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1.
Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes Stephanie Cook Seanna Leath Cleopatra Caldwell 《Race and social problems》2018,10(1):30-41
This study explored the extent to which private regard and religiosity beliefs serve as protective factors for school bonding among African American and Caribbean black adolescents who experience racial discrimination in school. Findings are drawn from a nationally representative sample of (n = 810) African American and (n = 360) Caribbean black adolescents (52% girls) aged 13–17 (Mage = 15, SD = 1.42) years. Results suggest that perceiving racial discrimination from teachers was associated with lower levels of school bonding for African American and Caribbean black adolescents. For African American adolescents, perceiving more racial discrimination from teachers and reporting lower private regard beliefs was associated with less school bonding. The findings for Caribbean black adolescents revealed that endorsing moderate levels of religiosity and perceiving higher rates of teacher discrimination was associated with less school bonding. The developmental significance and implications for future research are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Daphne C. Watkins Vicki Johnson-Lawrence Derek M. Griffith 《Race and social problems》2011,3(3):197-211
Though gender, racial, and ethnic disparities in health in the United States are well documented, it is less clear how these
factors intersect to produce patterns of mental health outcomes among men. This study examined the presence of father figures
in the lives of African American, Caribbean black and non-Hispanic white American males until the age of 16; assessed the
current socio-demographic factors of these men as adults; and explored whether these factors lead to variations in mental
health outcomes. Regression models were used to examine the correlates of socio-demographic, psychosocial, and retrospective
father figure measures for depressive symptoms and non-specific psychological distress among African American (n = 999), Caribbean black (n = 506), and non-Hispanic white men (n = 193) from the National Survey of American Life. Findings revealed racial and ethnic group differences by age, employment
status, education, and household income on depressive symptoms (measured using the CES-D scale) and non-specific psychological
distress (using the Kessler-6 scale). Findings suggested that being raised by a grandfather placed both African American and
Caribbean black men at greater risk for depressive symptoms and non-specific psychological distress under certain socio-demographic
conditions. This study is unique in that it considers the influence of father figures on the mental health outcomes of adult
males across three racial and ethnic groups. We conclude with a discussion of the implications for future mental health research
and practice with men of color. 相似文献
3.
Sheretta T. Butler-Barnes Tabbye M. Chavous Marc A. Zimmerman 《Race and social problems》2011,3(2):75-91
This study conceptualized individual-level cultural-ecological factors (racial identity and religious coping) as adolescent
assets that would promote achievement motivation and reduce negative associations between community violence exposure and
motivation. Our examination of African American adolescents (N = 380) from urban contexts indicated a negative association between community violence exposure and motivation beliefs (academic
self-efficacy and academic importance). Accounting for socioeconomic factors and parental support, higher racial pride (private
regard), and higher use of religion to cope with difficult times predicted higher motivation beliefs. Religious coping reduced
the negative association of violence exposure with motivation beliefs. Among boys, however, there was a stronger, negative
relationship between community violence and academic self-efficacy for those higher in private regard. Boys reporting higher
private regard had more positive motivation beliefs when experiencing lower community violence. Results suggest cultural-ecological
factors can support academic motivation but also may not fully protect youth exposed to high ecological risk. 相似文献
4.
Harold W. Neighbors Sherrill L. Sellers Rong Zhang James S. Jackson 《Race and social problems》2011,3(1):51-62
This study investigated the associations among goal-striving stress, racial related stressors, and mental health. Goal-striving
stress was defined as the discrepancy between aspiration for and achievement of a better way of life, weighted by the subjective
probability of success, and the level of disappointment experienced if those life goals were not realized. Data are from the
National Survey of American Life’s African American (N = 3,570) and non-Hispanic white (N = 891) adult samples. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between goal-striving stress and five mental
health outcomes: happiness, life satisfaction, self-esteem, psychological distress, and depressive symptoms. After controlling
for socio-demographic factors, a personal problems checklist, and racial discrimination, goal-striving stress was significantly
related to all mental health measures such that as goal-striving stress increased, mental health worsened. Additionally, the
relationship of goal-striving stress to mental health was found to be conditional upon race. Specifically, goal-striving stress
had a stronger effect among white Americans than African Americans. Goal-striving stress was associated differentially with
lower levels of mental health for black and white Americans. Racial differences in the impact of goal-striving stress suggest
a need for analyses exploring resilience and coping in relation to the impact of goal-striving stress on black–white differences
in mental health. 相似文献
5.
