单亲家庭贫困问题

本文通过对南京市部分单亲家庭的调查 ,认为单亲家庭尤其是以女性为户长的单亲家庭中贫困化比率是相当高的 ,造成这一现象的原因是改革开放以来体制转换结构调整 ,以及以女性为户主的单亲家庭的利益在现行婚姻法律中没有得到充分体现和维护。中国在发展新的社会援助制度过程中 ,应借鉴世界其他国家的经验 ,为贫困家庭提供帮助。     

泰国的城市贫困问题

泰国的城市贫困问题【泰〕Ｓ．拉坦克默特文章论述４个问题：（１）城市贫困的特点；（２）城市劳动力特点；（３）贫困与基本需求；（４）发展战略与政策。到目前为止，泰国还没有一部内容广泛的减轻城市贫困的规则。自１９８２年开始的“５年发展计划”始，政府一直在贯...     

印度的城市贫困问题

印度的城市贫困问题［印］Ｏ．Ｐ．马瑟最近２０年来，印度贫困现象的发生有所下降，即使在劳动力就业状况非常不景气的情况下，这种下降也是明显的，城市贫困发生率下降的趋势引出许多重要问题：１．贫困的意义和测定方法；２．与贫困和收入的增加和分配之间的关系有关的...     

城市“新单亲家庭”

所谓单亲家庭是指由于父母一方去世或双方离异而造成的子女和父母单方共同生活的家庭模式。目前 ,我国城市出现了一种新型的单亲家庭 ,即由于各种原因 ,父母一方（通常是父亲）长期离家在外 ,由另一方（通常是母亲）和子女居家生活 ,形成了与单亲家庭实际类似的家庭生活方式。这一现象的出现 ,主要受以下因素的影响 :一、市场经济的广泛推行 ,使得跨区域的经济活动、社会活动日趋频繁 ,促使社会流动增加。哪里有市场 ,哪里有机遇 ,哪里有财源 ,人们就往哪里去。人们为获取较高的经济收入 ,不得不放弃守家在地、安乐平和的团圆日子 ,而去异地…     

类单亲家庭教育问题探究

类单亲家庭教育问题因其隐性存在结果可能更为严重。家庭社会学校应该加强合作减少类单亲家庭的不良影响。针对比较常见的教育问题,可以从举办家长学校、净化社会文化、教会孩子交往等方面入手,培养身心健康的孩子,尽量不让家长的职业因素和生活状态影响到孩子的发展。     

关于单亲家庭子女教育问题的研究

在婚姻家庭中,夫妻一方丧偶,自然是不可避免的。然而,人为的半路“分道扬镳”,也在不断出现。尤其是近年来,由于种种原因,年轻夫妻中途离异,导致家庭破裂的事例日渐增多,由此而来的是无数失去父爱或母爱的孩子,正受着支离破碎的家庭教育,成为人们十分关注的社会问题之一。无可否认,单亲家庭子女的教育,毕竟不同于一般的家庭,它是一种在特殊环境中进行的。由此,孩子们的心理究竟发生了哪些变化?如何把对他们的不利影响控制在最低限度,积极地“荒年保苗”?这就是本文诚挚地向单亲家庭的父亲们或母亲们提出的、需要冷静思考的重要课题。一、单亲家庭的不利因素及对子女的影响     

城市贫困的延续性研究

城市贫困在我国城市已经突显出来,并可能在已有的贫困者和贫困家庭中延续。本文通过贫困家庭主体成员的工作情况来分析贫困代内滞留的可能性,通过他们对子女教育的态度来分析贫困代际传递的可能性,从而了解城市贫困的代内和代际的延续性。为改变贫困家庭的现状,要注重向贫困家庭提供机会,对贫困家庭子女的教育给予必要的救助。     

当前中国城市扶贫工作中的贫困界定问题

科学、合理地界定城市贫困,是开展城市扶贫工作的前提。如果仅从字面上理解,城市贫困应当是指发生在城市区域内的各种贫困现象,凡是在城市区域内生活困难的人群,都应该是城市扶贫工作的对象。但是,目前在实际的扶贫工作中,对于城市贫困的界定还存在着各种各样的问题。     

女户主单亲家庭的社会支持问题

女户主单亲家庭在离婚时 ,由于在财产分割上多数处于劣势 ,其经济资源受到严重剥夺 ;文化歧视加剧了女性身心负担和精神压力 ;在社会支持网中 ,女性明显低于男性。因而 ,女户主单亲家庭亟须社会的关注和支持。     

中国城市的亚贫困群体

我国的贫困问题在1990年代以前(尤其是改革开放以前)主要是农村贫困。但是1990年代以来,随着我国城市下岗工人的大量出现,城市贫困近年来逐渐成为学术界关注的热点。而党和政府致力于解决贫困问题的重大举措之一——城市居民最低生活保障制度(以下简称低保制度)的实施,又使得近年来对城市贫困问题的研究往往和低保制度结合在一起。关于目前我国的贫困线贫困有绝对贫困和相对贫困两种说法。先算出维持基本生理功能所需要的营养量,然后将这些营养量转换为食物的数量,再根据市价算出相等的金额,这就     

The Single-Parent Family in Australia: An Overview

Studies of single-parent families in Australia are reviewed and statistical trends related to this type of family pattern are discussed. It is quite evident that family sociology has paid little attention to this growing population in Australia. The categories reviewed include single parents, unmarried mothers, widows, deserted wives and the families of prisoners.     

