社会阶层与民事纠纷的解决——转型时期中国的社会分化与法治发展

本文利用2005年中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS2005),描述并分析中国人是否卷入民事纠纷并采取行动,以及如何行动的决定因素。我们特别关注的是社会阶层属性的影响力。研究表明,中国不同的社会阶层在对民事纠纷如何反应上存在着显著的差异。统治精英相对来说更少依赖政府渠道而更多诉诸法律途径来解决纠纷。中下层社会阶层成员更多地信赖政府渠道,把日常纠纷诉诸政府。没有确凿证据表明中产阶级更多地利用法律解决民事纠纷。此外,教育也是决定人们如何对民事纠纷采取行动的重要因素:受过更多教育的人,更少把问题诉诸政府渠道而更多地把纠纷诉诸法律途径。基于这些经验研究,我们进一步探讨了转型时期中国社会分化的法律涵义,并认为对中产阶级兴起的法治意义应当抱谨慎的乐观态度。     

当代日本都市青年文化

当代日本都市青年文化［日本］川崎显一羽贺学何百华译一、关于当代日本都市青年文化的一项调查１．调查的时间、地点此项调查于９０年代在两个地方进行。第一次调查地区为东京杉波，第二次调查地区为神户。这两个地方都是居住区，居民主要是中产阶级。２．调查对象我们在...     

论“中产阶级”

一、社会主义中国不允许出现一个“中产阶级” 江泽民同志在国庆讲话中说,“极少数人企图在中国制造一个所谓‘中产阶级’,作为他们的依靠力量,来颠覆我们的社会主义制度”。这是不能允许的,这个阴谋也是注定破产的。 什么是“中产阶级”?按照马克思主义的观点,它是相对于大资产阶级和小资产阶级而言的中等资产阶级。毛泽东同志在《中国社会各阶级的分析》一文中,具体分析了“地主阶级和买办阶级”、“中产阶级”、“小资产阶级”的经济地位和它们的政治态度。他指出,     

“殊途异类”:当代中国城镇中产阶级的类型化分析

本文以中国社会的制度转型过程为背景来分析中国中产阶级的社会功能。作者根据"再分配→市场"转型的二元分析框架,按照"社会结构—阶级经历—阶级认同—阶级性格特征"的逻辑,对当代中国的中产阶级群体做出"内源—外生"的类型化区分,并基于2003年CGSS调查数据,从"代际延续性"、"政治意识"和"消费意识"三个方面讨论了两类中产阶级不同的性格特征及其社会功能,从而提供了一种分析当代中国中产阶级分化的类型学模式。     

新型郊区社区的邻里交往空间构建——以南国乡村为例

居住空间有限、绿化环境有限、邻里交往淡漠的现实使许多城市居民对“归园田居”式的、充满人情味的乡村生活十分向往。新冠肺炎疫情的出现和蔓延,使人们在抗击疫情的过程中意识到人与人之间的善意与互助是共克时艰的重要支撑。城市居民对充裕的生活空间与紧密的邻里关系的渴望进一步提升。探索鼓励邻里交往活动发生的空间因素,促进社区社交网络的构建,是新的居住社区建设过程中面临的重要问题。在国家实施乡村振兴策略的大背景下,功能复合、特色鲜明的郊区社区建设逐渐开展,这是一种实现城乡一体化、推动农村产业升级的居住模式实践。生活在这类新型郊区社区的居民,在没有亲缘联系与宗族文化凝聚的情况下,自发形成了紧密的邻里社交网络。探索这类新型郊区社区居民社交网络形成的原因与相关的空间因素,有助于在新社区规划与设计的过程中更为主动地引导良性邻里社交网络的建构。文章以坐落于广西南宁市郊的南国乡村为分析案例,通过现场调查与居民访谈探讨以城市中产阶级居民为主体的新型郊区社区的邻里关系构建,分析邻里交往空间是如何参与并影响这一构建过程,总结促进邻里交往的公共空间建设原则为构建复合型社区功能空间、强调社区特色与归属感、营造自然和谐的空间...     

转型期的俄罗斯关于“中产阶级”的概念界定和划分标准

一、“中产阶级”的概念特征 什么是中产阶级？所谓中产阶级，是指一定社会条件下按一定分层模式划分的、处于中间等级状态的社会群体。然而，在具体的研究过程中，这一概念的界定不仅因为学者自身所建立的理论框架和所使用的操作标准的差异而存在分歧和争议，就其本身的构成来说，“……职业结构的动态性质和上下运动的社会流动的可能性使得精确地界定中产阶级变得十分困难”。吉登斯指出，“中产阶级这种松散的、非同质性的结合并不是一个新现象，是自19世纪初以来中产阶级的一贯特征”。中产阶级这一概念，具有相对性、复合性、变迁性和区域性的特征。     