Job strain has been associated with hypertension among younger workers; however, whether this relationship persists among
older workers, particularly older racial/ethnic minorities, is unresolved. This study evaluated whether job strain and workplace
discrimination are associated with hypertension and poor blood pressure control among older workers and whether these relationships
vary by gender and race/ethnicity. Data were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, and analysis was restricted to employed
participants with complete information on job strain and blood pressure (N = 3,794). In adjusted models, high job strain was associated with lower likelihood of hypertension (odds ratio (OR): 0.75,
95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 0.89) relative to low job strain. Stratified analyses indicated this association was only
significant among white (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.86) and male (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.79) workers. High job strain was
not significantly associated with hypertension among African American (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.07) or Hispanic (OR: 0.56,
95% CI: 0.29, 1.09) workers. Workplace discrimination was not associated with hypertension among any group. Neither job strain
nor discrimination was associated with poor blood pressure control. These findings suggest that persistence in work characterized
by high job strain in later life may signal resilience to the influence of work-related stressors on health. Future research
efforts should examine the factors that contribute to gender and racial differences in these relationships. 相似文献
6.
Yanmei Xu 《Race and social problems》2011,3(3):212-224
This study investigated the association between SES and psychological distress among Latinos. Data were from the National
Latino and Asian American Study’s Cuban (N = 577), Mexican (N = 868), and Puerto Rican (N = 495) adult samples. Regression analysis was used to assess the association between SES measured as education, household
income, and wealth and psychological distress for three Latino subgroups, respectively. Results indicate that wealth is the
most important predictor for all three Latino groups. Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans are all disadvantaged on wealth
possession and being in debt is associated with more psychological distress for them. The health benefit of wealth is especially
significant for Cubans and Puerto Ricans. In contrast with findings in many previous studies, household income is not significantly
related to mental health. The finding that only wealth is weakly associated with psychological distress among Mexicans suggests
that the Hispanic Health Paradox only applies to Mexicans. Education is strongly associated with distress among Cubans, with
college degrees producing the largest protection from mental illness. Findings also indicate that physical health and discrimination
are strongly associated with psychological distress independent of the SES measures. This study contributes to an understanding
of the health significance of SES among Latinos. It highlights the importance of examining ethnic variations in the association
of socioeconomic status and mental health among Latinos and of identifying the mental health impact of various measures of
socioeconomic status. 相似文献
7.
African American and Latino youth experience stereotypes about their group’s academic ability but youth high in three components
of racial–ethnic identity Connectedness, Awareness of Racism, and Embedded Achievement are buffered from these stereotypes and are more likely to attain good grades in school, feel efficacious, and engaged with
academics. In the current study, the effect of neighborhood segregation on these components of racial–ethnic identity was
examined. Segregation impairs racial–ethnic identity Connectedness, Awareness of Racism, and Embedded Achievement among African American and Latino youth. Eighth graders (n = 206 African American, n = 131 Latino) living in 100 census tracks filled out racial–ethnic identity scales. A multilevel model demonstrates that
segregation is associated with lower scores on each of the components of racial–ethnic identity.
相似文献
Daphna Oyserman (Corresponding author)Email: |
Kwang-Il YoonEmail: |
8.
