重建农地自耕农所有制

文章指出农地集体所有制必然要求农地的平均分配 ,这不仅使农户经营规模狭小、地块细碎、劳动生产率低下 ,而且由于产权主体与边界不清 ,难以实现农地有效流转并激励农户投入的热情。而农地国有化会进一步疏远了农民与土地的关系 ,同时 ,运作的交易费用可能过高。因此 ,可供选择的农地制度应该是自耕农所有制。     

中国城乡交错区农地转用利益分配格局演进与启示

从集体土地所有权补偿和农民集体成员权退出两个维度剖析中国城乡交错区农地转用利益分配格局的演进过程,发现现行征地补偿水平高于农地农用条件下的土地所有权价值;一定程度上讲,农民已经享有了退出集体的权利。征地制度边际创新的优势在于降低改革阻力,但边际创新一旦抛开地价增值规律,很容易激发地方政府及农民产生土地财政幻觉和地价增值幻觉。长远地看,解决城乡交错区农地转用矛盾与冲突的关键,并非明确界定公共利益内涵、提高征地补偿标准、完善征地程序等技术环节,需要深刻反思的是土地所有权界定、集体土地用途过度管制等底层制度安排。     

The Practice and Reconstruction of Village Communal Ownership: An Analytical Framework for Collective Forest Tenure Disputes in China

As shown in the many disputes occurring in reforms to collective forest tenure, reforms aimed at clarifying property rights that follow the contract responsibility system for arable land are not wholly compatible with the informal system of property rights followed in village communities up to the present. This highlights the fact that the existing theory of collective property rights no longer provides a sufficient or effective interpretation of the property rights game in the practice of collective forest tenure. Further, the existing institutional arrangements for collective property rights are conducive neither to the resolution of disputes over forest tenure nor to the sustainable management and utilization of forest land. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more inclusive analytical framework for rural property rights: village communal ownership. This highlights the village community as the main force in the practice of property rights and integrates the communal ownership values accumulated and inherited in the course of village transition. The introduction of a rational mechanism developed through the practice of village communal ownership may be able to further improve and encourage the reform of rural property rights in China, leading to the construction of a modern system of rural property rights involving clear title to the land.     

The Practice and Reconstruction of Village Communal Ownership： An Analytical Framework for Collective Forest Tenure Disputes in China

中国集体林权制度改革实践中出现的诸多林权纠纷现象表明,仿效耕地承包制的明晰产权改革设计与村庄社区沿袭至今的非正式产权制度无法完全兼容,由此凸显的问题是：关于集体产权实践的既有理论已不足以对集体林权实践中展现出的产权博弈现象作出充分有效的解释。既有的集体产权制度安排,也不利于林权纠纷调处及林地的可持续经营利用。为此,有必要建构一种更具包容性的农村产权制度分析框架——村庄社区产权,以凸显村庄社区在产权实践中所具有的主体能动性,整合村庄变迁中积累传承的社区产权价值观。引入村庄社区产权实践中形成的合理机制,或许能够进一步完善和促进中国农村产权制度变革,进而建立产权明晰的现代农村产权制度。     

城乡一体化过程中农村土地制度创新

在市场经济条件下农村土地具有现代功能。因此,通过土地资本化,采取土地股份合作制的方式,可以形成农村土地资本与城市金融资本合理、良性的流动,打通农村土地市场与资本的对接通道,盘活农业部门的各种资产,维护农民土地集体所有权,保障农民土地的合法权益,推进城乡经济社会一体化发展。     

博弈论视角下的交通建设征地拆迁利益透视——基于广东H市的实证研究

文章基于对交通建设征地拆迁的实地调查,分析了各方利益主体参与利益博弈的基础,政府是基于其行政权,企业是基于其财权,村集体组织是基于其土地所有权,被征地拆迁农民是基于其土地使用权,探讨了征地拆迁各方利益主体形成利益关联体的过程,在这一关联体中充满了利益的统一和分歧,以期建立一整套长效机制解决因交通建设征地拆迁而引发的社会不稳定问题。     

A National Governance Perspective on the Transformation of Rural Property Rights: The Chinese Experience*

Property rights have multiple attributes, and these are correlated with national governance. In the West, property rights have the economic function of maximizing efficiency and the political function of rights protection, but in China, they also have a strong social character. With the modernization of national governance, these functions interact with and transform each other. When the state’s ability to supply public goods is relatively weak, property rights take on more of a social character, meeting public demand for welfare at the grassroots level. When the state is better able to provide public goods, the social function of property rights lessens as their economic function grows. The social character of property rights was the institutional foundation for China, as a huge agrarian state, to realize “governance through inaction,” and at the same time was the secret key that could break the code to the millennial continuity of Chinese agrarian civilization. Reforms including the collectivization of rural property rights after 1949, the “separation of two rights” (to collective ownership and household contracted land, with a focus on the latter), and the “separation of three rights,” (to collective ownership, household contracts and revitalized land management). These changes constitute a process in which the economic function of property rights has been growing while their social character has lessened under conditions of national governance modernization.     

