佛经故事与哈萨克民间故事

佛经中包含大量印度故事,它们伴随佛经汉译传入中国,蜕化为中国各族民间故事的血肉.康居部是哈萨克草原最早信仰佛教的民族,古代康居高僧很早就从事佛经译述,使许多源于佛经的印度故事在现代哈萨克口头文学中世代相传,至今仍有踪迹可寻.哈萨克族民间故事的超拔想象、深邃智慧和奇诡构想,正是融合中印民间叙事艺术所形成的.     

宗教文学与民间文学的比较研究——从刘守华先生《佛经故事与中国民间故事演变》谈起

中国民间故事的源头纷繁复杂,宗教文化在其间起了重要作用。刘守华先生在民间文学研究领域较早关注宗教文化与民间故事的关系,在近三十年时间里,以系列论文和专著形式,以跨学科研究的视角,对道教传说、佛经故事等宗教文学与民间故事之间同源异流、不约而同、交流影响等复杂的关系进行资料翔实的比较、剖析与论证。《道教与中国民间文学》和《佛经故事与中国民间故事演变》在出版后,产生广泛影响,屡获荣誉,也表明民间文学与宗教文学领域的交叉研究还大有可为。     

东乡族民间故事类型与女性叙事研究

本文在对涉及东乡族女性的民间故事类型的界定之上,对三种故事类型的关于东乡族女性叙事的民间故事进行叙事分析,并结合故事类型与女性叙事分析探讨民间故事中性别叙事的特点及由此产生对民间故事文本一些反思.     

跨族际文学比较研究的理论创新——兼谈《汉藏民间叙事传统比较研究:基于民间故事类型的视角》的贡献

《汉藏民间叙事传统比较研究:基于民间故事类型的视角》以民众生活为根基,以民族关系为旨归,依托汉藏民间故事类型的提炼和分析,探讨和解析汉族、藏族民间叙事传统的共同性、相似性及差异性,进而洞见和阐释民间叙事共同体的共享性与意义。论著中提出的一系列关于汉藏民间故事、汉藏民间叙事传统交流的新观点,不仅对于汉藏文化关系研究,而且对于中国民间叙事学理论建设都具有重要价值。     

中国百年故事学简历

中国古典学术全然拒绝了故事学.到了"五四"运动前后,在眼光向下社会思潮的感召下,高雅的学术下嫁到民间,学者们纷纷关注民间故事和故事的讲述活动,故事学应运而生.20世纪的中国故事学无论运用何种范式,达到何种学术宗旨,依然都是围绕民间故事本身存在的重大主题展开:为什么要讲故事?故事如何存在于民间生活之中?     

藏族民间故事《猪头卦师》的结构语义学阐释——"全能博士"型民间故事的个例解析

文章以藏族民间故事<猪头卦师>为例,采用格雷玛斯的结构语义学叙事理论,对"全能博士"这一世界型民间故事类型进行叙事的"行动元"模式、叙事程序、叙事模式、语义方阵以及叙事意义的逐一探究,力求阐释出蕴含在叙事文本内部的深层信息.     

源于怪的力和美--中国怪孩子故事的审美艺术

本文主要选取中国各族民众喜爱的怪孩子故事的一个侧面--审美艺术进行分析,重点解剖了怪孩子故事的结构模式和审美艺术的表现形态,为中国民间故事类型学的文学研究提供了思索的文本.     

乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事特征

本文通过对乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事模式和叙事方法以及乌孜别克族民间故事的语义学转换规律进行分析, 从理论上对乌孜别克族民间故事的叙事特征进行了较为系统的论述。     

《格萨尔王传》与《西游记》再比较——以晁通、猪八戒人物形象为例

有关史诗与小说间跨文体的比较，从《格萨尔》发掘之初就已开始。《格萨尔》与《西游记》在文学叙事上有颇多相似之处，佛经叙事深刻影响了二者的人物形象塑造和故事母题。晁通和猪八戒都是具有鲜明喜剧特色的人物，他们原型人物相近，又都好色贪财、贪生怕死，甚至在法术变幻上也类似。有关晁通和猪八戒的叙事，既有佛经中的色欲考验，又融合了世俗文化，这是汉藏文化融合和共通的体现。晁通和猪八戒身上的喜剧特色和世俗表现，也是东西方叙事史诗的一个重要区别。     

