南非的居民

历史:十五世纪末,首批萄葡牙探险者到达南部非洲时,发现那里有几个土著部族,如霍屯督、布须曼,尤其是自那时之后逐渐灭亡的斯特兰罗佩。布须曼人的文化,只是新石器时代的水平。一些遗迹的发现,证明博斯科普人比布须曼人早。在波切夫斯特龙附近发掘出来的博斯科普人的头盖骨化石,其形状的大小同欧洲古石器时代的原始人差不多,但同欧洲的尼安德特人相比,     

湖南居民和民族的历史变迁

(一)湖南早期人类 20世纪80年代以来的考古发掘资料证明,早在旧石器时代已有古人类栖息和生活于湖南境内. 从1987年在新晃县境内发现旧石器地点并采集到100余件石制工具以来,全省已在怀化、辰溪、黔阳、澧县、石门、临澧、桑植等市县发现旧石器文化遗址和地点200百多处,出土的各种旧石器以千计.     

拉克代夫群岛的历史与居民

地处阿拉伯海怀抱的拉克代夫群岛属印度最小的中央直辖区,是由36个小小的珊瑚岛组成。虽然从外表看来似乎默默无闻,但实际上它却具有强烈的吸引力和独特的重要性。拉克代夫群岛总面积并不大,只有32平方公里。但是,如果将它附近的大约4200平方公里的累恭(Legūna)地区(即被珊瑚礁     

湖南居民和民族历史变迁

(一)湖南早期人类 20世纪80年代以来的考古发掘资料证明，早在旧石器时代已有古人类栖息和生活于湖南 境内。 从1987年在新晃县境内发现旧石器地点并采集到100余件石制工具以来,全省已在怀化、 辰溪、黔阳、澧县、石门、临澧、桑植等市县发现旧石器文化遗址和地点200百多处，出土 的各种旧石器以千计。遗址的分布以沅、澧二水流域为多，但在湘、资流域也有发现。其中 年代最早的浏阳市永安旧石器遗址，距今约15-20万年。 在20万年间的悠悠岁月中，湖南的古人类和原始先民，组成人数不多的一些原始群，分 散在沿河谷地及邻近的山岗丘陵，以简…     

十七世纪中叶黑龙江流域的原住民

这里说的黑龙江流域,若按现在苏联的行政区划而言,是阿穆尔地区和哈巴罗夫斯克边区,以中国一侧的佛山为界,分为上游和下游。这里北起有小兴安岭山脉濒临江边,十七世纪的俄国人把它叫做卡缅(岩山)。清朝初期的记载,也以这个地方作为界线,把上游叫做黑龙江地方,把下游叫做东海地方。它还是清朝黑龙江将军和吉林将军用以划分管辖区域的界线。     

70年代以来阿富汗妇女地位的变化

自1973年共和制度的确立到苏联对阿富汗占领期间,阿富汗妇女地位在教育、就业、政治参与、健康等方面有了重大转变。塔利班的兴起使阿富汗妇女地位一落千丈,阿富汗妇女问题开始受到国际社会的关注。塔利班政权被推翻,为阿富汗妇女地位的提升提供的空前有利的机会。     

改革开放以来湖北宗教工作的历史回顾

宗教工作是党和国家工作中的重要组成部分.改革开放30年来,我们党把马克思主义宗教观与社会主义初级阶段宗教问题的特点与规律和改革、发展、稳定的实践紧密结合,确立了党对宗教工作的基本方针.中共湖北省委、省政府高度全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针,巩固和发展了与宗教界的政治联盟,推动了宗教与社会主义社会相适应.回顾改革开放以来我省宗教工作的历程,有利于在新的时代条件下坚定继续全面贯彻党的宗教工作基本方针的决心,坚定团结带领宗教界人士和广大信教群众走中国特色社会主义道路的信念.     

南非的班图人

一千年的迁徙一千多年前,班图人开始移动。但关于造成他们移动的原因,因缺乏资料,研究起来是很困难的。根据人类学家的意见,公元1000年左右,班图人居住在维多利亚湖地区。名为“班图人”的非洲黑人,代表着一些历史相似的族群,不过,他们之间的语言、传统和习惯各不相同。今天,     

冷战以来广西与东南亚经济交往历史分期初探

20世纪40年代末到70年代初,受冷战的影响,广西与东南亚的经济交往出现了两种不同的交往状况.一种是对印支三国越南、缅甸、新加坡等友好的交往,一种是与其他东南亚国家之间的受到重重阻拦的经济交往.70年代初到90年代初期,广西与东盟国家的经济交往在恢复中缓慢发展,而与印支地区当地的经济交往陷入低谷.冷战结束后,广西与东盟的经济交往在友好开放的环境中上升发展.     

