Results from 2 field studies describe short-term and longitudinal benefits of the prevention strategy. Professionals can reach significant numbers of youth in this way. By treating sexual issues and the risk of pregnancy as normal in adolescence, social workers can introduce information and pertinent skills to all teenagers. No one is singled out as deviant and the group format enables young people to discuss taboo topics, discovering what the norms are and gradually learning how to deal with peers, family members, techers and others. Adolescents in primary prevention groups gained knowledge, cognitive skills and communication acumen. Improved attitudes toward family planning, increased regular contraception and less unsafe sex resulted from this cognitive-behavioral approach. Primary prevention should begin early to be most effective. Other personal and social issures such as a alcohol and drug abuse, delinquency, marital and family conflicts, parenting difficulties and money management may be dealt with effectively using a cognitive-behavioral approach.     

在“生人社会”中建立“熟人关系” ——对大学“同乡会”的社会心理学分析

本文以半结构化的访谈方法,通过分析在读大学生的同乡交往,试图探讨异地求学的大学生在进入“生人社会”后,如何通过同乡会这一特殊的、具有社团组织和关系网络双重特点的平台,适应学校生活,完成身份转换。研究发现,在这一过程中,“我们”概念的两种形成机制--“关系化”与“类别化”之间实际发生了相互缠绕、竞争与协商,导致了“关系化”的“我们”概念以新的形式--“关系的类别化”与“类别的关系化”--出现,而看似作为一个组织的同乡会,在性质上却仍然没有脱离差序格局所包含的“关系网”的含义。借此研究,可以窥见社会转型期由“熟人社会”向“生人社会”过渡的身份协商过程的基调。