Changes in Gender Structure During the Process of De-agriculturalization in Rural Areas South of the Changjiang River

I. BackgroundSince the 1980s China has been experiencing a rapid transformationin rural areas brought about by de-agriculturalization. Non-farm producein the rural areas in Jiangsu, a province with a high degree of deagriculturalization, accounted for 85% of the total social product of theseareas in 1995. In southern Jiangsu, e. g., Wuxi prefecture, the figurewas as high as 96. 1%. 1 Non-farm industries have replaced traditionalagriculture as the leading industries in rural areas.The proces…     

The Gender Dimension of Social Policy Reform in Turkey: Towards Equal Citizenship?

This article discusses the current social policy reform process in Turkey from a gender perspective. Until now, social security and labour regulations have provided women with special benefits and protections. Depending on the particular case, these gender‐specific policies can be interpreted differently – as positive discrimination, satisfying practical gender interests, or as a reinforcement of traditional gender norms and relations, stigmatizing women as a weaker, vulnerable group in need of special protection. Ongoing reform initiatives, however, neutralize most of these long‐lasting gendered policies, either by terminating rights formerly enjoyed only by women or by extending these rights to men as well. The article questions this changing nature of social policy as to whether it promises equal citizenship for women or increases their vulnerability, in the absence of former benefits and without sufficient policy measures for improved capability.     

Summary of a Symposium on "Sexuality and Gender in the Social Transformation of China

A symposium on"Sexuality and Gen-der in the Social Transformation of China,"sponsored by UNESCO Beijing Office,wasrecently organized jointly by the InternationalSocial Science Journal and Social Sciencesin China.Not limited to feminist scholars,over 20 participants were invited from vari-     

Gender composition and share of management: Tipping points in US workplaces, 1980–2005

This paper examines how concepts of gendered organizations, tokenism and the glass escalator affect women’s share of management. Specifically, we examine how the gender composition of workplaces affects women’s share of management in 195,534 workplaces using EEO-1 report data collected from the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission from 1980 until 2005. The EEO-1 data allow us to explore the effects of gender composition on women’s share of management net of labor market change, industrial change, organizational determinants, and changes in workplace segregation using workplace-level data. We draw on past research to identify potential composition levels—tipping points—in which women have more or less share of management. Our findings suggest that across all compositions, ranging from women comprising less than 15% to over 85% of the workplace, larger percentages of the non-management women are associated with greater shares of women in management. Findings offer little support for the glass escalators hypothesis extended to workplaces, but once further contextualized, the findings do suggest that workplaces are gendered in such a way that tokenism works differently for men and women. Thus, our paper adds to the body of research on gender composition and further illustrates the need to determine under which conditions these social processes operate.     

Gender,Racial, and Ethnic Disclosure in NIH K-Award Funded Diabetes and Obesity Clinical Trials∗

In 1993, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) passed The Revitalization Act (Subtitle B) which mandated that all NIH funded clinical trials have “appropriate representation” of minority and women subjects. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of the mandate by examining the reporting and inclusion of minority and female subjects into NIH K-Award funded clinical trials, addressing the minority predominant diagnoses of diabetes and clinical obesity. Using the CRISP search engine and PUBMED, we selected publications published by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) K-grant recipients during 1989–2004, associated with all the diabetes and obesity clinical trials. Studies were stratified into three timeline categories (1989–1993, pre-mandate; 1993–1996, post-mandate, and 1997–present, well past mandate) to evaluate trends in the recruiting of minorities and women before, during, and after the passing of the Revitalization Act. Of the 165 papers, only 37% disclosed race, a number that did not improve over time (p = .15), whereas 92% disclosed gender. Clinical trials that focused on females increased across the 3 timeframes (p < .001) for diabetes studies but not obesity studies. Overall, disclosure of race declined over the 3 timeframes whereas individually, the disclosure of African Americans improved.     

