全面建设小康社会与技术创新战略

小康社会概念是邓小平在技术创新对现代化建设影响不断加速的背景下,吸取中国传统文化营养对中国如何实现现代化问题不断探索的重要理论创新。全面建设小康社会目标的提出是在对邓小平小康社会概念丰富和发展基础上,针对新世纪头2年战略机遇提出的社会主义建设总体目标,它向我国未来技术创新作为全面发展、协调发展和可持续发展的动力支撑提供了一种更高的任务定位。按照国家战略需求、经济发展和结构调整要求,我国应实施技术创新战略,以推进全面建设小康社会。     

对构建社会主义和谐社会的深层解读

构建社会主义和谐社会是我们党顺应历史发展变化,为推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业做出的重大战略举措,对这一伟大战略构想进行深层次、多视角的研究和解读,有助于我们更加深入地理解实现社会和谐对于全面建设小康社会,全面推进中国特色社会主义伟大事业的重大意义。     

建设一个高水平、更全面、发展比较均衡的小康社会——实现发展比较均衡的小康社会

党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标以后 ,全面建设小康社会的问题正普遍受到人们的关注。学术界对建设一个什么样的小康社会和如何建设小康社会进行了广泛的探讨。为了科学地认识这些问题 ,本刊约请了中国人民大学“三个代表”重要思想研究中心的教授、副教授 ,从经济发展的均衡和协调性、社会主义政治文明的本质要求、发展社会主义文化、走可持续发展道路 ,以及加强党的建设等方面 ,对如何推进全面建设小康社会的进程问题作了阐述。     

“执政为民”：社会主义政治文明的本质要求

党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标以后 ,全面建设小康社会的问题正普遍受到人们的关注。学术界对建设一个什么样的小康社会和如何建设小康社会进行了广泛的探讨。为了科学地认识这些问题 ,本刊约请了中国人民大学“三个代表”重要思想研究中心的教授、副教授 ,从经济发展的均衡和协调性、社会主义政治文明的本质要求、发展社会主义文化、走可持续发展道路 ,以及加强党的建设等方面 ,对如何推进全面建设小康社会的进程问题作了阐述。     

追求精神生活 打造文化小康

党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标以后 ,全面建设小康社会的问题正普遍受到人们的关注。学术界对建设一个什么样的小康社会和如何建设小康社会进行了广泛的探讨。为了科学地认识这些问题 ,本刊约请了中国人民大学“三个代表”重要思想研究中心的教授、副教授 ,从经济发展的均衡和协调性、社会主义政治文明的本质要求、发展社会主义文化、走可持续发展道路 ,以及加强党的建设等方面 ,对如何推进全面建设小康社会的进程问题作了阐述。     

党的建设与全面建设小康社会

党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标以后 ,全面建设小康社会的问题正普遍受到人们的关注。学术界对建设一个什么样的小康社会和如何建设小康社会进行了广泛的探讨。为了科学地认识这些问题 ,本刊约请了中国人民大学“三个代表”重要思想研究中心的教授、副教授 ,从经济发展的均衡和协调性、社会主义政治文明的本质要求、发展社会主义文化、走可持续发展道路 ,以及加强党的建设等方面 ,对如何推进全面建设小康社会的进程问题作了阐述。     

走向“绿色小康”

党的十六大提出了全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标以后 ,全面建设小康社会的问题正普遍受到人们的关注。学术界对建设一个什么样的小康社会和如何建设小康社会进行了广泛的探讨。为了科学地认识这些问题 ,本刊约请了中国人民大学“三个代表”重要思想研究中心的教授、副教授 ,从经济发展的均衡和协调性、社会主义政治文明的本质要求、发展社会主义文化、走可持续发展道路 ,以及加强党的建设等方面 ,对如何推进全面建设小康社会的进程问题作了阐述。     

