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1.
Lori M. Hunter 《Population and environment》2000,21(6):565-580
This research offers an examination of environmental attitudes, concern, and behaviors among individuals presently living
within the context producing contemporary American environmental awareness, but who originated from contexts socially, environmentally,
and economically distinct. More specifically, data from the 1993 environmental module of the General Social Survey are used
to examine variations in environmental awareness across native-and foreign-born individuals. Results suggest that immigrants
living in the U.S. do, indeed, express similarattitudes toward environmental issues as compared to native-born residents. However, shorter-term immigrants (those residing abroad
at age 16) in particular express significantly higher levels ofconcern with regard to environmental problems as compared to native-born residents. In addition, shorter-term immigrants are more
likely to engage in “environmentally friendly” behaviors as compared to native-born residents, although they appear less likely
to have signed an environmentally oriented petition. 相似文献
2.
Aaron M. McCright 《Population and environment》2010,32(1):66-87
This study tests theoretical arguments about gender differences in scientific knowledge and environmental concern using 8 years
of Gallup data on climate change knowledge and concern in the US general public. Contrary to expectations from scientific
literacy research, women convey greater assessed scientific knowledge of climate change than do men. Consistent with much
existing sociology of science research, women underestimate their climate change knowledge more than do men. Also, women express
slightly greater concern about climate change than do men, and this gender divide is not accounted for by differences in key
values and beliefs or in the social roles that men and women differentially perform in society. Modest yet enduring gender
differences on climate change knowledge and concern within the US general public suggest several avenues for future research,
which are explored in the conclusion. 相似文献
3.
Local natural resources are central to rural livelihoods across much of the developing world. Such “natural capital” represents
one of several types of assets available to households as they craft livelihood strategies. In order to explore the potential
for environmental scarcity and change to contribute to perpetuation of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, we examine the association between
declining natural capital and engaging in risky sexual behaviors, as potentially another livelihood strategy. Such an association
has been demonstrated in Kenya and Tanzania, through the fish-for-sex trade. To explore the possibility of this connection
within rural Haitian livelihoods we use Demographic and Health Survey data, with a focus on rural women, combined with vegetation
measures generated from satellite imagery. We find that lack of condom use in recent sexual encounters is associated with
local environmental scarcity—controlling for respondent age, education, religion and knowledge of AIDS preventive measures.
The results suggest that explicit consideration of the environmental dimensions of HIV/AIDS may be of relevance in scholarship
examining factors shaping the pandemic. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of homosexuality》2012,59(4):525-538
This study explored the relations of gender and adult attachment styles to college students' scores on several measures of authoritarian attitudes (e.g., right-wing authoritarianism, ethnocentrism, homophobia, and religious fundamentalism). A multivariate analysis of authoritarian attitudes yielded significant main and interaction effects involving students' gender and their (categorical) attachment style scores. Relative to women, men reported higher levels of homophobia, ethnocentrism, and right-wing authoritarianism. Gender differences in homophobia were additionally conditioned by participants' adult attachment styles: Men with dismissing styles evidenced the highest levels of homophobia, whereas women with dismissing styles demonstrated the lowest levels; that is, a fear of intimacy seemed to contribute to homophobic attitudes found among heterosexual men. This was the first U.S. study of the relationship between adult attachment styles and right-wing authoritarianism, and further investigation is warranted. 相似文献
5.
Few studies have examined whether sex differences in mortality are associated with different distributions of risk factors
or result from the unique relationships between risk factors and mortality for men and women. We extend previous research
by systematically testing a variety of factors, including health behaviors, social ties, socioeconomic status, and biological
indicators of health. We employ the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III Linked Mortality File and use Cox
proportional hazards models to examine sex differences in adult mortality in the United States. Our findings document that
social and behavioral characteristics are key factors related to the sex gap in mortality. Once we control for women’s lower
levels of marriage, poverty, and exercise, the sex gap in mortality widens; and once we control for women’s greater propensity
to visit with friends and relatives, attend religious services, and abstain from smoking, the sex gap in mortality narrows.
Biological factors—including indicators of inflammation and cardiovascular risk—also inform sex differences in mortality.
Nevertheless, persistent sex differences in mortality remain: compared with women, men have 30% to 83% higher risks of death
over the follow-up period, depending on the covariates included in the model. Although the prevalence ofriskfactors differs
by sex, the impact of those riskfactors on mortality is similar for men and women. 相似文献
6.