农村土地流转进程中无地农民面临的困境及对策探析

土地承包期＂长久不变＂的本意是为农村土地流转顺利推进奠定权能基础,但此项政策在实际操作中却有可能固化村集体组织内的人均占地不均的现状,在农村缺乏有效的社会保障情况下,可能进一步加剧无地农民的生存困境。因此,需要理性对待并采取有效措施解决农村土地流转进程中的＂长久不变＂政策对无地农民造成的生存困难问题。在土地承包经营权流转中,通过强化无地农民享有特定的集体成员优先权,以及加大针对无地农民的社会保障体系的建设,可以有效化解农村现有的人均占地不均状况,使土地承包期＂长久不变＂的政策目标所蕴含的内在冲突得到有效化解。     

“混合地权”的制度分析及其实践逻辑——基于Z村村民小组的个案分析

本文通过“混合地权”的概念来解释中国农村土地产权的内在结构、关系和实施机制。借用制度分析方法指出,混合地权的制度系统包括财产权利、公共治理、社会关系和观念习俗等四个维度,它们是具有很强约束力的制度安排。通过对Z村村民小组的个案研究发现,不同维度的规则对混合地权的实施都产生了影响,共同决定了农地产权实施的过程和效果,使得地权实施呈现出不确定性规则的内在逻辑,陷入多重均衡和交易成本高的困境,且承包经营权和集体成员权之间的张力是根本性矛盾。个案研究还发现,农民的财产权利观念不断增强,家庭承包经营权得到了越来越多的农民认可。在经济社会转型中,应完善集体土地所有制的社会化治理机制,构建起一种平衡多方利益的现代农村土地产权制度。     

土地“新产权”的实践逻辑——对湖北S镇土地承包纠纷的学理阐释

本文根据湖北S镇的调查发现,土地承包纠纷的发生有着深刻的社会制度性原因。在三起土地纠纷中,农户的抗争依据不是来自现有的土地法权规定,而是来自前期制度形态所塑造的土地认知方式。祖业权、生存权和土地占有的平均主义诉求是这种土地认知的部分内容。这种土地认知与新产权的规定发生了冲突,以致基层政权无法有效地应对。因此,在现有的政治框架内,土地产权的变革需要虑及产权变革与社会制度之间的关联性。     

Ethnic Helping and Group Identity: A Study among Majority Group Children

Two vignette studies were conducted on children's evaluations of ethnic helping. In the first study, 272 native Dutch children (mean age = 10.7) evaluated a child who refused to help in an intra‐group context (Dutch–Dutch or Turkish–Turkish) or inter‐group context (Dutch–Turkish or Turkish–Dutch). Children evaluated not helping in intra‐group situations more negatively than not helping in inter‐group situations. This suggests that they applied a general moral norm of group loyalty that states that children should help peers of their own group. In the second study, 830 children (mean age = 10.7) read the same vignettes after their ethnic group membership was made salient. In the inter‐group contexts, children who strongly identified with their ethnic group evaluated an out‐group member not helping an in‐group member more negatively than vice versa. Thus, when ethnic identity was salient, children tended to focus more on group identity rather than on the principle of group loyalty.     

新中国农地制度的变迁分析与启示

基于分配冲突视角下的新制度变迁理论以及产权结构-行为选择-经济绩效分析框架,对新中国农地制度变迁的过程及其对经济绩效的影响进行分析,从历史经验的反思中得到如下对深化我国农地制度改革方向、方式有益的启示:其一,农地制度始终是影响我国农业经济绩效的核心因素,其中由农地产权决定的农业剩余分配问题是构建科学合理农地制度的核心;其二,国家须适当参与农业剩余分配,落实农民应有土地财产权益;其三,农地制度改革的价值目标需做次优选择,最大程度地释放提升资源分配效率的制度潜力;其四,控制制度变革的摩擦成本,引导农民内生的制度变革需求和认知选择。     