论小康社会的人文特征

党的十六大提出全面建设小康社会的目标。小康社会是人的小康社会,全面建设小康社会的过程,就是实现对人的人文关怀过程。小康社会应具有的人文特征是:消灭贫困,改变人的生存状态;实现政治文明,切实保障人的权利和地位;铸就民族精神,实现人的全面发展;实施可持续发展战略,建设人类美好家园。     

“全面建成小康社会”的哲学意蕴

党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为总书记的党中央领导集体,从坚持和发展中国特色社会主义全局出发,以全面建成小康社会、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党的"四个全面"为主要内容,对我国经济社会发展总体方向做出了新的战略布局。"四个全面"思想,是新一届中央政府治国理政的全新布局,也是马克思主义理论中国化的又一重要理论成果。从中央对"四个全面"思想的文字表述看,"全面建成小康社会"被放在"四个全面"思想的首要位置,充分表现出本届政府对这一发展目标的重视程度。由此看出,在当前社会发展阶段,我国经济社会发展的重点仍然是小康社会建设,并突出强调社会主义小康社会建设的全面性和重要性     

农村剩余劳动力转移对策研究

农村剩余劳动力转移是经济和社会发展的必然规律,是中国实现工业化和现代化的必然趋势.农村剩余劳动力转移是关系到社会主义新农村建设和全面建设小康社会的关键性问题,也是关乎农民增收、中国经济社会稳定和可持续发展的重大问题.     

Considering Improvisation: Play,Transitional Space,and Discovery

This article explores the concept of improvisation in the therapeutic setting as a complex construction when elaborated in the idiom of jazz music. A composite clinical case is offered that illustrates an impasse and how improvisational thinking offers a way forward. Improvisation has recently been conceptualized through the metaphor of theater improvisation, dance, and rhythm. The therapeutic hour is considered an improvisational dialogue with the main theme (melody) and counter melodies, and harmonic possibilities that underlie the rhythmic pulse of the hour. Improvisation requires a reflective/interpretive process that draws on patterns, structures, and experiences reformulated in the relational field of the participants. The client initiates the call and response pattern, from which improvisation emerges as a mutual process of discovery. A more relaxed, receptive, and reflective posture extends Winnicott’s 1971 notion of play to integrate classic understanding and relational interaction.     

Objective Tests versus Subjective tests

objective test has only one correct answer, while subjective test has a range of possible answers. Because of this feature, reliability will not be difficult to achieve in the marking of the objective item, while the marking of the subjective items is reliable. On the whole, a good test must contain both subjective and objective test items.     

Comments on the National College English Test

College English Test is an important national test for Chinese college students, this paper introduces the distribution of scores, time of examination, and analyses the four parts in CET ,such as listening comprehension, reading comprehension, integrated testing, and writing based on testing theories.     

Social security reforms in Kenya: Towards a workerist or a citizenship‐based system?

With social security provisions in Kenya remaining under‐reported in the more recent literature, this overview covers recent reforms in key areas of the country's social security system. In the health sector and in old‐age pension provision social security is still mainly workerist (biased toward those in formal employment), and attempts to expand coverage have had limited effect only – cash transfer programmes, for instance, have been expanded but in practice they do not universally cover the entitled categories. Thus, although the Kenyan social security system now has a considerable pro‐poor social assistance component it remains biased toward those in formal employment, to the benefit of the highest income quintile.     

Abstracts of theses: Smith College School for Social Work,July 1954

Abstract

Many clients relate in ways that elicit emotional responses in practitioners and may also feel pressure to intervene when appropriate action is not yet clear. Practitioners must develop sufficient self-awareness so their own reactions do not interfere with the work they do with clients. Educators exhort their students to be self-aware, but locating methods that foster the capacity can be difficult. Infant observation is an elegant training model that helps to develop self-awareness. The method described here makes use of regular observation, supportive small groups, and repeated detailed examination of what is seen in training both generalist and specialized practitioners. It has become a prototype for the observational study of several kinds of specific populations. Because it attends to people in their own environments and demonstrates a flexible, reflective, multi-modal manner of information-gathering, infant observation is particularly useful in the education of social work practitioners.     