藏族民间故事《猪头卦师》的结构语义学阐释——“全能博士

文章以藏族民间故事《猪头卦师》为例,采用格雷玛斯的结构语义学叙事理论,对“全能博士”这一世界型民间故事类型进行叙事的“行动元”模式、叙事程序、叙事模式、语义方阵以及叙事意义的逐一探究,力求阐释出蕴含在叙事文本内部的深层信息。     

中国现代故事学的滥觞——20世纪二三十年代故事学成就评述

初期的现代故事学在三个方面取得了引人注目的成就:首先,建立了中国民间故事体裁学;其次,初步编制出民间故事分类体系;再次,受进化论影响,运用历史地理学派分析方法,深入讨论了民间故事演进状态。这些成就给后来的研究工作奠定了坚实的理论和实践基础。     

《杂宝藏经》与中国民间故事——佛经故事研究之二

汉译佛经曾对中印文化交流产生过巨大而深远的影响,此论题近年深受国内外学人关注,研究工作日趋活跃。本文评述的《杂宝藏经》,汉泽者之一昙曜为北魏高僧,以主持开凿云冈石窟而名传后世。本经于公元4世纪在西北边陲问世后,所集印度故事纷纷流向民间,蜕化为著名的中国民间故事,如老人智解国难、公主自主择偶、呆女婿学话、乌鸦智胜强敌等,由此构成中印文化交流史上的佳话。     

近二十年来中国故事学研究评述

20世纪80年代以来,在中国民间文学领域,各门类的研究均取得很大成绩,而又以故事学研究最为突出。文艺学、文化人类学、类型学、母题学、神话———原型批评、结构主义、历史学等等方法,在故事学研究中都有比较娴熟的运用,产生了一大批令人欣喜的学术成果。对这方面的主要成果进行厘清,展现出一条不断深入的发展脉络。     