The Effects of Knowledge about Poverty,Exposure to Poverty and Trust on Policymakers’ Perceptions about Poverty

This article explores two questions: (1) Does knowledge about poverty and exposure to poverty affect the perceptions of policymakers about how to deal with the problem? (2) Does policymakers’ trust in members of society affect their perceptions regarding ways of dealing with poverty? Based on interviewees with 103 policymakers in Israel, the findings reveal that knowledge about poverty and trust in the members of society have an effect on policy perceptions. The result may have a theoretical contribution to the policy theory at the individual level and practical implications for policy entrepreneurs.     

Anti‐Poverty Family Policies in China: A Critical Evaluation

Despite its rapid economic growth, China remains a developing country facing serious challenges of poverty and inequality. This article examines the development and effectiveness of China's primary anti‐poverty family policy, the Minimum Living Standard Assurance (MLSA, or Dibao). Using rich administrative data and building on the existing literature, this article provides a critical evaluation of MLSA's benefit generosity, coverage, targeting, and anti‐poverty effectiveness. To help reinforce MLSA's anti‐poverty impacts, local governments in recent years have implemented a series of supplementary policies and programs, including health, education, housing, and work support programs. This article also provides an assessment of these supplementary policies and programs and draws policy implications for the ongoing expansion of the Chinese government's anti‐poverty efforts.     

日本家庭变迁与老年人问题

在人类迈入21世纪的今天,人口老龄化、老年人问题正成为世界关注的焦点之一。老年人问题,不仅是简单的人口结构问题,而且还是一个复杂的社会性问题。在不同国家,由于人口数量、经济发展水平及社会文化条件的不同,老年人问题在社会各个层面所反映的强弱也不尽一致。自20世纪70年代初以来,日本开始步入老龄化社会,老年人问题日趋突出。由于具有东方特色的传统文化影响,无论是在现实生活中还是在有关社会保障制度上,日本的老年人问题都与家庭紧密地联系在一起。一、老年人的基本需求与日本传统家庭的作用老年人是特定历史条件下具有社会属性的…     

Growing Up a Little Faster: The Experience of Growing Up in a Single-Parent Household

On the basis of interviews with single parents, and with adolescent children living with single parents, a theory of the structure and functioning of single-parent households is proposed. The premise of this theory is that the two-parent household maintains a hierarchy—an echelon structure—that the one-parent household can forgo. The absence of hierarchy permits the single parent who works full time to share managerial responsibility for the household with the children. The consequences for the children may be a fostering of an early maturity.     

Religion, Race/Ethnicity, and Beliefs about Poverty

Objective . Although an expanding literature on "stratification beliefs" has developed over the past three decades, research has neglected relationships between religion and beliefs about poverty and other inequalities. This study examines the relationship between religious affiliation and "individualistic,""structuralist," and "fatalistic" beliefs about the causes of poverty, and compares the beliefs of African Americans, Latinos, and whites. Methods . Survey data collected in 1993 from a sample of southern Californians are used to test whether several religious affiliations (Protestant, Catholic, Jew, "other religion," and nonaffiliation) shape beliefs about poverty after controlling for race/ethnicity, SES, gender, and age. In addition, the question of whether African Americans, Latinos, and whites differ in the effects of key religious affiliations is examined. Results . Significant religious affiliation effects are found, net of sociodemographic controls. Protestants and Catholics are strongest on individualistic beliefs; Jews and followers of "other" religions are strongest on structuralist beliefs; Catholics and Jews are strongest on fatalistic beliefs. Finally, race/ethnic differences are found for the effects of key religious affiliations. Conclusion . The analyses demonstrate "religious factors" shaping beliefs about poverty, and reinforce the growing body of evidence that affiliations such as Protestant and Catholic have distinctive meanings and effects along race/ethnic lines in the United States.     

探究中国的反贫困与返贫困

改革开放以来,我国的反贫困工作取得很大进展,解决了两亿多人的温饱问题。但近几年贫困人口减少的数量呈递减趋势,出现大量的返贫困人口。2003年我国贫困人口新增80万,引起社会和学术界的广泛关注。我国返贫困人口的产生主要有环境、文化、制度三个方面的因素。我们应加大反贫困力度,减少返贫困人口。     

关于城市农民工问题研究的新进展

“城市农民工”问题是学术界关注和研究的热点。本文对城市农民工的研究状况从收入、生活、社会交往、社会分层、社会心理、越轨等方面作了具体考察,分析其研究的特点,并提出一些有待研究的问题。