中产阶级与埃及政局变化

本文认为,2011年埃及变局主要归因于中产阶级的民生问题。萨达特—穆巴拉克的政策以及各种外力导致了埃及社会结构的扭曲,引发中产阶级的政治地位下降、经济能力减弱、生活困难加剧,使中产阶级由社会的引领者变为政权的抗争者,最终颠覆了穆巴拉克政权。本文分析了中产阶级与这一社会变化之间的逻辑关系后强调,2011年埃及变局将有利于中产阶级的重新崛起与社会结构的合理发展。     

中产阶级与埃及政局变化

本文认为,2011年埃及变局主要归因于中产阶级的民生问题。萨达特—穆巴拉克的政策以及各种外力导致了埃及社会结构的扭曲,引发中产阶级的政治地位下降、经济能力减弱、生活困难加剧,使中产阶级由社会的引领者变为政权的抗争者,最终颠覆了穆巴拉克政权。本文分析了中产阶级与这一社会变化之间的逻辑关系后强调,2011年埃及变局将有利于中产阶级的重新崛起与社会结构的合理发展。     

跨越社会等级,比经济更难的是文化 性、谎言、录像带——审视西方中产阶级形象

费里尼电影中对于中产阶级内心矛盾的审视,伯格曼电影中对于中产阶级人格破败的自省,安东尼奥尼电影中对于中产阶级孱弱灵魂的放大,布努艾尔电影中对于中产阶级虚伪面具的嘲弄,法斯宾德电影中对于中产阶级权力压迫的批判,戈达尔电影中对于中产阶级意识形态的颠覆,都非常典型地反映出西方社会对中产阶级的审视与反思。     

大洋彼岸的华裔贵族

由于在写一本《美国上中产阶级民居》的书,我一直在搜集美国上中产阶级的生活资料。但在对自家经济状况讳莫如深的美国,作为一个素昧平生的陌生人,你如果要想进入这一阶层的生活并为之拍照该是多么难,是我所始料未及的。就这样,在理论和文字工作大都完毕后,这部书就搁浅了。我的室友,     

Mothers and Teachers: Gender and Class in Educational Proposals for and by Women in Colonial Bengal

Abstract This paper explores social reform as hegemonic practice, as part of a general attempt to gain moral, cultural and political leadership (Gramsci). It also claims any hegemonic practice to be gendered. Examining magazine writings by Bengali middle class women at the turn of the 19th Century on Women's education, the article displays an internal struggle on the ground of gender and patriarch, as the women seek to gain agency in a substantive way. while co-operating within the whole class's agenda. It particularly examines the concept of motherhood, in the context of moral education, and locates this concern in the changing forms in social reproduction, especially in the situation of a new home or private life in the middle classes of Bengal.     

Coming of Age in the Bubble: Suburban Adolescents' Use of a Spatial Metaphor as a Symbolic Boundary

This article explores how suburban middle‐class adolescents use a spatial metaphor, “bubble,” as a symbolic boundary. The narratives about the bubble, collected through focus group discussions and ethnographic observations, show consensus among the teenagers about the socioeconomic and cultural superiority of the community, but they also reveal opposing views on its moral status. I also find that the teens use the same metaphor to draw moral distinctions among their peers, based on whether they align their identity with the norms and values the bubble symbolizes. I argue that the adolescents living in this community develop a strong place identity, even when they identify flaws with it, because their mundane references to the bubble provide them with an opportunity to critically examine the implication of their middle‐class status.     

中职学校应加强班主任队伍建设

从中职学校的班主任队伍现状、加强中职学校班主任建设的重要意义和加强班主任队伍的途径等方面论述了加强中职班主任队伍建设对中职德育教育的重要影响。     

城市社区公共空间构筑与基层社会的动员整合——基于上海市G社区的案例分析

城市社区公共空间既是一种物理空间,又是一种制度与文化空间。上海G社区探索楼道公共客厅与楼道居民自治,通过楼道公共空间的拓展与构筑,增强居民归属感,构建居民交流、共商机制,改善社区认同,让社区从一个生活的共同体演变成一种信念的共同体,维护了社区的和谐和稳定,推进基层社会的动员整合。这种社区自治性的成长不仅是社会力量内部整合的基础,也构成了社区共治的基础。由此,未来社区治理的方向是如何建立起社区事务协商参与的多级公共空间,形成共治、自治衔接的有效机制,从而真正实现基层社区国家与社会良性互动、政府行政管理与居民群众自治相衔接的基层社会管理的新格局。     

Family Therapy and the Black Middle Class: A Neglected Area of Study*

Little has been written and virtually no empirical research has been presented concerning family therapy with members of the Black middle class. In this article, a number of factors are discussed in the light of recent sociological inquiries. These findings are discussed in terms of family systems theory in order to provide the clinician with some insights into the dynamics of family functioning in the Black community. Suggestions for working with these families are then offered. The question of whether White therapists can work effectively with Black families is discussed and the pertinent empirical findings available from the field of individual therapy are considered.     

