Cultural and Other Barriers to Motion Pictures Trade

The global success of the American film industry facing rising costs of production, foreign protectionism, and liberal trade policies at home is an enigma. The basis for American dominance is found in market size and structure. In turn, market characteristics and microdata explain protectionist strategies—leading to a complex gravity-iceberg model of U.S. exports. Besides purchasing power and spatial distance, cultural variables as well as protectionist strategies are important influences on U.S. motion pictures trade. Competitors nonetheless fail to match the magical American combination of movie stars, economies of scale, and popularity of English speech.     

Trade Liberalization and Child Labor: A Case Study of Pakistan

The boom in industrial sector has lead to many problems and child labor is no exception. This study explores the linkages between trade liberalization and child labor both in short and long-run. The results suggest that GDP per capita and income inequality increase the child labor in the long-run but these results disappear in short-run. The study also finds that income inequality has positive and significant impact on child labor. Our findings also support that trade openness along with trade sanctions (imposed by the developed countries) are associated with the reduction in child labor in Pakistan.     

Beyond Tariffs: The Role of Non‐Tariff Barriers in Dairy Trade in the East African Community Free Trade Area

This study used a spatial equilibrium modelling approach to quantify the relative welfare impacts of eliminating tariffs and non‐tariff barriers on trade in dairy products among East African Community (EAC) member countries. The results indicated that removing tariffs only would not produce any significant welfare improvements unless it was accompanied by trade‐enhancing measures such as reductions in non‐tariff barriers and transport costs. In the current modelling framework, net welfare gains were higher in relatively lower‐income countries like Burundi than in higher‐income countries like Kenya. This indicates that reductions in trade costs may reduce regional imbalances in the EAC.     

Deregulation and Liberalization of European Air Transport Markets

This paper is concerned with the remaining limitations to full interoperability within the European Union (EU) air transport market. Twenty years ago the European air transport network was fragmented, with airlines being treated as public entities designed to serve largely national interests. Considerable progress has been made in recent years, notably the three 'Packages' of EU legislation, to remove such barriers. The situation still differs in several ways from the almost totally free market that has been in place in the USA since the 1980s but, within the EU, fares and market entry are independent of national frontiers. Some barriers remain, largely legacy effects that are gradually being tidied up, but with some significant matters concerning routes outside of the EU and capacity constraints relating to the still largely publicly provided infrastructure still needing resolution.     

Higher Education and Religious Liberalization among Young Adults

Going to college has long been assumed to liberalize students' religious beliefs. Using longitudinal data from the National Survey of Youth and Religion, we compare change in the content of religious beliefs of those who do and do not attend college. We find that, in general, college students are no more likely to develop liberal religious beliefs than nonstudents. In some cases, collegians actually appear more likely to retain their initial beliefs. Change in religious beliefs appears instead to be more strongly associated with network effects. These findings indicate that college's effect on students' religious beliefs is both weak and fragmented, and suggest that the multiplicity of social worlds on college campuses may help to sustain religious beliefs as well as religious practice and commitment.     

Barriers to HIV Education and Prevention

Several researchers have identified a connection between unresolved childhood sexual trauma and the abuse survivor's increased risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. As a result of these studies, educators are encouraged to look at why the adult survivor population is not being affected by existing prevention efforts. The following discussion examines several prevention strategies based on cognitive, behavioral, or affective focus. Particular attention is given to describing how these programs do not adequately address the self-defeating behaviors and emotional distress of many sexual abuse survivors. The authors present a review of the emerging research delineating the connection between childhood sexual abuse and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and offer recommendations regarding the implications of these findings.     

Barriers to achieving health

The morbidities that affect children who have limited access to health care and who are at risk of failing to reach their optimum health and potential are as much the result of social circumstances as they are the result of an inaccessible health care system. Children growing up in poverty encounter many obstacles that prevent them from seeking or receiving the services of one of the most sophisticated health care industries in the world. A combination of financial barriers, hurdles of distance, inappropriate hours, fragmented and impersonal services, the absence of outreach and follow-up, and cultural differences deprive children of needed services.     

Barriers to Marital Infidelity

This study used a qualitative approach as a means of exploring barriers to marital infidelity. There has been a substantial amount of research on marital infidelity in recent years, but there is no significant empirical research that looks at protective factors that act as a barrier to keep the marital relationship safe from marital infidelity. This study focused on establishing themes that represent opportunities to have a marital affair, as well as identifying protective factors that act as a barrier to marital infidelity. Semi-structured interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis, a process for encoding qualitative information (Boyatzis) served to identify themes and categories from the recorded participant experiences. Three themes emerged that represent an opportunity to have a marital affair and three themes emerged as barriers to marital infidelity. Opportunities to have a marital affair were represented by direct attempts, flirtatious behavior, and establishing emotional intimacy. Finally, the barriers to marital infidelity were love, religious values and commitment, and communication. Clinical implications are discussed, as well as the limitations of the current study.     