重大历史变革——谈黑龙江省鄂伦春族下山定居

鄂伦春族是我国人口最少的少数民族之一。据１９９０年全国第四次人口普查统计,全国有鄂伦春族６９６５人,主要分布在黑龙江省和内蒙古自治区,其中分布在黑龙江省的有３５８８人,居住在塔河、呼玛、爱辉、逊克、嘉荫等市县的５个鄂伦春族乡的８个民族村。鄂伦春族也是...     

民国时期天山北麓东路城市多民族居民生活的变化

Although the Republican era of China did not last very long, it was a significant period in which China transformed from an agricul-tural to an industrial era, and from a traditional so-ciety to a modern one. During this period, not only did the politics and economics change dramatical-ly, but also the lives of urban residents. Although Xinjiang is located in the western frontier area of inland China, since the Qing dynasty, its politi-cal, economic and cultural connections with inland China gradually increased. Xinjiang is not an iso-lated region, it actually is located in the central ar-ea of Asia. So, its openness is very pronounced. Even though during the Republican era, inland China was gripped in the chaos of war, Xinjiang’s political, economic and cultural connections with the inland were never broken. Although sometimes the central government’s control in Xinjiang was not so strong, the central government’s policies had always impacted strongly on Xinjiang. In addition, due to the continuous migration of the inland popu-lation ( especially intellectuals, and political and military people) into urban areas, such as Dihua in Xinjiang during the Republic era of China, the politics, economics and culture of inland China had a big impact on the lives of Xinjiang urban res-idents. Moreover, Xijiang is neighbors with Rus-sia. Since the middle of the 19th century, Russia, whose industrialization and modernization occurred earlier and faster than China’s, often made political and military invasions, as well as cultural infiltra-tion, into Xinjiang. After the founding of the Sovi-et Union, its influence on the cities of Xijiang gradually increased. Especially during the period when Sheng Shicai managed Xinjiang, the influ-ence of the Soviet Union on Xinjiang was the stron-gest. In addition to political influence, economic and cultural influences became more pronounced, and numerous industrial and cultural products made in the Soviet Union were imported into Xin-jiang. This had a dramatic impact on the urban residents of Xinjiang. As a political, economic and cultural center of Xinjiang, Dihua was alive with many Russians who engaged in political, economic and cultural activities. Hence, their direct or indi-rect influence on the lives of Dihua residents was stronger than in other cities. At present, the research on Xinjiang during the Republican era of China mainly focuses on the political and economic domains , and less attention is paid to its urban life. However, the changes of modernization are not only reflected in the aspects of politics and economics, but also in the field of social life. Hence, to strengthen the research on the changes in social life in urban areas of Xinjiang during the Republican era of China is significant. The Republican era of China was an important pe-riod for Xinjiang society. Although if we compare it with the urban areas along the eastern coastal ar-ea of China, the impact of western culture on the lives of urban residents in Xinjiang during this pe-riod was not so strong, and the changes in social life also reflected multi - ethnic characteristics. The changes in urban life in Xinjiang were also an important part of the changes following China’s modernization. It reflected a both generalization and a diversity of the urban changes created by China’s modernization. In addition, one should note the impact of the changes in Xinjiang’s urban life during the Republican era on that of Xinjiang during the latter half of the 20th century. Thus, it is very necessary to conduct a research on the lives of Xinjiang’s urban residents during the Republican era of China. Xinjiang has been a multi-ethnic area since ancient times, a fact which contributes the ethnic diversity that characterizes the social life of Xin-jiang cities. During the Republican era, the mate-rial life of the various ethnic groups living in Xinjiang’s cities changed successively due to the impact of external cultures, and the wave of mod-ernization. However the changes to the material lives of the various ethnic groups were different. The content of material life is very broad. General-ly speaking, it comprises people’s daily life, inclu-ding clothing, food, shelter and transportation, all of which are regarded as basic essentials for peo-ple. In a period of scarcity of goods and materials, material life became the most important thing for most of the public. Hence, changes with regard to material life, to a large extent, is reflected in the changes in the social lives of urban residents. Generally speaking, compared with the situa-tion in the Qing dynasty, the clothing in Xinjiang cities such as Dihua exhibited a big change. How-ever , this change displayed multi-ethnic and diver-sified characteristics. Concerning the food culture of Dihua urban residents during the Republican era of China, it reflected more open, inclusive and mutually influential features. In other words, the existence of a diversified food culture and diverse development was an important characteristic of the time. Concerning shelter during this period, a big change in Dihua’s urban style was that some mod-ern buildings co-appeared alongside traditional style buildings, no matter whether it was in the pri-vate space or public space. Moreover, the trans-portation mechanisms also changed during this pe-riod. Roads for cars appeared in Dihua, which opened the gate for Xinjiang’s automobile age. During the Republican era of China, most ur-ban residents in Xijiang’s cities, such as Dihua, kept their traditional customs. However, there were also some changes due to the influence of ex-ternal cultures—these changes were presented as the characteristics of pluralism, diversity and a mixture of the old and new. Multiple ethnic groups concentrated in an area in the eastern zone line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan. During the process of history, the different ethnic groups formed their own