自然灾害中的社会资本研究

自然灾害具有复杂的社会属性,在近期的灾害研究中,研究者开始引入"社会资本"这一社会结构性资源的概念,分析社会资本在灾害中的角色和作用.本文对相关的理论与经验研究的综述表明,微观层面上的社会资本(个人通过社会网络可获得的资源)可帮助受灾者获取有关灾害的信息,得到救援、物质支持和精神鼓励等实质性资源;而表现为公众自愿组成的公民组织、人际信任以及合作与利他的社会规范的宏观社会资本则可以促使受灾社区及居民的团结合作,更积极地参与到灾后重建工作中来.     

Factors Associated with Employee Stress in Psychiatric Rehabilitation: Identifying Vulnerability and Resilience

ABSTRACT

Use of sick days related to mental stress and burnout is a growing problem in Germany. Since stress is related to work demands, there is a substantial need for suitable workplace health promotion programs. This study identifies several organizational and personal stress predictors and presents a predictive model for workers in the field of psychiatric rehabilitation. A cross-sectional design was utilized to collect the self-ratings of employees (n = 243) who typically work with patients. Univariate analyses show, overall, above average stress scores, below average scores in occupational self-efficacy, and a much higher proportion of a gratification crisis (that is, insufficient reward for work performance) compared to other people employed in health care. A multivariate model for predicting the heightened stress indicates the supposed pathogenetic and salutogenetic main effects for organizational variables, such as gratification crisis, and personal variables, such as occupational self-efficacy as well as an interaction of both types of variables. High occupational self-efficacy can attenuate the effect of an existing gratification crisis. Workplace health promotion programs in this field should address organizational and personal variables, in particular occupational self-efficacy and gratification crisis. Future research should focus on interaction effects based on a person-environment-interaction model.     

Balancing Research and Action: Reflections on an Action Research Project in a Social Services Department

The relationships between social research, policy development and implementation are complex. External researchers are frequently employed by agencies to research their activities, with the expectation that the results will lead to organizational development. In some research traditions this takes place after the presentation of a final report. In the action research approach the two are integrated and action is a part of the inquiry process. Frequently, however, despite the best intentions of the commissioners and researchers, little action ensues. Influential factors, including issues arising from changes of key research personnel, shifts in organizational staff and roles, multiple agendas, and issues in presenting findings, dissemination and feedback dilemmas, are explored, using a case study of the introduction of care management in one local authority social services department. Finally, the usefulness of this type of research by an outsider in a context of very rapid change is assessed.     

批判诠释学视野下的社会工作——从对实证主义社会工作的反思谈起

实证主义在社会工作理论和实务的发展中发挥着重要的影响,而各种反实证主义思潮的论争则使社会工作有了更多视角和面向,在这其中批判诠释学是一支重要的力量。本文对实证主义传统下的社会工作模式进行了一些反思,在此基础上,讨论了批判诠释学对实证主义传统的批评和对社会工作理论和实务的影响。     

Social Work Advocacy in Singapore: Some Reflections on the Constraints and Opportunities

One central concern of social work is advocacy for social justice. This is a lofty ideal but a difficult ideal to achieve in view of social work being delivered in sociopolitical contexts with varying degrees of tolerance of advocacy. This discussion is based on a case study from Singapore and considers some of the particular constraints and opportunities in that context, while also making the point that those similar constraints and opportunities exist in all contexts. A model that combines principles of advocacy and collaboration is proposed as a means of embracing social work advocacy in Singapore and other contexts.     

互动与发展——对藏区社会工作个案的几点反思

西部藏区是一个经济欠发达和资源富饶的多元文化的地区。在西部藏区开展社会(区)工作,应充分考虑到藏区小型社区的具体场景、多元文化和组织环境的特点,在良性互动和充分尊重本土文化的基础上服务社区,增进社区的自我发展。     

Social Work Practice for Social Development in Bangladesh: Issues and Challenges

Social work addresses social issues that constrain the betterment of a community. However, social work practice is struggling to deal effectively with the development challenges of Bangladesh. Based on a literature review and the experiences of the authors, this paper explores the emerging issues where social work practice is anticipated as a promising alternative for bringing sustainable social development in Bangladesh. Simultaneously, the paper discovers the limitation of social work practice in Bangladesh addressing these challenges.     

