韩国跨国婚姻发展趋势——配偶差异、婚姻稳定度及生育率研究

本研究回顾了近年来韩国境内跨国结婚及离婚的发展趋势,并探究了这些结婚及离婚夫妻的社会人口统计学模式。具体运用了近期的微观调查研究结果以及结婚离婚注册在户的资料,检视了跨国婚姻中配偶之间的差异对于一段婚姻关系稳定程度的影响。此外,外籍配偶的生育率亦为本文关注的焦点。研究结果显示跨国夫妇在年龄和受教育程度上都存在着显著的差异。正如国际开放性假说所指,从社会人口统计学角度来看,韩国社会对韩国男性寻找外籍配偶持更开放和灵活的态度。现行假说认为跨国配偶的差异性将增加婚姻解体的风险以及缩短婚姻的寿命,但这样的假设似乎并不适用于韩国的跨国婚姻。研究同样发现外籍妻子的生育率相对韩国妻子较低。     

浅议西汉妇女的地位

西汉时期已确立了儒家思想的统治地位,随着西汉礼制的不断加强,男尊女卑、男强女弱的思想逐渐渗透到社会的各个角落,深刻影响了妇女的社会地位.妇女在家庭婚姻中处于被支配、被主宰的地位,无权决定自己的命运.在政治生活中,社会不仅没有赋予她们独立的社会地位,而且剥夺了她们的政治权力,他们不能独立地、直接地参与政治事务,最多只能通过依附于丈夫或儿子对政局产生影响.     

《门第》中的经济生活与婚姻悲剧

《门第》是青岛女作家连谏的都市情感小说.连谏自身的家庭背景及早期的贫困生活使她接触到更多下层民众,从而能游刃有余的通过铺陈婚姻中的经济生活展现小市民斤斤计较的心理.《门第》一反传统婚姻生活中“男强女弱”的模式,描写出经济地位上的“弱男”何春生和“强女”罗织锦的婚恋过程及婚姻悲剧,表现出经济对何春生及其婚姻的压迫,为我们提供了反观现实婚姻生活的文学空间.     

“礼”入苗疆:清代清水江文书中的婚姻世界

雍正朝大力开辟黔东南苗疆之后，清王朝对该地实施了全面的开发与经营，推行礼治成为其中重要的一环，全面干预婚姻生活成为礼治的重要内容。人们不仅开始以“六礼”的程序来实现婚姻的缔结，且在初婚与再婚里，已逐渐形成了“文字凭据”的观念，“庚贴为凭”的婚姻程序为人们所接受，一般性婚书开始流行。而“嫁卖生妻”、休妻与退婚，是人们娴熟利用儒家的“礼”来强化男性在婚姻中的主导权的表现。地方政府在基层社会的代理人，积极地参与人们婚姻的缔结与变动，这种婚姻监督与监管权从亲属向政府地方代理人的转换，无疑是一重要的新转向，表明国家权力通过干预与人们息息相关的婚姻生活而全面进入苗疆基层社会。     

勃朗特三姐妹作品中灵魂伴侣的情感生存空间

勃朗特三姐妹的代表作品中刻画了三位灵魂伴侣,他们的情感生存空间受到了物质层面、道德层面和精神层面的约束。在物质层面,19世纪的英国阶级观念仍非常强烈,两性结成伴侣不仅要有一定的经济基础,而且更注重双方的门当户对,门第差距是贵族和中产阶级都无法接受的。由于这一时期缺少健全的婚姻法律,因此崇尚道德风尚的维多利亚人用道德来约束人们选择伴侣,缔结婚姻都必须符合道德要求,否则就会受到相应的惩罚。另外,虽然这一时期伴侣的权力地位关系不平等,但是每个阶层都存在像三对灵魂伴侣那样能够做到灵魂交流、心灵相通、感情深厚、婚姻生活幸福的夫妻。可以看出,勃朗特三姐妹在维多利亚早期对婚姻推崇门当户对,强调婚姻圣洁,同时重视伴侣之间的爱与尊重。     

夫妻收入差异与婚姻质量关系的调查研究

根据北京、湖南、广州三地309位已婚男女的调查数据,对夫妻收入差异与婚姻质量的关系研究分析表明:（1）我国夫妻收入总体上基本持平,妇女的经济地位有了很大的提高。（2）择偶和婚后传统的“男比女强”的观念依然存在。（3）收入差异越大,婚姻质量越低。（4）在夫妻交流、业余活动、性生活三个方面,收入差异比为2:1的夫妻婚姻质量要好于收入差异比为1:1的夫妻;在角色平等方面,收入差异比为3:1及2:1的夫妻婚姻质量好于收入差异比为1:2的夫妻。     

论婚姻在法学上的概念

作为婚姻法调整对象、婚姻法学研究对象的“婚姻”,必须有一个明确的法学概念。婚姻的法学概念应当与民法学中的民事行为概念相对应,并能在婚姻法学体系中始终如一。它应涵盖以下三层含义：以男女两性结合为基础;以共同生活为目的;具有夫妻身份的公示性。它应包括各种合法婚姻和违法婚姻,能将其与婚前性行为、纳妾、姘居、非婚同居等现象区分开来,而应避免和结婚、婚姻关系等法学概念混为一谈。     

