A brief history of ‘customers,’ or the gradual standardization of markets and organizations

This article focuses on the history of the ‘actor-customer’ and his/her place in the functioning of organizations and markets. Big business first ‘invented’ the customer in order to better control a global marketplace where fluctuation was too strong; lawmakers then created a rights-endowed consumer to protect citizens from potential abuses by commercial enterprise. This hybridization of business and law was quickly followed by standardization, which, working to reconcile the interests of business, the state, and consumers, ended up giving final customers a ‘consumerist’ voice. The new requirements pertaining to product ‘quality’ and ‘traceability’ have had the effect of subordinating the industrial customer to the consumer customer, and they are transforming relations between organization and marketplace.     

新型贸易业态的现状、问题与对策

新型贸易业态如电子商务贸易商、贸易中间商、供应链管理商等的发展与上海建设国际贸易中心、发展服务经济的战略目标高度契合,能够提高上海参与经济全球化的层次与能级。当前,新型贸易业态发展还存在不少瓶颈,如制度建设相对滞后,不适应刚性的政府行业管理体制,与其他相关行业（如物流、金融等）的对接还不够顺畅等。上海发展新型贸易业态,要完善制度环境,推进与贸易便利化相关的税收、市场准入、监管、法律法规等制度建设;健全管理体制,按照新型贸易业态发展的趋势,打破部门分割的局面,形成适应时代要求的管理框架;抓好与金融、物流等产业的对接,促进产业融合发展。     

上海国际金融中心建设过程中的人民币跨境使用

随着跨境贸易人民币结算试点的开展以及向更广领域的拓展,人民币跨境使用逐步从边境贸易、跨境旅游等小范围走向国际贸易结算、贸易融资、跨境直接投资等更加广泛的领域,人民币提升国际地位迎来重大发展机遇。人民币跨境使用的扩大,有利于上海国际金融中心建设,上海国际金融中心建设也将推动人民币跨境使用的进一步发展。推动人民币的跨境使用、建设上海国际金融中心符合我国的核心战略利益。人民币资本项下的不完全可兑换,是影响人民币跨境使用的因素之一,也是制约上海国际金融中心建设的因素之一。应根据人民币可兑换进程的发展,研究探索人民币跨境使用的形式,推动人民币跨境使用规模的扩大。亚洲、拉美以及非洲是推动人民币跨境使用的境外重点区域。应鼓励我国在涉外经济中掌握主动权的行业和企业使用人民币进行跨境收付,同时推动官方涉外经济活动更加广泛地使用人民币。要根据人民币跨境使用的需要,不断取消人民币可兑换方面的限制,通过推动境内金融市场对外开放、支持中资金融机构拓展跨境业务、完善人民币跨境支付清算体系等扩大人民币的跨境使用,并以此推动上海国际金融中心建设。     

上海发展进口高端消费品牌研究

上海作为中国重要的贸易口岸城市和商业中心城市,国际贸易和商业批发零售贸易均十分发达。通过对上海服装、皮具、钟表、珠宝、化妆品五类13个进口高端消费品牌的详尽调研,研究进口高端消费品牌在上海的发展现状、背景、意义、主要趋势及其面临的问题,并提出相关政策建议,从而说明发展进口高端消费品牌,对提升上海城市的综合实力,提高上海商业的发展水平,使上海成为与纽约、伦敦、巴黎和东京等并肩的国际大都市和商业中心,进一步推动上海国际贸易中心建设具有重要的战略意义。     

Sustaining Think Tanks in the Former Soviet Bloc

Think tanks in the former Soviet bloc face the stark challenge of sustainability. To survive and prosper, they have to be increasingly entrepreneurial and business-like and have to actively seek contracts from government and the international donor community. In this context, this paper discusses the diversification strategies of four think tanks identified to be particularly entrepreneurial in developing new lines of work. This includes commercial activities similar to those of consulting firms, and tapping the business community for donations by offering seminars or other products. The paper reviews how these institutions identified and assessed various opportunities, and how they promoted a new line of work. It also explores the rewards—financial and other—and the challenges that are created by the new types of work within the organizations.     