从民间文学看哈尼族的传统生态观

The Hani’s rich folk literature has preserved their traditional culture. Interpreting it from the perspective of ecological culture may lead us to the conclusion that the Hani’s traditional eco-logical understanding is that of a harmonious rela-tionship between man and nature. This ecological understanding is similar to that of other ethnic groups in Yunnan, such as the Bai, Dai, Wa, Yao, Naxi, Jingpo, Bulang, and other ethnic groups, which shows that this ecological under-standing is common across the Chinese nation. Meanwhile, this ecological understanding has an enlightening role for human beings to keep the eco-logical balance in the present day. This article tries to investigate the deep connection between the Hani’s folk literature and the natural ecology, and reveals the Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing. 1 . The Hani’s traditional ecological under-standing is revealed in their folk literature The Hani have no fairy tales in the strict sense, their literature is a kind of“universal litera-ture” enjoyed by both adults and children. Howev-er, the Hani’s folk literature also created a roman-tic world similar to that of fairy tales. This “fairy tale world” is just the world of nature reflected in the Hani’s literature. The typical characteristics of this world are harmony and happiness. In this har-monious and happy world, mountains are a para-dise for man and all other things on earth. In this paradise, man is only a part of nature, they are not the spirit or the core of the world. Man, animals and plants have their own places, and their own happiness. Meanwhile, they support each other, and have a common development. In a word, man and nature have a highly harmonious relationship. When environmental protection and ecological bal-ance become a common topic in today’s discourse, one can gain some insight by reading Hani fairy tales and legends. Therefore, digging out the eco-logical beauty from Hani folk literature still has a practical purpose. How then does Hani folk literature describe the relationship between man and nature? We find that the Hani folk literature is full of stories con-cerning how the animals and plants save mankind. Many works reflect this idea: if mankind had not been assisted by the animals and plants, it must have died out long ago, therefore, man should show his thanks to the animals by protecting them. Be-cause the animals and plants saved man’s life, and man knew to show his gratitude to them, the rela-tionship between man and nature is always good in the fairy tales, although they live in their own ways, they never disturb each other — they have a totally harmonious relationship. Moreover, man can even marry animals and have descendants with them. The harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants is a basic theme of the Hani folk literature, as well as a basic part of the Hani eco-logical understanding. The relationship between man, animals and plants reflects not only a friend-
ship, but a kind of family relation, because they can even become couples, although the couples can sometimes suddenly turn hostile — they may have disagreements or even come to blows. When this happens, the deities could help to solve the problem— this is another aspect which reflects a harmoni-ous relationship between man, animals and plants. In the Hani folk literature, the harmony be-tween man and nature is also reflected in the mutu-al assistance between man, animals and plants. In this kind of literature, man, animals and plants are always equal; they not only have a common goal and the same standards for good and evil, but also have a common language, with which man, animals and plants are able to negotiate with each other, help each other and reap their own rewards. 2 . The cultural sources of the Hani’s tradition-al ecological understanding Although literature is a creation of the writer, it reflects social life. The writers’ imaginings can-not be separated from the practicalities of place, and folk literature has its own particularity. Folk literature is created by several folk artists from gen-eration to generation. It might be a result from sev-eral people’s discussions during the creative process or when the work is passed down, hence, it is typically collective work and has typically mass characteristics. Although the individual plays a significant role in the creation of a work, the content of folk literature does not always reflect a single artist’s idea, but the idea of a group. There-fore, we say that the harmonious ecological under-standing reflected in the Hani literature actually re-flects an overall awareness of the Hani people. Why did the Hani form this kind of common awareness, then? We believe that it is decided by the Hani’s living environment and common cultural resources. Most Hani people live in the mountain-ous or semi-mountainous areas between Mt. Ailao and Mt. Mengle. The living environment partly in-fluences ideology. Because of the level of inacces-sability, and self -sufficient life style, communi-cation among the different Hani villages is rare,
however, what they see every day in their living ar-eas are mountains; therefore, their similar living environment leads them to have a similar under-standing of the mountains. The Hani are a “migrated ethnic group”. Their ancestors originally lived in the remote north. Due to natural and social causes, they moved south. Following the cultural development and improvement of natural conditions, their popu-lation gradually increased. After they stepped into the mountainous areas of Mt. Ailao, they had im-proved material conditions and peaceful life, and the population dramatically increased. Later, they settled down in the broad area of the Honghe and Lishejiang drainage basins. The Hani’s history of migration and development indicates that no matter how large a population they have, and how they are scattered, their culture has the same origin. Therefore, tracing the origin of the Hani culture is very important to understand why the Hani share a common awareness of the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Another point worth noting is that the Hani are called as an “Ethnic Group of Stories”. The Hani like telling stories, and making up stories, therefore, there are many popular stories among the Hani. This is because Hani have no writing, which makes the essence of the Hani culture lie in their oral stories. The ancestors’ stories, and their wisdom are all spread and handed down through these stories. The Hani stories actually play act as cultural carriers, burdened with the task of preser-ving culture, and playing an educational role. It is due to the influence of the ancestors’ traditional culture that the Hani have kept an awareness of maintaining a harmonious relationship between man, animals and plants. Then, which factors in the Hani’s cultural origin have promoted this awareness and made it exist for a long time? This article separately discusses the impact of the origin of the heavens, earth, man, animals, and plants, as well as the understanding of animism to this awareness.
In the Hani’s traditional religion, animism is a basic tenet. The Hani believe that the universe is created by the gods, and all things on earth are brought about by the gods. These deities infuse the things in the universe with a spirit; man cannot hurt other things, including those things without life;and the proper relationship between man and nature is harmony. A harmonious relationship means to obey the deities’ will, and is a special representation of their worship. Some people be-lieve that the formation of this kind of understand-ing is directly related to the ecological environment in which the Hani live. They live in the mountain-ous areas and conduct farming work from genera-tion to generation. The forest and water sources are their basic production materials. While using and transforming nature, they must protect and respect nature. Only in this way can an ethnic group un-dergo constant development in a difficult environ-ment—this already has become common knowledge during the process of inheriting the Chinese culture in the past thousand years. And to the Hani peo-ple, this is their principle, as well as their life philosophy. The Hani’s understanding of animism is a kind of pantheistic ideology, which belongs to religious aspect and does not fit with materialism. However the understanding of animism plays a very big role in the Hani’s formation of a self-consciousness in protecting the animals and plants, and keeping the ecological balance. Its role is not limited to an in-dividual or a local area, instead, its meaning to the whole Hani area cannot be underestimated. Hence, we take it as one of the sources for the for-mation of the harmonious natural understanding of all Hani people.     

