城市化中失地农民空间感知与身份认同——以西安城乡结合部被动失地农民为例

以西安4个代表性的城乡结合部为个案,透视城市化进程失地农民的空间感知与身份认同的关系,发现失地农民身份认同危机主要是城乡结合部空间失序所导致的,重构失地农民的身份认同,关键在于调整城乡结合部的社会空间秩序。     

Spatial Analysis of Changes in the Number of Farms During the Farm Crisis*

Abstract This analysis reexamines factors affecting farm change during the Farm Crisis using spatial analysis techniques to identify important spatial factors and correct for spatial autocorrelation. Results indicate the importance of indicators of farm structure, percent of prime farmland, and state‐level processes in predicting changes in the number of farms. The findings also suggest a spatially‐dependent process: counties near each other in space experienced similar types and rates of change in the number of farms. Reasons for the effects of geographic proximity are explored.     

西方居住隔离理论:发展历程与现实启示

自恩格斯首次揭示不同群体的居住隔离状态以来,西方社会学经济学等相关学科先后形成了三种不同取向的居住隔离理论,即强调不同人群空间分离的人文区位学居住分异理论,强调住宅更替规律的住房过滤理论,以及强调住宅阶级的新都市社会学居住隔离理论。这些理论共同提醒人们,在当代中国的城镇发展和住房建设中,必须有效预防居住空间隔离,阻止不同社会群体和阶层之间的隔离和对抗。     

The Spatial Distribution of Poverty and the Long Reach of the Industrial Makeup of Places: New Evidence on Spatial and Temporal Regimes

A wealth of research identifies industrial structure as a central correlate of place‐level poverty and suggests that changes in and the clustering of industry contribute to the spatial clustering of poverty over time. However, few studies have investigated the spatial and temporal dimensions simultaneously, and none have effectively examined spatiotemporal interactions. Consequently, a core tenet of theory on poverty in place has not been adequately examined. To address this limitation, we explicitly test hypotheses about systematic variation in the poverty‐industry relationship over time and across space using a new method to quantify dynamic associations by simultaneously accounting for spatial and temporal autocorrelation and relationship heterogeneity. The Upper Midwest is our study site given dramatic regional changes in dominant industries (i.e., manufacturing, services, and agriculture) and poverty during the past several decades. We find that the specific character of the poverty‐industry relationship systematically varies along both the temporal and spatial dimensions: Industry is more protective in certain periods than in others according to sector trends, and is more protective in certain places than others conditional on sector dependence. Our approach yields a more precise and reliable understanding of the effect of the long reach of local industrial structure on the spatial clustering of poverty.     

What Causes the Regional Disparity of FDI in Russia? A Spatial Analysis

We analyse the determinants of the regional disparity of FDI inflows to Russia. The spatial distribution of FDI is attributed to regional and/or trans-regional factors. Region specific characteristics such as wage, education level, transportation as well as gross regional product, which accounts for market size, in host and alternative regions are considered to analyze the spatial interaction between regions employing spatial econometrics. We find that shocks to FDI levels in proximate regions have no effect on FDI inflows to hosts. However, FDI in a region depends on spatial market size and endowment of natural resources in alternative host regions.     

广州城市空间结构演变下的住区分布研究

以广州城市空间结构演变为背景,从经济学上探讨住区分布的形成原因与演变趋势,并结合广州城市发展的实际情况,寻求可行的住区分布优化调整措施,进而起到促进城市空间结构的优化并推动城市经济发展的作用。     

Participatory Art as a Social Practice of Commoning to Reinvent the Right to the City

The right to the city is a concept that helps rethink spatial–social dynamics, which has recently reinvigorated the field of organization studies. Following Lefebvre and considering the failure of both the market and the state, other scholars pinpoint the need to rethink social–spatial and geographical–historical relations. They do so by theorizing the city as a host for urban commons. Collective and non-commodified, these spatial–social experiences need to be constantly reproduced and preserved through commoning practices in the struggle against spatial injustice. A case study shows that a civil society organization (CSO) uses participatory art to (re)produce urban commons at the level of a local community and to redress partially spatial injustice. We theorize participatory art-making as a social practice of commoning, i.e., a process of organizing for the commons—collective art-based activities to serve a community—and of the common—to (re)produce a community while performing them. Such commoning practices are not only about sharing urban resources but also about using and experiencing differently urban spaces. By making participatory artworks in public spaces and co-designing street furniture with residents of poor areas, TDA helps to better cope with the tensions between residents and local authorities and between amateurs and professional artists. By negotiating the long-term implementation of these creative artworks in the public space with public authorities, TDA has fostered the empowerment of inhabitants as they have experienced citizens’ reappropriation of some public spaces in Marseille.     