Although research has demonstrated that aspects of racial environments such as racial experiences and racial diversity can relate to psychological health and well-being, few studies have examined what specifically happens when individuals move from one racial environment to another. The present study asked 179 African Americans transitioning to a predominantly white institution (freshmen or junior transfers) about racial diversity (percentage of African Americans) at their prior institution, racial experiences at their prior institution, and racial experiences at the current institution and examined how these characteristics related to self-reported depression. Overall, we found that more negative previous racial experiences predicted greater depressive symptoms in college. Results also revealed a significant three-way interaction such that more positive current racial experiences predicted less depressive symptoms, but only for those students coming from predominantly negative racial environments—low racial diversity and more negative racial experiences. Our findings highlight the complex role of past and present racial environmental factors in influencing psychological health. Implications for African American college students’ success and well-being are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Workplace discrimination reports have recently increased in the U.S. Few studies have examined racial/ethnic differences and
the mental health consequences of this exposure. We examined the association between self-reported workplace discrimination
and depressive symptoms among a multi-ethnic sample of hospital employees. Data came from the prospective case–control Gradients
of Occupational Health in Hospital Workers (GROW) study (N = 664). We used the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) to assess depressive symptoms and measured
the occurrence, types, and frequency of workplace discrimination. African Americans were more likely than other racial/ethnic
employees to report frequent and multiple types of discrimination exposure. Multivariate relationships were examined while
controlling for socio-demographic factors, job strain, and general social stressors. After adjustment, workplace discrimination
occurrence and frequency were positively associated with depressive symptoms. The positive association between workplace discrimination
and depressive symptoms was similar across racial and ethnic groups. Reducing workplace discrimination may improve psychosocial
functioning among racial/ethnic minority hospital employees at greatest risk of exposure. 相似文献
10.
Tetine Sentell 《Race and social problems》2012,4(2):112-120
Quantify the relationships between adolescent self-reported health and college intention in a diverse sample including Asians.
Data were used from 3,737 adolescents ages 12–17 who completed the 2003 California Health Interview Survey. Self-reported
intention to attend college/university was compared to other plans. Multivariate logistic models predicting college intention
by health status (poor/fair, good, or very good/excellent) were performed with the entire sample and for each race/ethnicity
separately. Age, poverty, gender, rural residence, and parental college education were controlled. Participants were 44 %
white, 36 % Hispanic, 11 % Asian, and 9 % black. Overall, 10 % reported poor/fair health, 30 % good health, and 60 % very
good/excellent health. Whites were the most likely to report very good/excellent health and Hispanics least likely (χ2(6) = 11.85; p < 0.01). Eighty-one percent had college plans, which also varied by race/ethnicity with Asians most likely to report college
intentions and Hispanics least likely (χ2(3) = 3.97; p < 0.05). In the overall multivariate model, adolescents in poor/fair health (OR: 0.53; 95 % CI: 0.34–0.83) and good health
(OR: 0.59; 95 % CI: 0.45–0.78) were significantly less likely to plan on college compared to those in very good/excellent
health. Variation was seen by racial/ethnic group. For whites and blacks, only good health significantly predicted less college
intention (compared to very good/excellent health) while only poor/fair health significantly predicted less college intention
for Hispanics and Asians. Very good/excellent health in adolescence was associated with greater college intention compared
to both fair/poor health and good health, but this relationship varied by race/ethnicity. 相似文献
11.
Clifford L. Broman Myriam Torres Renee B. Canady Harold W. Neighbors James S. Jackson 《Race and social problems》2010,2(2):81-91
We examine if commonly used distress measures, rates of psychiatric disorders, and chronic health conditions are affected
by alternate measures of race-ethnicity for African Americans and Caribbean blacks. We examined two alternative self-identification
measures to investigate if their influence might differ. A study on national household probability sample of non-institutionalized
African Americans (n = 3,570) and blacks from Caribbean countries, who now live in the United States (n = 1,621), was conducted between February 2001 and June 2003, using a slightly modified version of the Composite International
Diagnostic Interview. The method used to measure black race and ethnicity has influence on physical and mental health outcomes.
The distributions of depressive symptoms are not affected, while the distributions of DSM IV disorders and chronic health
conditions vary by race and ethnic self-identifications among the African American and Caribbean black populations. There
are serious implications of using alternate measures of race-ethnicity on the distribution of physical and mental health morbidity
among African Americans and Caribbean blacks. The conceptualization and assessment of race-ethnicity should be carefully considered
when studying mental and physical health statuses and service needs in the American black population. 相似文献
12.