cultures and religious beliefs. In the Republican era of China, the various ethnic groups lived in harmony most of time, and the plu-ralism and inclusiveness of cultures gradually in-creased. Generally speaking, the lives and cus-toms of the Han in Xinjiang cities, such as Dihua during the Republican era of China, were almost same as those of the Han in inland China. On one hand, they kept many of their traditional customs;yet, on the other hand, they also gradually accept-ed some new ones from external cultures. The eth-nic minorities, such as the Uygur and Hui, were deeply influenced by Islamic religious culture. Their religious cultural life exhibited almost no change during the Republican era of China, and they, for the most part, maintained their tradi-tions. During this period, in keeping with the gradual consciousness of ethnic equality, although various ethnic groups kept their own traditions, and they did not reject each others’ traditions, and instead, there was some mutual exchanges among them. This made the urban culture more diversi-fied . Not only were the festivals of the Uyghur pop-ular among themselves, the Han were also invited to participate in them. Moreover, the Han’s festi-vals, especially the Spring Festival, Lantern Festi-val and others, were also gradually accepted by other ethnic groups, and, for example, the Uy-ghur, Hui, Mongolian and Kazakhs, and others all participated in these festivals. In the middle and latter period of the Republican era, the urban cul-ture of Xinjiang exhibited a sense of openness. Within the basis of maintaining their own ethnic cultural traditions, each ethnic group showed an opened attitude to new cultures, and, hence, ur-ban culture became more diversified and rich. During the time when agriculture was more dominant , traditional cities lacked of public cultur-al spaces. Hence, Buddhist monasteries, Taoist temples and mosques became the sites for organi-zing public cultural activities in the urban areas. Since modern times, the public cultural spaces in urban areas have experienced a great change. Parks, as a new mode of public space, began to appear successively in some important cities. At the end of the Republican era of China, the public cultural space of Dihua had been further expand-ed. In 1948, there were four such kind of public cultural sites in Dihua, such as Zhongshan Park, Hongyan Lake, Shuimo River, and Wulabai. In addition to these, the cinema also played a very important role in the new entertainment life of the urban residents of Dihua. In 1944, Dihua had three movie theaters which were run respectively by the government, a businessman and a Russian. Movies had a very direct impact on the residents’ vision and mind, especially on the youth. A new movie sometimes would change some people’s view of life or the rules of their behavior. In short, the Republican era was a dramatic period of change during which China transformed from a traditional agricultural society to a modern industrial one. Following the changes in politics, economics and culture, people’s material life and cultural life were also changed. Due to the vast territory, and uneven political and economic devel-opment of China, the changes differed in various regions. Xinjiang is a frontier area in western Chi-na. Its communication with the outside world was not so convenient. Hence, compared with the east-ern coastal region, the degree of change in Xin-jiang was lower, and the speed of change was also relatively slower. However, this kind of change ac-cumulated over several decades, so, with time, the changes also became very noticeable. Howev-er , due to the uneven regional development in Xin-jiang, the changes in some cities were slow while in some they were fast. Compared with other places of Xinjiang, the changes along the eastern line of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan, and taking Dihua as the center, were faster and more obvious in the Republican era. On one hand, Di-hua was more strongly influenced by the politics, economics and culture of inland China; and, on the other hand, Dihua was also influenced more di-rectly by the politics, economics and culture of the Soviet Union With the combined role played by the both sources, the material life of the urban resi-dents of Dihua, including clothing, food, shelter and transportation, as well as the customs, and cultural entertainments, changed dramatically. This change was not only similar to that of inland cities, but it also reflected regional characteristics of Xinjiang—the characteristics of ethnicity and di-versity wee more pronounced. In addition, com-pared with Tibet which is also in the western fron-tier of China, the changes brought by the urban modernization in Xinjiang was more dramatic. This was directly connected with Xinjiang’s geographical location, natural climatic conditions, as well as its political, economic and cultural development. Al-though Xinjiang lies in the western frontier of Chi-na, its transportation connections with inland Chi-na and the outside world were more convenient than those in Tibet. During the Republican era, the railways, highways and aviation routes devel-oped relatively well, the Xinjiang’s economic, and cultural connections with both inland China and the Soviet Union were also relatively close. In addi-tion, an important natural condition which also created good conditions for the opening up of Xin-jiang is that the elevation of most areas of Xinjiang is not high—the average elevation is around 1000 meters. Hence, the natural geographical conditions promoted a population flow between Xinjiang and inland China, as well as between Xinjiang and the Soviet Union. Moreover, after the settling of Xin-jiang province at the end of the Qing dynasty, the feeldings and unity with inland China were ensured from an institutional aspect. It was just under such kind of background that the lives of the urban resi-dents living in the eastern zone of the northern foot of Mount Tianshan experienced a dramatic change, and presented a characteristic of ethnic diversity, pluralism and mixture of old and new.     