Residential mobility and the spatial dispersion of personal networks: Effects on social support

Using a representative national sample of personal networks, this article explores how the spatial dispersion of networks, residential mobility and social support are linked. Three issues will be addressed here. Firstly, how is the spatial dispersion of personal networks related to individuals’ social characteristics, network composition and residential mobility? Secondly, how do the spatial dispersion of networks, residential mobility and their combined effect influence the number and (thirdly) the structure of emotional support ties? Results showed that the extent of the support was affected neither by the geographical distribution of the networks nor by residential mobility. Living far from one's birthplace, however, exerted two distinct, and opposite effects on the support network structure. On the one hand, mobility led to high spatial dispersion of personal contacts, which in turn favored a sparsely knit network centered around the mobile individual. On the other hand, by controlling for the effect of distance between the contacts, we found that individuals that cited long-distance ties tended to be part of more transitive support networks than those that cited local ties. We interpreted the latter effect as evidence that transitive ties may survive greater spatial distances than intransitive ones. These findings are discussed in view of spatial mobility and social network research.     

Debating Spatial Governance in the Pluralistic Institutional and Legal Setting of Bali

This paper analyses controversies over law-making processes on spatial planning in Bali, Indonesia. Rapid development of the tourism industry and concerns over environmental sustainability and commodification of culture gave rise to heated debates over the province's spatial planning regulation. The analysis focuses on the legally and institutionally plural character of Bali, and thus is not confined to the state legal regime. As in many other developing countries, customary and religious legal regimes co-determine how spatial planning is dealt with legally and institutionally. State law itself may be plural because of different interests represented through it at various levels of governance. A broader discussion is needed of this complex legal and institutional setting about which concepts of space and whose interests in space are represented through the various legal repertoires in the process of developing a spatial planning regime.     

转型关键期上海优化人口空间结构的政策建议

上海城市人口空间分布的驱动机制应由人口快速增长阶段的"土地-交通"导向逐渐转变为稳定增长期的"产业-环境"导向;相应促进人口空间分布优化的政策机制应从"政府-基础设置-人口"向"政府-产业功能-基础设置-人口"转变,以就业人口为核心制定综合性的人口分布优化政策,推动形成合理的城市人口布局体系。     

广州生活性服务业空间分布、成因与城市空间结构发展

本文基于广州第二次经济普查中七类生活性服务行业就业人员数据,运用集中化指数、区位商和空间分析法对广州2008年生活性服务业空间分布进行研究。研究结果表明:广州生活性服务业主要集中在CBD,呈圈层蔓延至近郊,并在远郊城市副中心集聚,已经形成"一主五次"的生活性服务业空间结构,与广州城市空间布局现状和规划具有相似性;影响生活性服务业在广州城市空间分布的因素主要是人口、政府所在地和商业发展水平三因素;生活性服务业发展有力地促进城市中心蔓延,但对多中心城市发展的影响还不强。     

Cities, material flows and the geography of spatial interaction: urban places in the system of chains

The emerging discourses on world cities and Global Commodity Chains are valuable spatial frameworks for conceptualizing globalization and its spatial consequences. However, both discourses have one thing in common: they neglect the territorial and thus physical dimension of global flows. Hence, in this article I take the perspective of material flows to reconnect the discourses on cities and chains. I aim to clarify the role of urban places and their ability to attract, manage and redirect flows in such networks. I do so by re-examining classical concepts of spatial interaction and reorganization in human geography, with particular reference to centrality and intermediacy. The case of seaports and port cities is further explored to demonstrate the concrete conflicts and opportunities that arise with chain developments and insertion. To determine the relative position of places with regard to global chains and flows, Sheppard's concept of 'positionality' is discussed.     