Anne M. Gadermann Kimberly A. Schonert-Reichl Bruno D. Zumbo 《Social indicators research》2010,96(2):229-247
This study introduces the Satisfaction with Life Scale adapted for Children (SWLS-C) and presents psychometric findings regarding
its validation. The SWLS-C was adapted from the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al. 1985), which is one of the most commonly used measures to assess satisfaction with life in adults. Three subject matter experts
adapted the SWLS by changing the wording of the item stem and response format in order to make it more understandable for
children. A stratified random sample of 1,233 students (48% girls) in grades 4–7 (mean age 11 years and 7 months) provided
data on the SWLS-C and measures of optimism, self-concept, self-efficacy, depression, emphatic concern, and perspective taking.
The SWLS-C demonstrated a unidimensional factor structure and high internal consistency. Furthermore, differential item functioning
and differential scale functioning analyses indicated that the SWLS-C measures satisfaction with life in the same way for
different groups of children (i.e., with regard to gender, first language learned at home—English vs. other language(s) than
English—and across different grades) at the item and at the scale level. Associations between scores on the SWLS-C and demographic
variables were statistically non-significant or of small effect size. In addition, the SWLS-C showed evidence of convergent
and discriminant validity in relation to the other measures. Our results indicate that the SWLS-C is a psychometrically sound
instrument that demonstrated evidence of construct validity for this age group. Limitations and future directions are discussed. 相似文献
7.
This study examines differences among urban Chinese consumers and their consumption patterns in three major cities—Beijing,
Shanghai and Tianjin—utilising data from a nationally representative sample survey conducted in 2005. Differences were found
in these consumers’ age distribution, education level, household composition, birth and death rates, income, expenditure patterns
and consumer durable ownership rates. Beijing and Shanghai, the two most affluent cities in China, exhibited the highest consumer
durable ownership rates and the highest cost of living. While previous research has frequently segmented China in terms of
a rural versus urban dichotomy or by geographic region, this study suggests that the urban Chinese do not constitute a homogeneous
market. Further, it is suggested that both geographic region and income, which varies between rural and urban settings, are
sound bases for segmenting this important market. 相似文献
8.
Research has documented that parenting practices, such as parental warmth and parental punishment, play a mediating role in linking individual (e.g., age, gender) and familial characteristics (e.g., economic status, marital quality) to the psychological well-being of children. However, few studies have validated these connections with respect to the Chinese population, especially those in rural areas of China plagued with unfavorable conditions such as poverty and lack of education. In this study, we investigated whether child (age, gender, and sibship size), and familial characteristics (family wealth, parental education, and marital quality) indirectly contribute to the children??s psychological well-being (as indicated by their self-reported internalizing and externalizing problems) through their perceived parental warmth and parental punishment. Using structural equation modeling, we analyzed data collected from 2,000 children (ages 9?C13) and their parents in rural China. The results reveal significant, indirect relationships from family wealth and marital quality to these children??s externalizing problems through parental warmth and parental punishment. There are age and gender differences in the children??s experiencing internalizing and externalizing problems. Gender differences are also found in their perceived parental warmth and parental punishment. Directions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
9.
Kathryn M. Yount 《Demography》2008,45(4):907-926
In this article, I evaluate the life-course determinants of cognitive functioning among 1,003 women and men aged 50 and older in Ismailia, Egypt. Three questions motivate this analysis: (1) Do older women have poorer cognitive functioning than do older men?; (2) Do cognitive resources accrued in childhood and adulthood have net positive associations with later-life cognitive functioning for women and men?; and (3) To what extent do differences in the amounts and effects of women’s and men’s cognitive resources account for gaps in their cognitive functioning? Compared with men, women have lower Modified-Mini Mental Status Exam (M-MMSE) scores for overall cognitive functioning. Cognitive resources in childhood and adulthood are jointly associated with the M-MMSE score. About 83% of the gender gap in mean M-MMSE scores is attributable to gaps in men’s and women’s attributes across the life course. Gender gaps in childhood cognitive resources—and especially schooling attainment—account for the largest share (18%) of the residual gender gap in cognitive functioning.Preferential investments in the human resources of boys have been common to many resource-poor settings (King and Mason 2001; Lloyd 2005), and the effects of such investments on gender gaps in child health are known (e.g., Hill and Upchurch 1995). Less well known is the extent to which gender gaps in resources that are accrued across the life course account for gender gaps in later-life health, despite known gender differences in the risks of illness, disability, and death. Demographic research on later-life health also has focused on physical conditions, even though dementia and neuropsychiatric disorders account for a large (~3%) and growing share of the disease burden worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO] 2007).This article assesses the determinants of cognitive functioning among older women and men (e.g., those aged 50 and older) in Ismailia, Egypt. It explores whether and to what extent (1) women have poorer cognitive functioning than men, (2) cognitive resources in childhood and adulthood have net positive associations with cognitive functioning for women and men, and (3) differences in the amounts and effects of women’s and men’s cognitive resources account for differences in their cognitive functioning. Egypt is a superb setting in which to conduct this work because of long-standing gender gaps in opportunities across the life course (e.g., Yount 2001; Yount and Sibai forthcoming) and poor knowledge about their potential effects on later-life cognitive functioning. 相似文献
10.