世博会推动上海国际贸易中心建设研究

成功举办2010年上海世博会,对于提高上海城市的国际知名度和国际影响力,进一步建成世界级城市,以及对上海国际贸易中心建设的带动和促进作用是全方位的。世博会召开期间,大量人流、物流、商流、信息流交汇,将直接促进各类交易和贸易活动大幅增加;世博会所产生的新的科技成就及理念,将推动上海国际贸易方式与贸易内容在更深层次上发生转变;世博会期间汇聚上海的国际贸易组织和贸易促进机构提供了新的贸易主体,铺设了新的贸易网络;世博园区后续利用更将为上海国际贸易中心建设提供新的空间载体。上海要紧紧抓住世博会机遇,充分利用世博会所带来的有形资源与无形资源,探索推进上海国际贸易中心建设新的突破口。只要拥有坚实的产业,再加上繁荣的贸易,就能够使上海城市发展和产业结构率先实现调整转型,在全国起到示范引领作用。     

A Hypothetical Model of a New Business System Responsive to the Global Environment: A Connected Model

Within developing economies, in particular, but also in underdeveloped economies, current business priorities and practices have appeared to be incongruent with the general discourse of environmental sustainability. It is clear that the different players within the economic framework: government, education system, producers, and consumers—appear to hold differing interests, none of which places any meaningful emphasis on environmental sustainability. Following this observation, this paper seeks to argue for a change of tactics within which current players are treated as stakeholders and co-opted into a new business model that is fundamentally sensitive to the promotion and development of environmental sustainability. This approach is intended to interconnect the key market players’ interests and systematically weave them into a modern environmentally sustainable compliant business ethos.      

Brazil's International Development Co‐operation: Old and New Motivations

Brazil has entered the world of development assistance, but with its own twist. This article argues that Brazil is taking a cross‐government policy approach to the provision of development assistance, and which includes recruitment of business interests. There is a genuine concern with global poverty alleviation in Brazil, but this does not preclude policy‐makers from using aid and development‐related activities to advance national interests. The added quirk that sets Brazil apart from Northern counterparts is that the provision of development assistance offers significant benefits in terms of building up international bureaucratic experience inside the country and helping national firms internationalise their market activities.     

新形势下上海促进就业的机制研究

为推动上海实现更高质量就业,必须通过健全促进就业政策,充分发挥政府、市场、企业与劳动力的合力,以经济发展创造就业岗位,不断提升就业质量,持续扩大就业总量。深入推进城市空间结构调整,有效加快郊区新城建设步伐,充分发挥郊区新城分流人口、扩大就业与推动增长的作用。继续完善创业环境,构建鼓励创业的城市文化与社会氛围,深入促进新兴业态发展,切实发挥创业促就业的作用。进一步构建和谐劳动关系,努力维护劳动者权益,适时制订、修改、完善劳动政策法规,推进劳动合同签订与工资集体协商机制,充分发挥失业保险和社会保障体系推动就业的应有作用。     

Global Capital and Labor Internationalism in Comparative Historical Perspective: A Marxist Analysis

Labor internationalism has historically developed in response to the increasing globalization of capital, but economic factors in themselves do not provide a sufficient explanation for the relative success of international solidarity in specific geographical and historical contexts. In the past, movements of international solidarity have tended to coalesce where inclusive class-based mobilizations in individual countries have polarized local class conflicts in ways that suggest a convergence of working-class interests on the international plane. As an emergent strategy of economistic labor organizations in various sectors of the capitalist world economy, however, internationalism may in fact promote the politicization of economic trade union struggles and thus catalyze broader levels of class solidarity and unity on the national and local planes.     