民间传说及其保护问题

国家级非物质文化遗产名录入选了包括俗称的四大传说在内的29个民间传说项目,开了在国家层面上对民间传说进行保护的先河,但进入国家名录的项目数量与民间社会实际的贮藏量相比,存在着巨大差距。传说的保护要以传说的特点为依据,即以现实世界中存在的事物和人物为主要蓝本或凭依和根据,经过群体的口口相传,并在传递中添枝加叶,逐渐附会和融合上一些与本事相关联的事件、人物、故事、情节和细节。与诗体作品相比,其传述者在传述民间传说时有较大的可发挥的自由度。     

“回回”：历史解释与文化表述

历来对回族族称的解释仅限于正统的历史考证的方式。本文认为 ,虽然回族族称有其历史的客观性的一面 ,但在现实发展中又逐渐显露出其非历史的主观性的一面 :即作为文化主体的回民在特定文化氛围之中对自我的阐释 ,这些阐释体现在回族民间广为流传的故事、传说及回族学者的著述之中 ,并流行不衰。从历史的考证来看 ,回族族称的获得是一个历史的偶然 ;但在作为穆斯林的回民看来 ,这里体现着来自造物主的意志 ,即历史的必然性。这是一种自我的文化表述 ,其中体现了他们对自我的认知、对自我价值的肯定、对自我文化和生活方式的思考 ,是回族文化 (说汉语的穆斯林的文化 )的起点和终点     

谈学习民歌的意义

从《诗经》到现在的《中国民歌集成》都真实地反映了许多历史故事、人物及人民的生活。每一个历史时期都有其不同的表现形式、不同的风格及丰富的内容,了解和学习民歌的意义不仅在于它的形式和风格,更重要的是深含在其中的民族文化的精华,体现出一种不屈、乐观和奋发自信的民族精神,了解和学习民歌是陶冶情操,加深修养,提高文化素质的重要内容。也是加强爱国主义教育,促进精神文明建设的有效途径。     

阿尔泰语系诸民族树生人神话比较研究

树生人神话母题见于阿尔泰语系蒙古、突厥、满一通古斯语族诸民族相关族源神话传说、英雄奇异诞生传说,汉族<王梵志传说>和古代印度佛经故事.而汉族传说和佛经故事中未见讲述族源的情节母题,显示了阿尔泰语系诸民族树生人神话传说的古老性和原发性.     

董作宾:乡土研究的先驱

20世纪中国民间文艺学史上存在过多种流派 ,如歌谣研究会、文学人类学派、社会—民族学派、“古史辨”派神话学、民俗学派、俗文学学派、延安学派等。作为第一个流派的歌谣研究会 ,是一个颇松散的团体和流派 ,其中持乡土研究观点的学者 ,如顾颉刚、常惠、董作宾、台静农、钟敬文、罗香林、白启明、刘经等 ,在歌谣研究会流派中占主流地位。本文以董作宾的《看见她》母题研究及其他研究为个例 ,阐明乡土研究思潮是 2 0世纪中国现代民间文艺学的最早的一种研究思潮 ,董作宾 (以及顾颉刚等 )在实践和理论上的成就 ,奠定了中国民间文艺学作为一个独立的人文学科的最初的理论基础。本文从 (1)“母题”的引入和比较研究的实践 ,(2 )家乡歌谣学应时而生 ,(3)考订与考订者 ,(4)综合研究模式的尝试四个方面 ,对董作宾的民间文艺学思想遗产和历史地位作历史的考察。