There are marked variations between nations in reported subjective well-being (SWB), but the explanations for this diversity have not been fully explored. It is possible that the differences are entirely due to true variability in SWB, but it is also reasonable that the differences may be due to factors related to self-report measurement such as variation across nations in whether it is desirable to say one is happy. At a substantive level, there might be differences in the norms governing the experience of emotion such that cultural differences in SWB are due to affective regulation. Pacific Rim countries (e.g., Japan, the People's Republic of China, and S. Korea) appear to have lower SWB than their material circumstances warrant, and the U.S.A. has higher SWB than is predicted based on its income per person. The genesis of these differences was explored by comparing students in S. Korea, Japan, and the People's Republic of China to students in the U.S.A., and it was concluded that: (1) The Pacific Rim subjects score lower on both happiness and life satisfaction in both absolute terms and when income is controlled, (2) There probably is not a general negative response set in the Pacific Rim which causes lower SWB, as evidenced by the fact that the Asians express dissatisfaction in some areas (e.g., education and self) but not in other areas (e.g., social relationships), (3) Artifacts are not causing the lower reported SWB, (4) The general suppression of mood in the Pacific Rim is unlikely to be the cause of SWB differences, but Chinese students do appear to avoid negative affect, (5) SWB is no less important and salient in Japan and S. Korea, but does appear to be a less central concern in China, and (6) There are different patterns of well-being depending on whether life satisfaction or hedonic balance are considered. 相似文献
11.
In a set of propositions on fertility transition, Peter McDonald recently proposed that the decline from replacement‐level fertility to low fertility is associated with a combination of high levels of gender equity in individual‐oriented institutions, such as education and market employment, and low levels of gender equity in the family and family‐oriented institutions. Similarly, the “second shift,” or the share of domestic work performed by formally employed women, forms a critical piece of current cross‐national explanations for low fertility. Building on this scholarship, the authors explore whether there is empirical evidence at the individual level for a relationship between gender equity at home, as indicated by the division of housework among working couples with one child, and the transition to a second birth. Results, based on a sample of US couples, indicate a U‐shaped relationship between gender equity and fertility. Both the most modern and the most traditional housework arrangements are positively associated with fertility. This empirical test elaborates the family‐fertility relationship and underscores the need to incorporate family context, including gender equity, into explanations for fertility change. 相似文献
12.
Social Networks and Support,Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Among Older Adults
Using data from the 2001 NHIS and the 2005–2006 and 2007–2008 NHANES, we examine how self-reporting a previous diagnosis of
hypertension among adults aged 65+ differs by race/ethnicity for men and women; we explore the extent to which disparities
are driven by group differences in social risk factors, particularly social support and integration; and last, whether these
relationships mimic patterns seen for measured hypertension at interview. Findings indicate that rates of ever-diagnosed hypertension
in both samples are highest among black seniors and older women and lowest among Mexican-American men, with the gender gap
lowest among whites and substantially higher among blacks and Mexican-Americans. However, replication analyses of NHANES models
using measured hypertension, instead of a self-report of having ever been diagnosed with hypertension, suggests that reporting
bias and measurement error contribute to observed disparities, as racial/ethnic differences in hypertension rates are smaller
when measured hypertension is examined, especially among women. Logistic regression models also show that while adjusting
for group differences in measures of support and integration mediates some of the disparity in measured hypertension between
Mexican-American and white seniors, adjusting for support and integration amplifies black-white disparities in both ever diagnosed
and measured hypertension—driven primarily by adjustment for attendance at religious services, which reduces hypertension
risk for all older adults but is more commonly reported among black seniors, especially women. 相似文献
13.
Liesbeth De Donder Gert Lang José Ferreira-Alves Bridget Penhale Ilona Tamutiene Minna-Liisa Luoma 《Journal of women & aging》2013,25(6):540-554
ABSTRACTThis article examines the ecological risk factors of abuse against older women. Data from 2,880 older women were randomly collected in five European countries (Austria, Belgium, Finland, Lithuania, and Portugal) using a standardized questionnaire. Results indicate that overall 30.1 % older women had at least one experience of abuse in the past year. The findings demonstrate that a single emphasis on personal risk factors (e.g., health, coping) is important but too simple: Abuse is multifaceted and is embedded in environmental (e.g., loneliness, household income) as well as macrocultural contexts (e.g., old age dependency ratio). 相似文献
14.