波斯照明学派对十七世纪中国伊斯兰汉文著述的影响

17世纪中国伊斯兰汉文著述的兴起和代表学者　　伊斯兰教自公元7世纪传入中国,一直在穆斯林中祖辈相传,从不向非穆斯林的汉族宣教,也不参与中国历代儒、释、道为代表的三教论辩。因此,形成占中国人口绝对多数的汉族对伊斯兰教义、礼仪很不了解,他们更多地把伊斯兰教看作是一种民风民俗。如何用汉文著述向广大的汉族人民宣讲伊斯兰教,使他们能较全面准确的了解伊斯兰教,消除误解,有利于回族等族穆斯林的生存发展,这个问题突出地摆在了中国伊斯兰教的面前。还有一点,自唐、宋,特别是元代,大批中亚、波斯、阿拉伯穆斯林迁徙到中国内地。一开始…     

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一个重大问题:正确阐明历史研究中的民族关系

本文以历史事实为依据,论述了正确阐明历史研究的民族关系问题的重要性.     

琮式瓶形式的历史发展与变化

随着这几年收藏热的兴起,收藏琮式瓶以宋代制品为最佳,香港春季拍卖推出的“官窑琮式瓶”以1650万元的高价成交。琮式瓶之所以名列“古董珍玩”专场拍卖中的首位。本文通过对琮式瓶的形式来源及各个时期的历史发展梳理,浅析琮式瓶不同时期特点及变化原因,从而更好地了解琮式瓶自身所存在的价值及对后世瓷器乃至工艺美术发展产生的重要影响。     

琮式瓶形式的历史发展与变化

随着这几年收藏热的兴起,收藏琮式瓶以宋代制品为最佳,香港春季拍卖推出的官窑琮式瓶以1650万元的高价成交。琮式瓶之所以名列古董珍玩专场拍卖中的首位。本文通过对琮式瓶的形式来源及各个时期的历史发展梳理,浅析琮式瓶不同时期特点及变化原因,从而更好地了解琮式瓶自身所存在的价值及对后世瓷器乃至工艺美术发展产生的重要影响。     

西双版纳的人口素质──历史变化与民族差异

西双版纳的人口素质──历史变化与民族差异石人炳，严梅福西双版纳傣族自治州，位于云南省南部边疆，东南和西南与老挝、缅甸接壤，是一个以傣族为主，多民族杂居的边疆民族地区。１９９０年第四次人口普查，全州共有人口７９６３５２人，其中少数民族５９４８１２人，占...     

南非租鲁人的生活趣闻

南非的祖鲁人,过去的生活接触面板窄,到了19世纪末,受西方影响的祖鲁人才日渐增多,迄今为止,许多接受现代新式教育的祖鲁人,生活方式已经完全都市化了。然而,在南非偏远的地区,住在原始村庄里的祖鲁人,却还是保留原来的传统习俗和宗教信仰。女人越胖越值钱祖鲁人盛行一夫多妻制,过去,男婚女嫁靠的是媒妁之言;现在,却盛行自由恋爱。聘金的行情是1000兰特至3000兰特,然而,在原始村庄里,往往是以牛只代替现金,决定牛只多寡的因素很多,平均是7头至14头。     

对南非种族隔离的研究近况

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