Some markers of social disadvantage are associated robustly with depressive symptoms among adolescents: female gender and
lower socioeconomic status (SES), respectively. Others are associated equivocally, notably black v. white race/ethnicity.
Few studies examine whether markers of social disadvantage by gender, SES, and race/ethnicity jointly predict self-reported
depressive symptoms during adolescence; this was our goal. Secondary analyses were conducted on data from a socioeconomically
diverse community-based cohort study of non-Hispanic black and white adolescents (N = 1,263, 50.4% female). Multivariable general linear models tested whether female gender, black race/ethnicity, and lower
SES (assessed by parent education and household income) and their interactions predicted greater depressive symptoms reported
on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Models adjusted for age and pubertal status. Univariate analyses
revealed more depressive symptoms in females, blacks, and participants with lower SES. Multivariable models showed females
across both racial/ethnic groups reported greater depressive symptoms; blacks demonstrated more depressive symptoms than did
whites, but when SES was included this association disappeared. Exploratory analyses suggested blacks gained less mental health
benefit from increased SES. However, there were no statistically significant interactions among gender, race/ethnicity, or
SES. Taken together, we conclude that complex patterning among low social status domains within gender, race/ethnicity, and
SES predicts depressive symptoms among adolescents. 相似文献
13.
The present study explored the role of context and gender on the association between racial discrimination and adolescents’ outcomes among Black nint 相似文献
14.
Jessica C. Nelson Glenn Adams Nyla R. Branscombe Michael T. Schmitt 《Race and social problems》2010,2(2):69-80
We test the hypothesis that knowledge of historically documented, anti-black conspiracies affects perceived plausibility of
new, anti-black conspiracies. In Experiment 1 (N = 78), African Americans and European Americans read about a current conspiracy aimed at undermining either African American
or European American–elected officials. African Americans perceived the anti-black conspiracy as more plausible and the conspiracy
informant as more credible than did European Americans. The difference in perception of informant credibility was mediated
by recognition of historically documented, anti-black conspiracies. In Experiment 2, we manipulated European Americans’ (N = 105) exposure to information about historically documented, anti-black conspiracies. European Americans who learned about
actual, past anti-black conspiracies perceived new anti-black conspiracies as more plausible than did European Americans who
learned about race-silent conspiracies or who did not learn about conspiracies. To the extent that European Americans lack
awareness of incidents of racism in US history, they are likely to underestimate the possibility that racism impacts contemporary
events. 相似文献
15.
Tabbye M. Chavous Bridget L. Richardson Felecia R. Webb Gloryvee Fonseca-Bolorin Seanna Leath 《Race and social problems》2018,10(1):1-18
This study examined Black college students’ (N = 309, 70% women) racial identity beliefs over their freshman year. Using latent class cluster analysis, we identified clusters reflecting patterns of change and stability in students’ racial centrality (importance of race to overall self-concept), private regard (group pride), and public regard (perceptions of others’ views of Blacks). Racial identity change clusters were distinguished by campus experiences (racial discrimination, interracial friendships, and campus racial climate). Racial identity change clusters predicted end-of-year academic motivation (competence, affect, interest/curiosity, and persistence). Findings suggest the importance of examining critical transitions in identity development and highlight the deleterious effects of stigmatizing campus experiences on identity. Findings also highlight ways students’ racial identity beliefs may help promote academic motivation. 相似文献
16.
This study contributes to the research literature on colorism–discrimination based on skin tone—by examining whether skin darkness affects the likelihood that African Americans will experience school suspension. Using data from The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, logistic regression analyses indicated that darker skin tone significantly increased the odds of suspension for African American adolescents. Closer inspection of the data revealed that this overall result was disproportionately driven by the experiences of African American females. The odds of suspension were about 3 times greater for young African American women with the darkest skin tone compared to those with the lightest skin. This finding was robust to the inclusion of controls for parental SES, delinquent behavior, academic performance, and several other variables. Furthermore, this finding was replicated using similar measures in a different sample of African Americans from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. The results suggest that discrimination in school discipline goes beyond broad categories of race to include additional distinctions in skin tone. 相似文献
17.