发展时尚创意产业 打造国际时尚都心

静安区是上海国际购物天堂的重要标志性地区和最具时尚品位的中心城区之一,以＂梅、泰、恒＂商圈和静安寺地区为代表的一批高品位、大容量的商业商务楼宇,集聚了众多国际知名消费品企业运营中心和高端国际品牌。但由于产业链只有单一的销售环节,静安只能称之为国际品牌的集散地和国际时尚潮流的跟随者。为适应转变发展方式和培育区域经济新增长点的需要,静安区亟需突破资源瓶颈,聚焦和整合时尚产业链要素,着力推进时尚产业与创意产业的融合发展,进一步优化商业商务运营环境,全力打造国际时尚都心,努力实现从＂跟随潮流＂向＂引领潮流＂转变,走出一条具有静安特色的发展新路。     

The Mobility of Entrepreneurs and Capital: Taiwanese Capital-Linked Migration

Much of the literature concerning international investment focuses on the movement of capital or trade flows and does not cover the persons who migrate with the capital, even though in a globalizing economic system new conditions emerge for the international migration of capitalists. On the one hand, capital owners have been recruited directly by business migration programmes in countries such as Canada, Australia, and the US. On the other hand, global economic restructuring, one part of which entails increasing foreign direct investment from a wider range of countries, has induced the migration of an entrepreneurial/managerial class. This article analyses the relation between the mobility of capital and of entrepreneurs by investigating Taiwan's capital-linked migrations. It aims to show that people can integrate migration and capital investment as a strategy to best serve their interests. Although their moves are mediated and constrained by different migration channels (governmental policies, recruitment agencies, transnational corporations, etc.), capital-linked migrants are not passive players in international migration systems. They actively position themselves with regard to migration channels and select active strategies that best suit their objectives. Sometimes immigration serves capitalists' interest in capital accumulation, at other times capital investment serves as the means for securing a second nationality. In this way, Taiwanese capitalist mobility has been incorporated into the open-ended logic of flexible capitalism itself. Such understanding of the processes of capital-linked migration and its implications contribute to new theories of the relationship between international flows of capital and international migration.     

人民币国际化推进路径及其对上海的意义

人民币国际化成功推进的标志是国际市场计价份额的提高，而不是央行储备资产份额的多少。前者帮助中国一劳永逸地避免汇率风险，后者只是让其他国家分享中国的高成长。人民币国际化应采取前期稳健创造需求、后期激进释放供给的推进策略。当前应快速推进（美元与人民币双币种）资本输出，强化海外商业存在；加快金融转型，促进本土资本市场规范而有深度的发展；并从亚洲着手推动国际汇率和短期资本流动的管理。其仿真预测分析结果是2025年人民币国际化程度有可能接近欧元水平。这对上海的意义是：未来5～10年应加强资本市场的基础制度建设，健全为实体经济服务的功能与效率；债券市场发展可有重大突破；涉外现代服务业需要加快发展。     

上海城市更新中利益冲突与博弈的分析

改革开放以来,中国社会矛盾与冲突日益凸显,政治社会环境变化对城市规划的影响不容忽视。在城市规划建设过程中,作为利益冲突与博弈的三方,政府、商业利益群体、居民的行为都在利己与利他之间徘徊并寻找平衡点。围绕城市更新利益而形成的三角冲突与博弈表现为,政府与商业利益群体之间冲突与合作并存,政府与民众之间冲突与依赖并存,开发商与居民之间冲突与不信任并存。在＂柔性机制＂的作用下,城市更新中的冲突与博弈没有引发彻底的结构性变动,但其仍然对社会变革与发展具有推动。面临全球化时代激烈的竞争环境,地方政府在城市规划建设中更要做到＂形式民主＂。     

Civility Proxies and Social Tolerance in American Marketplaces

Acknowledging the wide–ranging possibilities for diversity in commercial and retail environments, researchers and scholars have long asked the familiar questions of "public for whom" and "public for what," understanding how much social tolerance in public space is commonly and informally negotiated by its users. Private interests have long played a strong role in controlling behavior in publicly used commercial spaces, and one of the most visible forms of such control has been the appearance of posted signs and notices throughout America's marketplaces that exhort people to be nice and to act appropriately—to clean up after themselves, to give (or not give) donations or tips, to not solicit, or to refrain from loitering. Such civility proxies have the potential to circumvent the public, face–to–face responsibility for and engagement with civility, and may likewise subvert the mutual trust and presumption of equality that civility can promote. Tolerance of diversity in public, therefore, may be impeded when the policing of civility is usurped by entities that are not direct public space participants. This article proposes that when public civility is dictated by signs–as–proxies instead of by the general public, the public realm's civility negotiation process that promotes social tolerance can be undermined by private interests.     