Rethinking the "Iron Girls:" Social Gender and Labor in the "Cultural Revolution"

Through studying the "iron girls" campaign during the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1976) this paper analyzes how state mobilization and administrative intervention influ-     

Gender Strategy in the Management of State-owned Enterprises and Women Workers' Dependence on the Enterprises─A Study of Women Workers in Two State-ownedEnterprises in Guangzhou beforeand after the Reform

I. Statement of the ProblemThe impact of the Chinese economic reform on women hasoccasioned increasing concern in academic circles. It has been noted thatthe differences between male and female workers in state-ownedenterprises have widened since the introduction of the reform, and thatthe inferiority of women is now more obvious (Feng Tongqing and XuXiaojun, 1993; Meng Xianfan, 1995). All these studies focus on the late1980s and analyze the general impact of the reform on women workers,bu…     

Do Marginalized Youth Experience Strengths in Strengths-Based Interventions? Unpacking Program Acceptability through Two Interventions for Sexual and Gender Minority Youth

ABSTRACT

Strengths-based interventions have potential to improve the wellbeing of sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY). This study examined the youth program acceptability of two strengths-based programs tailored for SGMY: ASSET (group counseling), and strengths first (SF) (care coordination). A mixed-methods approach was applied to secondary data extracted from client files (n = 247). Most participants were aged 15–18 (89%). Gender identities included woman (66%), man (30%), and transgender (<1%). Sexual orientations included bisexual (32%), lesbian (26%), gay (23%), and queer/pansexual (14%). Most participants identified as White, Hispanic (47%), Black, Non-Hispanic (17%), and Hispanic, No other race (19%). Program acceptability was measured using the 11-item Youth Acceptability and Strengths Scale. Quantitative analyses indicate program acceptability was high for SGMY participants and did not significantly differ across program type, gender identity, sexual orientation, or ethnoracial identity. There were no differences between strengths enhancement or client satisfaction between intervention types. Compared to group counseling, care coordination significantly increased problem-solving skills. Qualitative analysis identified that strengths-based interventions provided: (a) social support; (b) community; (c) confidence; and (d) positive mentors. Findings demonstrate the acceptability of strengths-based programming for SGMY. Strategies are provided to incorporate intervention program acceptability, yet future research is needed to explore youth acceptability.     

一个旅行的概念:Gender(社会性别)--以北欧、东欧和南美对Gender的翻译为例

本文以讨论"理论旅行"的理论为开端,进一步扩展到翻译研究中的有关论述,以期形成一种分析跨国女权主义的框架.其后,以在国际妇女运动中流传最广的女权主义概念gender(社会性别)为例,来看这一概念是如何在欧洲、南美通过翻译进行"旅行"的.通过勾画这些理论旅行的路线,来展示gender这一概念,是如何在不断被翻译和解释的过程中形成的.     

Gender effects for loss aversion: Yes,no, maybe?

Journal of Risk and Uncertainty - Gender effects in risk taking have attracted much attention by economists, and remain debated. Loss aversion—the stylized finding that a given loss carries...     

Gender Conflicts and the Limits of Political Democratization in the Early Years of the Republic:As Exemplified by the Proposal for Women Suffrage

Soon after the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 the Provisional Revolutionary Government was set up at Nanjing. Lin Zongsu, Tang Qunying and other woman revolutionaries submitted in March 1912 a proposal for woman suffrage to the Senate at Nanjing. The Senate turned down the motion, giving rise women petitioners' creating turmoil in the Senate. With the northward movement of the Provisional Senate, the center of the woman suffrage petition movement also shifted to Beijing. They once     

Bias at the Ballot Box? Testing Whether Candidates' Gender Affects Their Vote*

Objective. This study examines whether women's electoral fortunes in Australia have improved in line with changing social norms over the past century. We use new strategies to explore whether female candidates face discrimination by the voting public, or by political parties' preselection systems. Methods. Using data from all elections to the House of Representatives between 1903 and 2004, we examine the relationship between candidates' gender and their share of the vote. We consider the electoral performances of female independent candidates, female incumbents, and female candidates from the Australian Labor Party (after 2001) in order to determine whether the bias against female candidates is driven by voters or preselectors. We also make use of gender pay gap and attitudinal data to examine how the ballot box penalty has shifted in line with changing social norms. Results. We find that the vote share of female candidates is 0.6 percentage points smaller than that of male candidates (for major parties, the gap widens to 1.5 percentage points), but find little evidence that the party preselection system is responsible for the voting bias against women. Over time, the gap between male and female candidates has shrunk considerably as a result of changes in social norms (as proxied by the gender pay gap and attitudinal data) and the share of female candidates running nationwide. Conclusions. A statistically significant gender penalty has been a consistent feature of Australian federal elections since 1903. The penalty against female candidates has narrowed since the 1980s, and this bias lies with the voting public rather than with the political parties themselves. We find little evidence that party‐based affirmative action policies have reduced the gender penalty against female candidates.     

Gender and health among older people: What is the role of social policies?

