Police and Psychiatrists: A Case of Professional Dominance?

Drawing on data from a recent study and Freidson's theory of professional dominance, this article considers the contemporary nature of relationships between police officers and psychiatrists. The different strategies used by the two occupational groups in attempting to control the management of a group of patients considered by both to be “dirty work” is explored, as is the “political” agenda of police/psychiatric relations in the context of current mental health policy.     

Professional and Functional Alternative Social Workers: A Case Study of Malaysia

The objective of this study was to compare “professional” (PW) and “functional alternative” (FA) social workers. The findings suggested that there were no significant differences between PWs and FAs in intervention, evaluation methods, work ethics, and values. The PWs, in clients' eyes, were better at delivering services, while FAs' services were more satisfactory to the clients. While PWs were supposed to be “professional,” FAs were more “professional” than PWs in their performance despite their lack of recognition as “professional social workers”. These critical findings should encourage academics and practitioners for further discussion on conceptual implications of both practices and expand future research.     

案例教学法在专业硕士研究生教学中的应用

该文从材料科学与工程专业硕士研究生的教学要求出发,针对研究生缺乏实践应用能力以及分析和解决实际问题的广度和深度,以“形状记忆材料及应用”课程为例,探讨在课堂理论教学中引入案例教学的创新教学方法,介绍了案例教学法的特点和优势,提出了案例教学法的教学过程设计构想,为专业硕士学位研究生实践应用能力培养提供了新思路。     

The Medical Profession and the State: GPs and the GP Contract in the 1960s and the 1990s

This paper examines the two major conflicts between general practitioners and the state in the mid-1960s and again at the end of the 1980s. In the mid-1960s morale in general practice was low, but GPs emerged with a strong endorsement from government for their professional autonomy. In 1990 morale was high, but government succeeded in imposing a new contract on GPs that sought to increase their accountability. GPs have always defended their status as independent contractors. However, the paper argues that GPs saw this status as a means of protecting their professional freedom and autonomy. When the government treated them more as independent contractors in 1990 and demanded more specific terms, GPs did not like it. Furthermore, the new GPs' contract was introduced alongside the new internal market of the NHS, which has had further implications for GPs' status as independent contractors.     

Selection for Professional Training: The English and the American Experience

Summary Of the many issues arising from the Vyas case in England andthe Bakke case in the United States those of positive discrimination,selection on racial grounds, the nature and purpose of professionaltraining and the nature of fairness in selection for such training,are considered.     

The Family and the Internet: The Israeli Case*

Objective. The goal of this study was to explore the relationship between Internet connection and frequency of adolescents' daily use and family time and the perceived quality of relations between adolescents and their parents. Methods. Data from the 2000 National Youth Survey conducted in Israel by the Minerva Center for Youth Studies were used. Results. The findings show that frequency of Internet use is negatively related to adolescents' perception of the quality of family relationships. This negative relationship is not explained by a reduction of the time that parents and adolescents' share. Conclusions. It is possible that high frequency of Internet use by adolescents, particularly when it is not being used for learning purposes, creates intergenerational conflicts. This possibility should be explored in future studies.     

Presidential Direct Action and Policy Continuity: The Case of U.S. International Population Policy*

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the modern practice of unilateral presidential policy making in the area of U.S. international population policy. The analysis focuses on the implications of this practice in a constitutional system intended to limit and constrain direct presidential action in policy making. Methods. The authors conduct their analysis using a variety of qualitative sources, including leading studies on the topics of presidential direct action and U.S. international population policy, and government documents. Conclusions. Policy development in this area has been marked by dramatic back‐and‐forth shifts due to the modern practice of presidents making many decisions without legislative involvement. Although not the only policy area in which this practice has become the norm, the case study of U.S. international population policy reveals the pitfalls of deviating from the constitutional design of a system of balanced and constrained powers.     

政党统合的力量:党、政治资本与草根NGO的发展:基于Z省H市的多案例比较研究

本文旨在探讨转型时期党对于草根NGO的独特影响机制。在整合前人相关研究的基础上,通过对Z省H市两个草根环保NGO的多案例比较,本文发现党对于NGO的影响存在一条与政府不同的独特机制。与传统资源视角和合法性视角所认为的不同,本文认为,党在拓宽资源渠道、增强政治合法性方面对于NGO的影响与政府相比并不存在显著优势,然而唯独党可以通过统合手段,从制度层面给予NGO领导人以政治身份,从而增强其政治资本、扩展其社会网络,为NGO的发展提供更加宽松的制度环境。这一点单一的政府部门难以企及。本文不仅深化了学术界对于国家-社会关系层面更加细致的理解,而且在更广泛层面暗示了与国家的紧密联系并不必然意味着NGO自主性的缺失。未来的研究应当将关注点放在这种关系对于公共治理所造成的实际影响,而非NGO的独立性和自主性本身。     

Calculable Power: A Case Study of IMF Quotas and Voting Rights Reform*

Voting procedure is an important mechanism for public choice in collective bodies such as international organizations. This paper measures and compares IMF member countries’ voting power before the 2008 reform and after the 2010 reform on the basis of datasets on IMF quotas and voting rights distribution provided by IMF. Our study verifies that IMF’s quotas and voting rights reforms do help to reduce the voting power gap among member countries. The 2008 and 2010 reforms produce a greater improvement in emerging members’ voting power under the 70 percent majority rule than the 85 percent rule; the 70 percent majority rule means the United States would lose its absolute veto. Moreover, the paper disproves the underlying assumption that regards a member’s voting power as proportional to its voting rights. Countries with different amounts of voting rights can still have the same voting power.     