Early adulthood represents a period of transition that is marked by change and exploration. For some, this transition is uncomplicated,
yet for others, it is problematic. While many studies have explored factors that predict adjustment in childhood and adolescence,
substantially less is known about childhood factors that predict adjustment during the transition into adulthood. Furthermore,
it remains unclear whether childhood factors that predict adult adjustment differ between African American and Caucasian males.
Accordingly, the current study examined childhood predictors of early adult (age 19–20) adjustment in a community sample of
397 African American and Caucasian males. Findings indicated that African American and Caucasian males who experienced high
levels of peer delinquency, depressive symptoms, and conflicted parent–child communication in childhood were more likely to
experience adjustment issues in early adulthood. For African American males, low academic achievement was important for predicting
adult adjustment, while low organization involvement uniquely predicted adult adjustment for Caucasian males. 相似文献
18.
Tiffany D. Joseph 《Race and social problems》2011,3(3):170-181
Immigration reform and the various costs associated with undocumented immigration have been in national headlines in the past
few years. The growth of Latinos as the US’ largest ethno-racial minority has sparked debates about the “browning” of the
United States and led to an increase in anti-immigrant discrimination. While some researchers have documented the effects
of racial discrimination on the mental health of ethno-racial minorities in the United States, less has explored how anti-immigrant
discrimination and undocumented status influence the mental and psychological well-being of Latino immigrants, more specifically
Brazilian immigrants, in the United States. Relying on data from in-depth interviews conducted with 49 Brazilian return migrants
who immigrated to the United States and subsequently returned to Brazil, this paper will examine how their experiences living
as racialized and primarily undocumented immigrants in the United States influenced their mental health. Specifically, I demonstrate
that respondents experienced ethno-racial and anti-immigrant discrimination and endured various challenges that had negative
implications for their mental health. This paper will also discuss additional factors that researchers should take into account
when examining immigrants’ mental health and the challenges immigrants encounter in a racialized society with increasing anti-immigrant
sentiment. 相似文献
19.
This paper explores predictors of young adults’ savings using propensity score analysis and logistic regression with separate,
longitudinal samples of whites and blacks aged 17–23 from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. We ask who saves among adolescents
and young adults and whether the likelihood of having a savings account and the amount saved in young adulthood can be predicted
by two factors: (1) having a savings account during adolescence and (2) having families who own assets. The majority of white
(90%) and black (64%) young adults had savings; however, blacks saved about 3% the amount saved by whites, suggesting that
young adults’ savings may be patterned after disparities in the distribution of assets and families may transfer a financial
advantage to young adults. Logistic regression results find that among whites, future orientation was a significant predictor
of having a savings account in young adulthood. A notable trend level finding was that white young adults were more likely
to have a savings account when they had a savings account as adolescents. Among blacks, academic achievement and household
size were significant predictors of having a savings account in young adulthood. If confirmed in future research, findings
suggest that Children’s Development Accounts may be one way to reduce racial disparities in savings by intervening at a young
age and providing universal accounts to improve savings across the life course. 相似文献
20.
Despite the large number of immigrants in Canada’s labor force, studies of immigrants to Canada have devoted insufficient
attention to how country of birth and race are related to job satisfaction. Using data from a general population telephone
survey of English-speaking workers in Toronto (n = 659), we investigate job satisfaction differences between white Canadian-born workers and immigrants born in the Caribbean,
the Philippines, South Asia, China, Portugal, the United States, and the UK. Each of the immigrant groups is racially homogenous,
and most of the groups are composed of (non-white) visible minorities. We find that the contrasts between Canadian-born whites
and workers born in the Philippines and China remain substantial, and statistically significant under one-tailed tests, after
age, gender, job type, income, job demands, job control, job support, workplace discrimination, job-related stress, and perceived
unfairness at work are all controlled. We argue that social comparison theory offers the most compelling explanation for the
persistence of group differences in job satisfaction after controls. 相似文献