基于XBRL网络财务报告分层设计模式研究

随着信息技术的发展,原有的财务报告模式已经不能满足信息使用者的个性化需求。可扩展商业报告语言(XBRL)让企业便于编制以及传递企业的财务报表信息,使信息使用者能更有效的获取信息。但目前XBRL在中国的应用研究尚处于初级阶段。因此,基于XBRL的网络财务报告模式研究,具有很强的现实意义。本文从网络财务报告的模式出发,介绍了XBRL的优势、技术框架及主要功能、在我国应用中存在的问题,并对XBRL网路财务报告在信息传递上和内容上进行层次设计。     

基于网络时代的实时按需财务报告模式

随着网络时代的来临,信息使用者对财务报告提供的信息的要求越来越高,现有的财务报告模式存在滞后、无法满足使用者不同要求的缺陷,因此有必要对现行财务报告模式进行改进,采用ERP、数据库、网络技术的实时按需报告模式能够解决目前财务报告模式存在的问题,并对其实现提出相关建议。     

XBRL标准国际进展和我国的具体策略

随着现代经济的发展,人们对企业财务报告的披露方式感到越来越不能满足需要,网络财务报告将取代纸质财务报告而成为主要的报告模式.信息使用者能否轻易、及时存取所需的财务信息成了网络财务报告必须解决的技术问题.在这种情况下,XBRL以其独特的优势成为现代财务报告的一种方向.本文阐述了XBRL标准国际、美国进展情况和我国应用XBRL的具体策略.     

基于XBRL的会计信息质量探析

网络时代，会计信息使用者的范围不断扩大，其对信息质量提出进一步要求。财务报告作为会计信息的载体历来是理论和实践研究的重要内容。传统的财务报告已经不能满足会计信息使用者的需求。XBRL（可扩展商业报告语言）顺应了网络时代对财务报告的要求，能够对财务数据进行及时、准确、高效的处理，在实时性、相关性、可理解性等方面改善会计信息质量，将是信息使用者决策的有力工具。     

论现行会计财务报告的局限性及其改进措施

会计财务报告的主要功能就是对企业的各种交易事项进行统计汇总,为信息使用者提供有用的信息。财务报告的完整性、可靠性都对企业的决策有重要影响。但是,随着我国经济的快速发展,市场经济环境发生了巨大的变化,现行的会计财务报告已不能满足企业的需要,其局限性逐渐显露出来。本文主要分析了现行会计财务报告的局限性、存在局限性的原因以及改进措施。     

基于XBRL的网络财务报告呈报及安全问题研究

XBRL财务报告在网络呈报过程中易受到网络黑客或竞争对手的非法攻击,导致XBRL在实际应用中存在着安全风险。本文分析了网络风险和XBRL自身风险两个因素对网络财务报告呈报的影响,提出了完善公司内部网络环境建设,采取现代信息技术防范网络风险和对XBRL财务报告进行信息完整性验证相结合的方法来提高XBRL财务报告在网络环境下应用的有效性,并对XBRL财务报告网络呈报流程进行了改进。     

论我国财务报告的缺陷

就目前现状而言,财务报告已经不能够有效地满足信息使用者对会计信息的需求,财务报告存在的缺陷日益突出,引起了来自社会各界的热烈谈论,会计信息用户对财务报告改进的呼吁之声也越来越高。本文即对当前我国现行财务报告存在的缺陷进行分析,通过分析寻找对应的缺陷并就缺陷提出相应的改进或解决措施。     

点击财务报告中的关键信息

财务报告是企业最为核心的信息报告载体与来源途径。财务信息使用者欲卓有成效地发挥财务信息的功能效应,就必须抓住财务报告中的关键信息,将信息加工、提炼、综合成为信息使用者所用的信息资源。     

XBRL基于网络财务报告的应用优势研究

XBRL作为一种国际通行的商业报告语言,发展迅速且应用广泛。它基于网络财务报告方面的应用优势尤其突出:提高财务信息发布者的发布效率和降低发布成本,便利财务信息使用者的信息读取和处理,并能显著改善财务信息的质量特征。基于此期望我国的)田I也研究和应用能紧跟世界的发展并有所创新。     

WTO框架下提升决策质量的途径

财务报告是企业相关利益者重要的决策信息来源,是决策的重要参考依据.现行财务报告体系是与工业经济时代环境相适应的,是以有形资产的确认、计量和报告为核心的,而当今所处的是知识经济时代,该体系已越来越不能适应当前经济发展的需要,不能满足为使用者提供决策参考信息的需求.因此,有必要对财务报告进行改进,为财务报告使用者提供正确、全面的决策参考信息.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

Employees' perceptions of organizational restructuring: the role of social support

Organizational change and restructuring is often perceived as leading to increased occupational stress, impacting negatively on the psychological well-being of employees. This pragmatic study investigates the role of social support and dispositional affect as moderators of role stress post-restructuring for employees in a public utility company. A total of 176 employees, including 37 managers, 60 graded staff and 78 industrial staff completed a self-report questionnaire, approximately 1 year postrestructuring, retrospectively assessing role conflict, ambiguity, overload and positive and negative feedback pre- and post-restructuring. Results suggested that overall role stress increased for managers/ senior officers and graded staff, but not for industrial staff. Social support was linked with lower role stress, more positive feedback and less negative feedback at post-restructuring. For certain role stressors this impact was moderated by dispositional affect, but the effect was not consistent across occupational groups. Positive affect enhanced the effect of manager support in reducing role conflict for graded staff, and the effect of co-worker support in increasing positive feedback and reducing negative feedback for industrial staff. Findings suggest that managers should pay particular attention to support and feedback for employees during periods of chronic occupational stress following organizational restructuring.