Pooling of Wealth in Marriage: The Role of Premarital Cohabitation

Previous studies documented the existence of a ‘cohabitation–marriage gap’ in resource pooling among opposite-sex partners, with cohabiters being more likely to separate income and wealth than married individuals. Surprisingly, despite many non-marital cohabitations transform into marriages, we know little about income and wealth pooling of ‘spousal cohabiters’, i.e. spouses who transition to marriage after experiencing a period of non-marital cohabitation. The comparison between ‘spousal cohabiters’ and directly married spouses is particularly interesting because it offers a litmus test of theories of marriage in relation to how and why economic resources are differently distributed within married vs. cohabiting couples. This paper compares directly married couples and ‘spousal cohabiters’ in Italy, focusing on one aspect of resource pooling: the marital property regime, i.e. the choice made at the time of marriage between joint or separate ownership of wealth accumulated during marriage. Competing hypotheses are developed on the basis of the arguments that marriage yields legal protection, that selection mechanisms drive both the choice of community vs. separation of property and direct marriage vs. premarital cohabitation, and that, by inertia, ‘spousal cohabiters’ continue to separate resources upon transition to marriage. Results based on the 2016 Italian ‘Family and social subjects’ survey show that ‘spousal cohabiters’ are significantly more likely to choose separation of property compared to directly married spouses. Such differences, however, are drastically reduced once relevant confounders are controlled for, hence suggesting that existing differences between directly married and previously cohabiting couples and, more generally, differences between married and cohabiting couples are driven, above all, by selection mechanisms.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10680-022-09627-2.     

Trends in Marriage Formation in Sweden 1971–1993

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a system of annual indices of the risks of marriage and remarriage and to use the system to display such marriage risks for Swedish women over the years since 1971. Our indices are produced by applying indirect standardization to register data. The propensity to marry decreased considerably during the 1970s and it has continued to decrease also during the first half of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. The decrease in marriage risks is mostly due to a decreased propensity to marry among never-married women with no children. The decrease is not so strong for never-married women with children and for divorced women. A sharp, but only temporary, deviation from the general pattern of Swedish marriage-risk trends occurred in 1989, when the number of marriages formed increased dramatically in response to the near-abolition of the public widow's pensions for women who were not married at the beginning of 1990.     

《小说月报》（1910-1920）中妇女与婚姻问题——以封面与插图之副文本为中心

《小说月报》（1910—1920）关心的是代表传统道德的女性，主张妇女应该独立，在社会中应扮演重要的角色，具体的方式是通过封面与插图之副文本对国内外女性进行介绍与对比，从而关心和思考中国城市中上层妇女的地位和命运。在婚姻介绍上，编辑者选用印度陋习婚姻与英国文明婚姻形成对比，从而反思着近代中国婚姻状况；《小说月报》对中国传统婚姻中“节烈”观念也有所思考。     

Marital status behaviour of women in the former Soviet Republics

This paper uses the most recent data and life table analysis to describe the marital behaviour of women in the republics of the former USSR. For the first time a multistate life table analysis was used to describe the marital careers of women from all the 15 republics. In the near future, such a comparative analysis will no longer be possible due to the unavailability of statistical data, especially in some of the Asian states. The analysis shows that despite 70 years of influence by Soviet ideology and lifestyle, the institution of marriage was little subject to rapid change, and retained its traditions for each culture and its ethnic features. Marriage was a universal institution in the former USSR. The majority of the women in all of the former republics entered marriage at least once. The mean age at first marriage varies from 20.5 in Moldavia to 22.8 in Azerbaijan. The proportion of marriages that end in divorce differs from 16% in Georgia to 41% in Latvia. On average more than 30% of divorced women remarry in Latvia and Ukraine and less than 5% in Georgia.     

我国当代农村单人户研究

1982年以来,中国农村的单人户性别构成以男性为主体,其所占比例超过60%.单人户的年龄结构,男性以中青年为主,女性则以中老年为主.单人户的婚姻状况,男性以未婚比例最大,女性以丧偶居多.单人户大龄未婚男性与同龄已婚者相比,文盲率、小学以下低受教育程度率明显较高.30岁以上单人户妇女多数有存活子女,但单人户妇女无存活子女的比例大大高于同龄组所有家庭户妇女,并且3个以上存活子女的比例又比所有家庭户妇女低.无存活子女和少存活子女的妇女原来所生活的家庭(夫妇家庭和核心家庭)较易向单人户"转型".当代农村劳动力外出务工增加对特定年龄段单人户的形成起到提升作用.无论年青人,还是年老者,生活在单人户的可能性在增长.中国农村的大龄失婚和老年单人户的社会保障问题需要予以更多关注.     