Theoretical and Methodological Perspectives on Domestic Violence: Implications for Social Action

Theoretical and methodological paradigms used by researchers and applied workers to conceptualise domestic violence are examined, with particular emphasis on the implications for social action. It is argued that the gender assumptions underlying the theoretical framework adopted are often implicit, unacknowledged, and that when they assume equal power between men and women may do a disservice to female victims. We maintain that the consequence of discrepant approaches of professionals encountering domestic violence is insufficient dialogue between researchers and applied workers, reducing the potential for effective social remedy. Some resolutions of this dilemma are proposed; specifically, these concern the adoption of feminist paradigms, the importance of making victims more visible, and empowering women to overcome violent oppression.     

互动与发展——对藏区社会工作个案的几点反思

西部藏区是一个经济欠发达和资源富饶的多元文化的地区。在西部藏区开展社会(区)工作,应充分考虑到藏区小型社区的具体场景、多元文化和组织环境的特点,在良性互动和充分尊重本土文化的基础上服务社区,增进社区的自我发展。     

More on Plagiarism in the Social Sciences*

This research presents the results of a follow‐up survey to journal editors more than a decade after Enders and Hoover (Journal of Economic Literature 42(3):487–93). The original survey asked editors about their definition of plagiarism and known cases. This work investigates what, if anything, has changed in regards to how journal editors react to suspected plagiarism and if the definition of plagiarism has changed. In addition to surveying editors of economics journals, we have surveyed many more editors, including political science, sociology, and others, to contrast differences that might exist. There is great variation within disciplines regarding the appropriate definition of plagiarism or punishments but fairly consistent agreement across disciplines.     

关于当代中国社会阶层及其信仰的哲学思考

改革开放后中国社会出现了急剧的社会变迁,整个社会呈现出多元化发展态势.社会出现了分层,人们的信仰也呈现出一定分层次性.社会各阶层在信仰上的表现和异同,信仰与阶层的辩证关系,信仰在促进阶层和谐乃至于社会和谐中的地位和作用,促使人们关注社会冲突与和谐中的和谐现象,阶层间信仰的和谐是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要条件.     

Methodological Issues in Evaluation of Social Development Programmes: the Australian Assistance Plan

Proponents of large-scale social development programmes are increasingly seeking an independent evaluation to guide the planning and administration of the programme. In this paper four problem areas related to evaluation are examined, conceptual problems, methodological problems, operational problems and political problems. The general principles are then related to a current evaluation, that of the Australian Assistance Plan.     

Reflections on Gender, Knowledge and Values in Social Work

Summary This paper is a discussion of the application of social workknowledge and values in practice. It draws on ethnographic researchin a child-care team in the UK which set out to explore theconstruction of clients as gendered. It is argued that socialworkers' accounts of practice reveal tensions between an emphasison clients as individuals and an emphasis on social collectivity.These tensions could be seen as inherent in social work knowledgeand values. There are various implications of these tensionsbetween the individual and the social, but there is a particularfocus in the paper on the implications for questions of gender.It concludes with some ideas for a theory for practice thatwould better equip social workers for the complex task of negotiatingthe gender tensions raised in the paper.     

Housing of Seniors in the Czech Republic: Challenges for Social Services

The article focuses on the housing market, the behavior and motivations of senior households to move or to stay in place. Knowing if and why seniors decide to move at retirement is a critical factor for the establishment of social service policies in terms of their structure, location, and provision.

This study uses secondary data based on information about Czech households collected by the Czech Statistical Office (CSO). The data are annually collected via sample surveys of the income and living conditions of households (EU-SILC). The sample covers more than eight thousands of households. Analyzed data cover the period 2007–2012 when the abolishment of rent regulation in the Czech Republic took place. It is hypothesized that an impact like this might increase the willingness to move and reveal the factors which underlie the decisions of particular households.

The results indicated that most Czech households that decided to move during the study period were driven by the increased financial burden of housing. Other factors, including the availability of social services and public utilities within the current location, played only minor roles. It seems that Czech senior households act in a very pragmatic and rational manner when deciding whether to stay in place or move, with the majority of households preferring not to move. Social policies should, therefore, concentrate on providing services for the current locations rather than on the construction of new social housing.     

中国模式社会信用体系建设的创新与挑战

在吸收国外经验的基础上,经过十几年的探索,中国逐渐形成了自己的社会信用体系建设模式。中国模式的创新体现在提出了广义社会信用体系建设概念,形成了政府主导的高效征信体系建设模式,建设了独具特色的政府信用监管体系,政府、市场、行业协会共同建设社会信用体系;面临的挑战是,如何形成有效的社会信用体系运行机制,如何发挥政府、市场和行业协会三方的协同作用,如何内外兼治提高全社会的诚信道德水平。