‘Public toilets for a diverse neighborhood’: Spatial purification practices in community development discourse

This paper explores the dialectic of place and community identity in Mount Pleasant, a multi–ethnic and multi–class U.S. neighborhood where definitions of place are hotly contested among its residents. In a grant proposal for public toilets, Mount Pleasant writers use linguistic strategies such as presupposition, deixis, and contrast, coupled with discursive themes of filth and geography, to construct a core of the Mount Pleasant community. The writers place themselves and people who share their values in that core, and immigrants at the margins. These strategies serve as a discursive type of spatial purification practice (cf. Sibley 1988) through which the grantwriters set up a moral and spatial order where they and other core community members are deemed to use space ‘appropriately’, and thus inhabit positive moral positions, while immigrant community members’ imputed ‘inappropriate’ use of space is used to construct negative moral positions for them.     

Race,Class, and the Packaging of Harlem

In the 1970s and early 1980s, patterns of divestment dotted Harlem's landscape with abandoned buildings and the urban blight this engenders. With government subsidies, many of these properties have been refurbished and are now occupied by African American professional homeowners. Overall, capital investment in housing property is up and businesses are taking an interest in a community that was previously avoided. This article looks at the impact of gentrification in Central and West Harlem, New York. It identifies key actors and institutions involved in facilitating this transformation, examines social relations among black professional residents, and considers how these may be informed by class and race inequalities. This article is also critical of theoretical and ethnographic approaches to African American life that mythologize the middle class, erase the working class, and fail to acknowledge fragmentation in both groupings. It concludes with a brief discussion of some of the responses to this research that were shared by project participants and other anthropologists.     

Residential Segregation on the Island: The Role of Race and Class in Puerto Rican Neighborhoods

In this paper, we use racial data from Census 2000, available for the first time in 50 years, to examine the links among race, socioeconomic status, and residential location on the island of Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans overwhelmingly chose white as their race, and they chose only one race, not a combination of races that would seem more in keeping with the ideology of mestizaje. Overall, segregation by race is modest compared with residential segregation in the United States. In keeping with the Puerto Rican claim that class is more important than race, we find that segregation by race is generally lower than segregation between the lowest and highest income categories in all metro areas, but that the results for education and occupational status differ by metropolitan area. In San Juan-Bayamón, the most diverse metropolitan area on the island, we find that as percent black increases, neighborhood socioeconomic status decreases, though the changes are not that stark, except in Loiza, a community of black Puerto Ricans and in some Dominican neighborhoods, though there are relatively few of these neighborhoods.     

Vertical Village: Social Contacts in a Singles Highrise Complex

Abstract

This paper examines the characteristics of community life in a age-segregated highrise complex and the implications of this new form of housing for the quality of urban life. The physical characteristics of the housing do not determine behavior of occupants, but use of the residential environment is shaped by the image of the community and is also affected by the characteristics of residents and their housing expectations. The reputation of the community serves to attract a certain type of person—the upper middle class, well-educated, and single young adult—in high concentrations.

Despite previous studies which have characterized young adults in city neighborhoods as totally cut off from local ties, a combination of factors encourages a high degree of neighboring among this population: homogeneity in terms of age, class, ethnicity, and stage of the life cycle: social selectivity of persons with a positive interest in neighboring: a high concentration of persons occupying a deviant social status; and inter-locking networks of friendship, work and organizational ties. “Marginals” in this environment are the small minority of older and married tenants who compensate for their deviant status vis a vis the majority group of young singles by over-selecting other tenants like themselves for nieghboring relations.     

Making the middle classes on shifting ground? Residential status,performativity and middle‐class subjectivities in contemporary London

This paper argues that shifts in access to housing – both in relation to rental and ownership – disrupt middle‐class reproduction in ways that fundamentally influence class formation. While property ownership has had a long association with middle‐class identities, status and distinction, an increasingly competitive rental market alongside inflated property prices has impacted on expectations and anxieties over housing futures. In this paper, we consider two key questions: (1) What happens to middle‐class identities under the conditions of this wider structural change? (2) How do the middle classes variously manoeuvre within this? Drawing on empirical research conducted in London, we demonstrate that becoming an owner‐occupier may be fractured along lines of class but also along the axes of age, wealth and timing, particularly as this relates to the housing market. It builds on understandings of residential status and place as central to the formation of class, orienting this around the recognition of both people and place as mutable, emphasizing that changing economic and social processes generate new class positionalities and strategies for class reproduction. We argue that these processes are writ large in practices of belonging and claims to place, with wider repercussions within the urban landscape.