宪政的逻辑与权力的规范——《宪政与权力》评述

<宪政与权力>是周永坤教授研究宪政下权力配置与规范的新著.该书致力于中国宪政逻辑的转换和公法的现代性转型,在论述了宪政与权力的一般问题之后,着力于研究立法、行政、司法三种权力间相互牵制,适度渗透的合理关系.论著将思考的重点集中在对具体权力的规范和宪政社会权力的具体配置与运作上,它是作者对中国宪政实践同题的反思和对权力理论深入探索的结晶.     

农民“种房”的行动理性——对W市S村的个案研究

本研究考察郊区城市化过程中的“种房风”现象，选取了W市近郊一个行政村为个案，进行田野调查，主要以访谈法，辅之以观察法和文献法来收集资料；从“种房”现象主体主观的角度，考察农民“种房”成风的原因。研究发现：农民“种房”是非现实需要的行动选择；选择“种房”主要是基于超额补偿效用，也有经营和增加收入效用、心理平衡效用、情感归属效用；农民“种房”行动是主观上的目的理性行动，且有形式理性和实质理性的特征；而农民“种房”行动理性的诱因是种种政府因素，这是种房现象成风的根本内在原因。本研究的结论认为，更深层关注和研究的问题是政府应如何调整自身的行为。     

The Power Structure of Rural Grassroots Units and Its Operational Mechanisms: A Case Study of the Situation in Changwuzhen in Heilongjiang Province

This is a case study of the formal power structure of the ruralcommunities at village and town (township) levels in the hinterland ofnortheast China. Changwuzhen (Changwu town ) in Zhaodong City,Heilongjiang province was selected as the site of study. Changwuzhen is acommunity formed in the early 20th century by immigrants from manyparts of the country. It has a total area of 139. 5 sq. km. and apopulation of 40, 000 or so, and consists of one market town, 18administrative villages and 54 na…     

“维控型”政权——多重结构中的乡镇政权特性

乡镇的“中心工作”表征了乡镇的功能与角色特征,藉此能透析乡镇的某些具体特性。然而,这个视角仅能反映乡镇政权特性的各个侧面,难以揭示深藏于其所处的多重结构之中的本质特性,即处于国家与社会的交接处的乡镇既列于官僚制组织序列的末梢,又处于一个自上而下的压力型体制之下,同时还面对一个自下而上的乡村社会。这一独特的多重结构型塑了乡镇“维控型”政权这一本质特性。若要型塑这一特性,势必将国家政权建设着眼于乡镇政权运作的结构之上。     

Industrialization and Welfare: The Case of the Four Little Tigers

Established theories of welfare and industrialization have been abstracted from the historical experience of the Western countries and no attempt has been made to assess their empirical validity with reference to the newly industrializing countries (NICs) of the Third World. Reviewing the industrial development and social services of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan (the four little tigers) it is argued that social policy development in these countries cannot be attributed to the effects of the conditions of industrialization in which political elites respond proactively to the demands of industrial change. Instead, social policy in the Asian NICs is largely incremental in character and the consequence of a variety of causal events which are not accounted for by established theories.     

The Workfare Illusion: Re-examining the Concept and the British Case

This article contends that workfare programmes pursued by various OECD countries since the mid‐1990s do not amount to a fundamental change in policy. The limited potential of workfare is due to the fact that it fails to transcend the constraints of earlier forms of ‘active’ responses to unemployment. Furthermore, it suffers from specific policy‐making disadvantages not shared by these responses. The article opens with a survey of relevant academic debates on the subject. It then places workfare in a broader context by identifying its functional reach, as compared to other active policy responses to unemployment such as active labour market policy (ALMP). The third section analyses workfare policies in the United Kingdom, as developed since 1997, by re‐examining the British New Deal employment programme. That review demonstrates that workfare policies either depend on their ‘fit’ with the existing policy‐making heritage, or that they remain merely symbolic. The article concludes by suggesting that the potential of workfare to effect change in responses to unemployment continues to be of limited significance. In other words, capitalist employment and welfare systems continue to be characterized by incremental adaptation rather than by fundamental regime change as suggested by the critics of workfare.     

First-Aid Activities and Well-Being: The Experience of Professional and Volunteer Rescuers

ABSTRACT

While several studies have highlighted the negative consequences of trauma exposure on rescuers’ health, the psychological factors promoting rescuers’ well-being have rarely been investigated. The present study aimed at analyzing the quality of rescuing experience among professionals and volunteers of the Italian Red Cross. The experiences of 14 professional and 11 volunteer ambulance rescuers were examined through the repeated assessment of their subjective evaluations of daily activities and contexts in real time. Their experience fluctuation pattern was analyzed based on the levels of environmental challenges and personal skills perceived during daily activities. Both professionals and volunteers reported frequent exposure to highly challenging situations while rescuing and associated this activity with high concentration, involvement, and control. Perceptions of anxiety were significantly more frequent among volunteers. For both groups, first-aid activities were reported to provide optimal experience, a complex and rewarding condition characterized by the perception of high challenges matched with adequate skills. Results suggested that working as rescuers can promote well-being through optimal experiences. The potential for skill refinement and individual development embedded in rescuing activities, together with individual characteristics, should be taken into account in designing training programs for professionals and volunteers.