India's Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Act: Assessing the quality of access and adequacy of benefits in MGNREGS public works

The extension of social protection to all has become a central policy objective, both nationally and internationally. A considerable number of middle‐ and low‐income countries have undertaken substantial efforts to extend social protection, while the international community reaffirmed its commitment to the extension of social protection through the adoption of the ILO Recommendation concerning National Floors of Social Protection, No. 202 (2012). This article reviews the legal provisions and the implementation of the Indian Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), legislated in 2005, and does so in the light of the more recent provisions of ILO Recommendation No. 202. Since its introduction ten years ago, MGNREGA has provided a source of income to rural workers, increased wage rates, achieved high female participation rates and created durable assets. India's local governance bodies, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), have been empowered and involved in the processes of planning and monitoring. However, despite successes, there have been considerable shortcomings in implementation. This article highlights two central themes: first, the innovative policy framework of the Act, which brings together rights‐based entitlements, demand‐driven employment, and citizen‐centred monitoring. Second, it assesses the accessibility and adequacy of benefits in the implementation of MGNREGA. We conclude that MGNREGA offers potential for South‐South learning, both in terms of policy‐design and implementation.     

From “Either‐Or” to “When and How”: A Context‐Dependent Model of Culture in Action

In this article, I outline a framework for the sociological study of culture that connects three intertwined elements of human culture (cultural motivations, resources, and meanings) and demonstrates the concrete contexts under which each most critically influences actions and their subsequent outcomes. In contrast to models that cast motivations, resources, and meanings as competing explanations of how culture affects action, I argue that these are fundamental constituent elements of culture that are inseparable, interdependent, and simultaneously operative. Which element provides the strongest link to action, and how this link operates, must be understood as a function of the actor's position within wider social contexts. I argue that on average motivations have the most discernable link to action within a social strata, cultural resources provide the strongest link across strata, and meanings have the greatest direct influence when codified and sanctioned. I then offer a reframing and synthesis that reintegrates previously “competing” theories of culture into a more holistic context‐dependent model of culture in action. Finally, I use evidence from prior empirical research, as well as new data from an ongoing ethnographic study of health behaviors among the aged, to show how various elements of culture are concretely linked to action in eight different social contexts. In doing so, I provide a roadmap for the transition out of the “either‐or” logic underlying much of cultural theory and reemphasize the importance of the classical sociological concern for “when” and “how” various aspects of culture influence action and outcomes in concrete social contexts.     

A Man Can be Destroyed but Not Defeated

Santiago,the main hero in the Old Man and the Sea is characterized as someone struggling against defeat. He has gone eighty-four days without catching a fish,the sail of his skiff resembles "the flag of permanent defeat." But the old man refuses defeat at every turn:he resolves to sail out beyond the other fishermen to where the biggest fish promise to be. He lands the marlin,tying his record of eighty-seven days after a brutal three-day fight,and he continues to ward off sharks from stealing his prey,even though he knows the battle is useless. He establishes a great hero:a man can be destroyed but not defeated.     

The gender gap in pensions in Latin America

Lower female lifetime labour market participation rates, greater interruptions during their working lives, and wage gaps contribute to create gender gaps in pensions at the time of retirement. The design of social security systems may reinforce or attenuate these gaps. This article provides new evidence on gender gaps in access to pensions and in pension income in four Southern Cone countries in Latin America and analyses their evolution between 2000 and 2013, showing significant improvements in both gaps, with differential patterns by countries. The decrease in the gender gap in pension income has been particularly significant in Argentina and Brazil. In both cases, the largest increases in pension values during the period correspond to the lowest income percentiles, where women are overrepresented. The application of redistributive policies in these countries, aimed at reducing poverty and inequality but not necessarily focused on gender equity, has had positive and probably unintended consequences in terms of reduction in gender gaps in pensions.