Measures of Spatial Segregation

The measurement of residential segregation patterns and trends has been limited by a reliance on segregation measures that do not appropriately take into account the spatial patterning of population distributions. In this paper we define a general approach to measuring spatial segregation among multiple population groups. This general approach allows researchers to specify any theoretically based definition of spatial proximity desired in computing segregation measures. Based on this general approach, we develop a general spatial exposure/isolation index (̃*), and a set of general multigroup spatial evenness/clustering indices: a spatial information theory index (̃), a spatial relative diversity index (̃), and a spatial dissimilarity index (̃). We review these and previously proposed spatial segregation indices against a set of eight desirable properties of spatial segregation indices. We conclude that the spatial exposure/isolation index ̃*—which can be interpreted as a measure of the average composition of individuals' local spatial environments—and the spatial information theory index ̃—which can be interpreted as a measure of the variation in the diversity of the local spatial environments of each individual—are the most conceptually and mathematically satisfactory of the proposed spatial indices.     

1990年之后东京大城市圈的空间重构

本文探讨了1990年以来东京大城市圈空间扩展与变迁以及全球化对东京的影响。全球化对城市空间的重构有很大影响,经济全球化背景下,资本流动、劳动力转移、产业结构变化等因素是影响城市空间重构的主要要素。因此,需要从全球化的视角审视城市发展。     

Putting "Space" on the Agenda of Sociocultural Research

The global rescaling of the world, culture, and education has influenced how people experience their situationality, meaning-making, and learning in relation to the Other. This article explores the implications of spatial analysis for rethinking education in new conditions of cultural complexity. The experience of living and learning with difference is conceptualized as an open journey in which the very act of movement across spatial boundaries unlocks the fixity of meanings and identities and, hence, problematizes the spatial logic of bounded learning places. Explicating the tension between fixity and mobility, boundedness and flows, this article deploys the concepts of cultural-semiotic space, scale, and boundary to theorize locations of learning and meaning-making in new times.     

Immigration and the Wages of Native Workers: Spatial versus Occupational Approaches

Using data from the Current Population Survey, we study the impact of the increasing proportion of immigrants on the wages of native workers. Two different approaches are contrasted. The most common method has been the spatial approach that uses some geographic unit of analysis to investigate the multivariate association between the proportion of immigrants and the wages of native workers. Previous studies using the spatial approach have generally found little evidence of a significant negative effect. We propose, however, a contrasting method that represents an occupational approach in which occupations are the unit of analysis to investigate the impact of the proportion immigrant. This occupational approach avoids the bias that is inherent in the spatial approach due to the endogenous nature of immigrants' decisions about where to reside and the economic opportunities of local areas. In contrast to the spatial approach, our results using the same data but employing the occupational approach yield consistently negative net effects of the proportion immigrant on the wages of native workers during the period from 1994 to 2006.     

The geography of the Afrikaner Broederbond in Namibia

The power and influence of the Afrikaner Broederbond in the Southern African political sphere has been analysed and assessed in a non‐spatial context. However, it is only when the spatial distribution of the organisation is revealed that the full dimension of its power may be interpreted in the unfolding political struggles within the subcontinent. This paper furnishes a ‘synoptic’ examination of the geography of the Afrikaner Broederbond in Namibia.     

轨道交通建设对苏州商业空间结构的影响研究

文章通过分析苏州商业空间的演变历程和轨道交通建设对苏州商业空间发展可能带来的影响,阐述了未来苏州商业空间结构将经历点状扩散、带形发展、连接成片三个阶段的演变趋势,并提出了苏州建设有序商业空间结构的具体策略,为苏州轨道交通与商业空间建设提供理论依据和决策参考。     

A phonological study of the spatial diffusion of urban linguistic forms to the varieties of the Nile Delta1

This paper investigates the possible spatial diffusion of linguistic urban features into the areas traditionally dominated by rural varieties of Egyptian Arabic in the Nile Delta. In the last fifty years, this area has experienced enormous changes in terms of spatial mobility, education levels, patterns of socialization and consumption, and exposure to the media. These modifications have diverse effects on the linguistic varieties of previously more isolated rural speech communities and may promote the diffusion of the urban variety. Focusing on two phonological variables, this study will attempt to outline the dynamics of diffusion and retention in two locations through the analysis of 27 sociolinguistic interviews issued from a larger fieldwork study carried out in the Governorate of al?arqijja in 2007–2008.