The study investigated how social policies moderate the association between gender and health among older people across European countries. The study is the first to take a comprehensive view on the role of social policies in connection with gender inequality in health among older Europeans. The association between gender and poor self‐rated health and limiting long‐standing illness was investigated in a multilevel framework. Cross‐level interaction effects showed that more generous minimum pensions, higher spending on eldercare and a higher degree of eldercare formalisation are associated with relatively better health among women, while more generous standard pensions are associated with relatively better health among men. The conclusion is that policies directed towards older people are not gender neutral; rather they are likely to affect men and women differently. By shaping the distribution of resources as well as of unpaid work, social policies can contribute to either strengthening or weakening the link between gender and health.     

What's in a Name? ‘Work and Family’ or ‘Work and Life’ Balance Policies in the UK since 1997 and the Implications for the Pursuit of Gender Equality

Since 1997, Labour has developed a wide range of policies on childcare services, care leaves and flexible working hours. In 2000, the term ‘work‐life balance’ was introduced and has been used by Government Departments and by the academic community with very little discussion of its meaning vis à vis the use of ‘family‐friendly’ policies, or the promotion of ‘work and family balance’. We explore the introduction of the term work‐life balance, the reasons for it, and its significance at the policy level, especially in terms of its implications for the pursuit of gender equality. We find that at the policy level, its use was more a matter of strategic framing than substantive change. Nevertheless, because of the UK Government's largely gender‐neutral approach to the whole policy field, it is important to make explicit the tensions in the continuing use of the term work‐life balance, particularly in relation to the achievement of gender equality.     

Gender and Health Inequalities: What Are They and What Can We Do About Them?

The subject of gender and health inequalities is contested territory in health policy, research and practice. Yet there is a dominant approach which I describe as a form of technocratic rationality. Its application imposes significant limitations because it represents the problem of gender and health in terms of measurable sex differences in relation to health service access and health outcomes. In doing so, it fails to address and explain the social dynamics that generate the problem. I propose an alternative approach that originates in Australian women's health policies of the 1980s. These emphasised the inequalities between men's and women's participation in mainstream health policy, planning, management and delivery of services, and women's concomitant marginalisation. Recent sociological study offers support for this perspective suggesting that the endogenous organisational dynamics (or logics) within public health institutions provide a better way of understanding what the problem of gender inequalities in health is, and how we might fix it.     

Long-term Trends in Changes in the Returns to Schooling in China's Urban Areas

本文利用抽样调查数据对1990-1999年期间我国城镇的个人教育收益率的动态变化进行了经验估计,从中发现个人教育收益率是逐年上升的,而且个人教育收益率是递增的。通过估计教育对个人收入增长的直接效应,提示了教育对收入增长的影响作用在很大程度上是通过就业途径的选择来实现的。     

Historiography in China in the Last Fifty Years

从学风不变、话语系统转换、史观派与史料派地位的浮沉诸角度看,近50年来的中国历史学大体上可区分为两个段落,这就是前40年和后10年。前40年间的历史学,可以看作是马克思主义历史话语从占据主流地位到这个"主流地位受到了一定的削弱"的过程;而初步进入一个以国学复兴重光为基本背景的多元离散的时期,则可能是近十几年来历史学的整体趋向。半个世纪以来的史学史表明:唯物史观派和史料考订派在宏观与微观两个方面同时构成了当代史学发展的两种动力,厚此薄彼或厚彼薄此均不可取。作为既努力兼取两派所长又努力扬弃两派所短的第三支力量,以社会经济史研究者为代表的会通派的出现,则可能意味着从传统史学向现代史学长达一个世纪转型过程的终结。     

Sino-US Cooperation Institute in Literatures and in History

The wartime transnational military intelligence cooperation organization, abbreviated as "Sino-US Cooperation Institute," has long been widely known as the synonym of "America and Jiang Jieshi's crimes." The "White Mansion" and "Dreg     

Changes in Land Cultivation in China in Recent Years and Medium-term Development Trends

I.ThePresentConditionofFarmlandResourcesinChina1.CurrentlandcultivationconditionsAccordingtotheinitialconsolidateddatafromadetailednationalsurveyofthecurrentstatusoflandnationwide(hereafter,"detailedsurvey"),Chinahad2.O16billionmu(atraditionalChineseunitofarea,15mu=1hectare)ofcultivatedlandattheend0f1990.Thisfigurewasobtainedbypoolingtheinformationavailablefromdetailedsurveysconductedineveryc0untyinChinaovertheprevious10years.Furtherinvestigations,acensusandananalysisofchangesinlallduseacr…