中央活动区：现代CBD的新形态

在当前国际大都市中,以商务活动为主的传统中央商务区（CBD）正在向包括商务、商业、文化、休闲、旅游活动在内的、具有复合功能的中央活动区（CAZ）发展,一些高能级的中央活动区（CAZ）已经成为各国际大都市最重要的核心功能区和战略区域。这一发展趋势对于上海未来商务区发展、城市规划,特别是世博会园区的功能定位和后续利用具有重要的借鉴和参考意义。     

自贸试验区境外股权投资和离岸业务税制问题及对策

离岸业务和境外股权投资的蓬勃发展是经济开放度和活跃度的重要体现,有利于提升全球营运控制功能和价值链高端环节竞争力.自贸试验区作为我国对外开放的高地,应大力发展境外股权投资和离岸业务,并以此为抓手带动国际金融中心和贸易中心能级提升.     

The origins and early diffusion of “shareholder value” in the United States

The shareholder value conception of the firm and its consequences for the functioning of corporations have been studied from a variety of disciplinary and theoretical perspectives. In this article we examine in more detail than has been done sofar the origins and early adoption of this particular conception. By investigating public business sources from the perspective of field theory, we argue that the rise and early diffusion of “shareholder value” are best understood as a function of the changing power relations in the economic field during the first half of the 1980s. The deep economic recession at the end of the 1970s and early 1980s led to a crisis in the prevailing management beliefs, offering newcomers the opportunity to promote alternative business strategies, among which the shareholder value conception became dominant. The sources studied indicate that the spokespersons of the new business conception were initially wealthy outsiders, corporate “raiders,” who used the economic crisis to oppose management and acquire shares in undervalued firms with the threat of restructuring and selling parts of them in the name of shareholders’ interests. Although these hostile take-overs, or threats of take-overs, were widely contested, the Reagan administration blocked regulation and stimulated the take-over market. The rivalry between “raiders” and public pension funds over the profits of these takeovers led to the founding the Council of Institutional Investors (1985), which adopted the shareholder value doctrine inaugurating the organized activism of public pension funds with regard to the management of firms. It was thus in all likelihood the competition and conflict among different groups of shareholders, primarily corporate raiders and pension funds, that triggered the shift in the balance of power between managers and shareholders. Since managers found profitable ways to adapt to the new balance of power, the shareholder value ideology spread rapidly through the economic field, becoming the dominant business model of North American firms in the second half of the 1980s.     

上海农村土地管理制度的改革创新

上海深化农村土地管理制度改革的思路是:通过有序流转承包农用地,促进农业规模经营、集中经营;通过归并、整理农民宅基地,促进农民集中居住;通过有序开发、规范利用农村集体建设土地,为农村第二、第三产业发展提供空间;通过完善征地补偿制度,确保农民利益。为此,上海要抓紧开展确权登记工作;培育新型经营主体,推动农业规模经营;加快宅基地归并和土地整理;完善农村集体建设用地流转收益分配制度;鼓励利用农村集体建设用地建设公租房;完善"征地留地""征地留房"等补偿安置方式。     

Transnational Networks and Institutional Embeddedness: Reengagement of the New Generation of Malaysian Chinese Entrepreneurs with China

The new generation of Southeast Asian Chinese society, who were locally born and grew up, have largely weakened their interaction with China. However, the growing business opportunities presented from the Belt and Road Initiative (the BRI), which was launched in 2013, serve as a big impetus for the new generation entrepreneurs to reengage China. Drawn upon an empirical case study of the new generation of Malaysian Chinese entrepreneurs, this paper argues that, the entrepreneurs regard institutional embeddedness as a critical channel to enhance their abilities to accumulate transnational social capital and strengthen their socio-economic networks with China. The transnational networks facilitate them to seize business opportunities from the BRI, and simultaneously reinforce their Malaysian national identity. Moreover, this study demonstrates the emergence of knowledge networks in the transnational space. It not only reflects the increasing interests of the new generation entrepreneurship in China's innovation and technology, but also reveals the developmental strategies of both the Malaysian and Chinese states.