Barriers and Prompts to Parent-Child Sexual Communication

One key resource for improving sexual health outcomes for young people is parent-child sexual communication, but researchers have yet to explore what prompts these conversations, and detailed research into the barriers of these conversations is lacking. This study aims to explicate what prompts these conversations and what prevents them from happening more often. A nationally representative, random sample of U.S. mothers and fathers was surveyed (N = 186). Participants reported that thinking their child is too young, regardless of the child’s age, was a major communication barrier, while communication self-efficacy and perceived value in sexual communication were associated with more communication. Sexual communication was often prompted by the child, or the parent deciding the child was “old enough,” and was rarely prompted by a family member or healthcare provider. Implications for improving parent-child sexual communication are discussed.     

Evaluating the Economic Impact of Casino Liberalization in Macao

This paper aims to evaluate the economic impact after Macao decided to liberalize its gaming industry. By analysing both objective data of official statistics and subjective data of the perceptions of quality of life, we painted a picture of mixed blessings. Although objective indicators showed strong economic growth in terms of a rise in per capita GDP and public revenue as well as a decline in unemployment rate, subjective indicators revealed that local residents were less than optimistic about their own employment outlook and did not perceive any improvement in their overall economic situation. While casino liberalization brought forth tremendous economic gain, the general population did not subjectively feel the benefits. An integrative analysis of both objective and subjective indicators would therefore allow us to look closer how residents?? lives in the micro-level could have been adversely affected by the prosperous economic outlook at the macro-level.     

Trade Networks, Trade Blocs, and Hegemortic Conflict

Most structural analyses of the world system have focused on distinguishing the core from the periphery and semiperiphery. This article extends the structural approach by identifying blocs and groupings in the world market. A network analysis of trade among the 102 countries with 1990 trade of U.S. $2 billion or more finds that the United States, Japan, and Germany are by far the most important countries in the trade network. The U.S. and Japanese trade blocs are highly overlapped, while the German trade bloc is largely separate. The 1990 trade patterns suggest the potential for, and possible shape of, increased trade conflict between rival world powers.     

沙特军贸补偿贸易及其前景

沙特是中东军火贸易大国,每年都从发达国家进口大量高科技武器装备.为推动本国工业化进程和国际军火贸易买方市场的逐渐形成,沙特已不满足现货采购,从20世纪60年代始,采取灵活的军贸补偿贸易方式,以促进国民经济的整体发展.     

Addressing Barriers to University-Community Collaboration

Abstract

University-community partnerships, and COPC programs in particular, offer important opportunities for traditionally segregated groups to work together in collaborative relationships. The challenge of bringing people who possess distinct differences in background and social power together is a long-standing issue. Class, status, and organizational differences may impede collaboration. This article discusses the history of COPC as social policy and reviews an evaluation report of successful community-university partnerships. Drawing from the community organizing literature in sociology and social work, this article suggests community organizing methods that address structural obstacles to collaborative work. Especially in COPC programs characterized by multiple interactions, it is the community based organization (CBO) which has greatest facility to equalize the playing field between disparate groups. The role of community organizers in CBOs is to acknowledge and disrupt the structural inequalities inherent in these relationships. The community organizer must resist the role of expert or buffer between the community and university and instead strive toward authentic collaboration.     

Barriers to Birth Control Knowledge

This title may appear incongruous in a country such as Australia which is reputed to have the highest incidence of oral contraception intake in the world. The writer has found, however, in the course of participating in the establishing of three different family-planning clinics, that barriers do exist to both the spread of knowledge and the provision of family planning. These barriers can be either easily identified or largely hidden and will be discussed below.     

Sex Guilt and Culture-Linked Barriers to Testicular Examinations

ABSTRACT

This study explored the role of sex guilt in the relationship between culture and testicular self-examination (TSE) and physician testicular examination (PTE) in Euro-Canadian and Chinese men. Euro-Canadian (n = 42) and Chinese (n = 77) male university students completed online questionnaires. Euro-Canadian men were more likely to have had TSE and PTE than Chinese men. Sex guilt was higher in Chinese men. Sex guilt mediated the relationship between ethnicity and PTE but not the relationship between ethnicity and TSE. Among the Chinese men, sex guilt mediated the relationship between Westernization and PTE but not between Westernization and TSE.