新民主主义革命时期妇女地位研究——基于国共两党婚姻家庭法的比较视角

新民主主义革命时期,中国共产党和国民党分别制定和实施了一系列婚姻家庭法,但是它们在妇女政治地位、经济地位、婚姻地位及军婚问题上各有侧重。对中国共产党和国民党在新民主主义革命时期的婚姻家庭法进行比较分析,不仅为我们研究当时妇女地位提供一个新的视角,还为进一步完善我国婚姻家庭法,提高妇女地位提供有益的启示。同时结合当前党和政府推进依法治国建设、依法保护妇女权益的大政方针,提出改善妇女地位的几点思考。     

从竹枝词看清代贵州民族家庭中的女性角色

清代贵州民族地区普遍存在＂不落夫家＂的婚姻习俗,必然影响到其家庭中男女性别角色.这主要表现在生产劳动中的＂男逸女劳＂、生育习俗中的产翁制和夫妻年龄结构中的＂老妻少夫＂现象等,说明清代贵州民族地区女性在生产生活中居重要地位.     

论夫权占优婚姻习俗及其主要影响

现代婚姻家庭普遍存在夫权占优的婚姻习俗,即丈夫享有比妻子更多的婚姻资源支配权．主要包含：婚姻主导权、优先发展权、家产控制权、家务豁免权、家庭符号权、子女冠姓权．部分丈夫还巧取了优先出轨权、强行施暴权等。妻子群体在婚姻家庭中普遍不平等的地位决定了女性个体在父母家庭、职场与社会领域中的不平等待遏。它的存在有历史、现实和环境等方面的因素。要建立夫妻平权的婚姻家庭文化,应当从“男娶女嫁”的婚礼走向平等结婚,从“子女随父姓”走向夫妻平等分享子女冠姓权,从“男主外,女主内”走向平等承担家务,并营造平等的社会性别语境,完善相关社会制度。     

我国在道德和法律上对性权利的忽视及对策探讨

性权利是内涵极其丰富的范畴,它的实现又有赖于一个社会的道德与法律。然而,当前我国在道德和法律上对性权利的保护存在着诸多亟待解决的问题:现行的性道德及婚姻道德标准和内容过分强调婚内夫妻间的性权利,而忽略了对已婚个体性权利的保护;造成了男女在性权利方面事实上的不平等。我国现行的法律对个体性权利保护的范围窄,有些领域处于一种空白状态。鉴于此,我们必须加强立法,完善法律体系;改进性道德规范;增强全体公民的性权利意识,使性权利在伦理道德和法律上得到更好实现。     

反抗婚姻的丛林少女——小说《我的光辉生涯》女主人公形象剖析

澳大利亚女作家迈尔斯.弗兰克林的自传体小说《我的光辉生涯》是第一部澳大利亚小说。它成功地塑造了反叛婚姻的丛林少女西比拉的艺术形象。在西比拉生活的世界里,婚姻如同一根绳索捆住女人的手脚,让她们乖乖地做男人的奴隶。女人的悲惨命运和男人的所作所为,使西比拉坚定了永不嫁人的决心。小说描绘的图景是一百多年前澳大利亚的丛林生活,但它所反映的女权主义思想和叛逆精神远远超越了它的国度和时代。作为澳大利亚女权运动的先驱,迈尔斯.弗兰克林远远走在时代的前头。     

抗战时期广东妇女婚姻状况探析——以粤西妇女婚姻关系的解除为例

抗战时期粤西经济畸形发展,社会变动。当地妇女家庭地位提高,在婚姻关系中表现出较强的自主性,登报声明离婚、退婚、脱离关系者比比皆是;部分妇女诉诸法律,地方法院肯定了妇女的婚姻权益,婚姻自由观念和法律意识开始深入人心。     

离婚时的人力资本分割——从妇女权益保护角度出发

出于增进家庭福祉和婚姻收益的考虑,很多夫妻选择了"男主外、女主内"的家庭分工模式,多数丈夫在婚姻期间积累了较多的人力资本。而现行婚姻法所规定的共同财产制、家务劳动补偿制度、离婚经济帮助制度以及离婚损害赔偿制度无法解决离婚时丈夫独占婚姻期间新增人力资本的问题,无法保护妇女的合法权益,降低了广大妇女对婚姻的投资水平,不利于婚姻家庭的稳定。人力资本产权具有明显的可分性,在离婚时可以利用重置成本法对婚姻期间新增人力资本进行价值评估并将其作为共同财产进行分割。     

Subjective Well-Being by Partnership Status and Its Dependence on the Normative Climate

This study first examines the relationship between partnership status and subjective well-being in 45 European countries by analyzing the European Values Study 2008. It was expected and empirically confirmed that married individuals have the highest level of well-being, followed by (in order) cohabiting, dating, single, and finally widowed and divorced individuals. In addition, this study examines to what extent the well-being gaps depend on the normative climate in which an individual lives. It is hypothesized that: (a) being in a non-married relationship (especially cohabitation and divorce) lowers well-being compared to being married in societies that reject non-traditional partnership statuses; and (b) not having a partner is especially detrimental for well-being levels in familialistic societies, which emphasize the importance of a strong, close-knit family. The normative climate appears to hardly affect well-being gaps between partnership statuses. Only the gap between divorced and married women is significantly wider in familialistic societies. It is concluded that the weak dependence of well-being on the normative climate may point at high autonomy in private, relationship-related decisions.