重庆市农村集体建设用地流转问题探讨

农村集体土地特别是集体建设用地流转问题,是制约我国农业融资与农村土地市场发育的重要因素。全国各地都在法律法规的框架下,积极探索集体建设用地流转的途径与方法。自重庆市获批设立全国统筹城乡综合配套改革试验区以来,其农业资本需求日益旺盛。通过分析集体建设用地流转的现状、动因与问题,提出应对建议,以期为其他农村土地市场发育滞后的地区提供借鉴。     

我国农村集体土地登记的作用与存在问题探析

农村集体土地登记是农村地籍管理的基础工作,是保护农民土地合法权益,促进集体土地流转,繁荣农村经济的重要手段。通过探讨我国农村集体土地登记的主要作用以及现行登记体系存在的不足,提出进一步完善集体土地登记制度的建议。     

Sex Differences in Preadolescents’ Attachment Strategies: Products of Harsh Environments or of Gender Identity?

We evaluated two hypotheses proposed to account for sex differences in preadolescents’ insecure attachment strategies (more avoidant for boys, more preoccupied for girls). The first hypothesis, rooted in life history theory, is that the sex differences develop among children who experience adverse environmental conditions (e.g., harsh parenting). The second hypothesis, grounded in gender self‐socialization theory, is that the sex differences develop among children who identify confidently with their gender collective. Data from an ethnically/racially diverse sample (443 girls, 420 boys; M age = 11.1 years) supported the second hypothesis: Sex differences were evident mainly among children who felt gender‐typical, were content with their gender, or felt pressure to avoid cross‐sex behavior. Further, sex differences were generally smaller rather than larger among children experiencing adverse environments.     

对我国土地行政管理体制的思考

目前中国正处在经济高速发展、城市化和工业化突飞猛进的时期，非农用地的需求不可避免将进一步增长。不仅国家粮食安全、生态安全、保证建设用地需求与耕地有关，其他一系列社会问题也在耕地转移的过程中反映出来。面对诸如此类的问题．土地行政管理如不能统筹各种关系，就会陷入顾此失彼的境地，一切症结也正在于此。这里主要谈一下“统筹城乡协调发展”和“统筹一要吃饭，二要建设”两个关键问题。     

国家政权建设与民国时期广州城市土地产权变迁(1911-1935)

本文从国家政权建设视角探讨民国时期广州城市土地产权的变迁。辛亥革命后,广东军政府通过政权更迭取得了承袭公有土地的合法性,并用法律规章明确划分出官产,以区别于私有产权。广州市政厅成立后,为了明确省、市政府在税收中的权限范围,提出“市产”之名,在市区范围的公有和共有性质的产业随之都被纳入“市产”的范围。通过铺底登记,市政府在一定程度上间接实现了对双重产权的管理。最后,政府通过设立土地局进行土地登记,以实现私有土地的产权确认,进而征收土地税。至此,现代国家政府与民众在土地事务上重新确立了契约关系,城市土地产权管理体系初步确立。     

当代中国第二代农民工的身份认同、情感与集体行动

本文基于一个工人的口述和笔者在深圳和东莞的田野调查资料,集中研究第二代农民工的自我认同、愤怒以及集体行动,并试图把第二代农民工的研究纳入马克思阶级形成的理论视野,将情感体验、身份认同等通常归属于认同政治的主题与生产方式、阶级结构等阶级分析的传统主题结合起来,以凸显认同政治研究在马克思阶级分析中的价值。农民工的身份认同问题源自生产关系,当在生产关系中的利益对立无法缓解和消除时,我们看到认同政治不仅不会遮掩生产关系中的矛盾和冲突,反而会因为在农民工那里所引发的主体分裂和负面情绪,直接成为激发集体行动的动员力量。     

"两个大局"构想与当代中国社会发展

邓小平汲取建国后我国社会经济均衡发展导致共同贫穷的经验教训 ,提出了“两个大局”的战略构想。根据这个战略构想 ,第二代中央领导集体采取特殊优惠政策 ,优先发展东部地区这个大局 ,从而推动我国东部沿海地区迅速发展。东部沿海地区迅速崛起 ,使我国经济实力大为增强 ,人民生活基本达到小康水平 ,为我国实施第二个大局的战略奠定了坚实的物质基础。世纪之交 ,第三代中央领导集体作出了开发大西部的战略决策 ,并取得一定成效。实施西部大开发 ,将会使我国东西部得到协调发展 ,最终实现共同富裕的目标。