There has been increasing concern over environmental hazards such as toxic waste disposal, but little research has occurred on those effects related to the stress associated with these hazards. Related research has suggested the presence of both behavioral (e.g., headaches, nausea) and attitudinal effects (demoralization, upset, perceived threat, lack of trust). Mediators to these effects were found to include distance from the stressor, frequency of stimuli, gender, age and presence of small children.Four hundred twenty-one persons were surveyed with adaptations from the Hopkins Life Checklist and instruments used in studies of the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. Effects for the attitudes ofperceived threat, declining qualify of life, anddistrust of authorities were significant for both distance from site and frequency of stimuli. Future anticipation, quality of information and having children significantly affected attitudes, as did age and gender. Implications for policymakers and researchers are also discussed.This study was funded through research grant # 1 RO3 MH39745-01 of the Small Grants Program of the National Institutes of Mental Health, Center for Mental Health Studies of Emergencies. 相似文献
15.
The rise in environmental concerns around the globe has prompted increasing research on the links between such concerns and
behavior. However, most studies have focused on pro-environmental behaviors in affluent western societies, such as willingness
to pay for environmental protection, pro-environmental political actions, and consumption patterns. Using multiple data sets
from the Chitwan Valley Family Study in Nepal, this paper examines the impact of environmental perceptions on contraceptive
use in a rural agricultural setting. The results of our analyses show that perceptions about certain aspects of the environment
are related to individuals' subsequent use of contraceptives. Specifically, those individuals who think that their environment—agricultural
productivity—has deteriorated are more likely to use contraceptives than those who think that their environment has improved
or has remained about the same. This study thus provides a first step in our understanding of the relationships between environmental
perceptions and fertility behavior in a less developed setting.
Paul Mohai is Professor in The School of Natural Resources and Environment at the University of Michigan. 相似文献
16.
Married women continue to spend more time doing housework than men and economic resources influence women’s housework more
strongly than men’s. To explain this, gender theorists point to how gender figures into identities, family interactions, and
societal norms and opportunity structures. The extent of this configuration varies culturally and, in the United States, by
race-ethnicity because of how race-ethnicity conditions access to resources and influences gender relations within marriages.
Housework levels and gender differences may be lower in Black married couples compared to other couples because of Black women’s
higher historical levels of employment and consequently long-standing need to balance work and family responsibilities. Race-ethnicity
also likely conditions the symbolic meaning and thus association of economic resources and housework. We use pooled time diary
data from the 2003 to 2007 American Time Use Study from 26,795 married women and men to investigate how and why race-ethnicity
influences housework. Our results indicate Hispanic and Asian women do more cooking and cleaning compared with White and Black
women and the inverse relationship between women’s earnings and housework is steeper for Hispanic women compared with other
women. We find no evidence that married Black men devote more time to housework than White men, either core or occasional,
unlike earlier studies. 相似文献
17.
Loraine F. Lavallee P. Maurine Hatch Alex C. Michalos Tara McKinley 《Social indicators research》2007,83(2):201-244
On average, Anglo-Americans report that they are satisfied with their lives, but their global evaluations tend to deviate
from their daily experiences (e.g., Oishi [2002, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 28(10), 1398–1406]). We explored the hypothesis that the average life satisfaction of Anglo-Americans is better characterized
as neutral than satisfied. In Study 1 we developed the five-item Contentment with Life Assessment Scale (CLAS), which focuses
on contentment, fulfillment and self-discrepancies. Normative data based on three general population samples demonstrated
that the CLAS produces a close to normal distribution of scores, has excellent reliability, and is sensitive to differences
in life conditions (e.g., income, marital status). In two daily diary studies we tested whether global life satisfaction measures
corresponded to people’s daily subjective well-being. The CLAS was the best predictor among three self-report life satisfaction
measures of daily escapist behaviors including television watching and alcohol consumption, and daily stress-related physical
symptoms (Study 2). In Study 3, participants recorded their level of life satisfaction daily for two weeks. Average daily
life satisfaction scores clustered close to the neutral rather than satisfied point of the measurement scale. 相似文献
18.
Peter McDonald 《Population and development review》2000,26(3):427-439
Recent theoretical discussion has postulated that low fertility in advanced countries is attributable to low levels of gender equity. Low gender equity is evidenced in the lack of support for women to combine paid employment and childrearing; tax‐transfer systems that remain based on the male‐breadwinner model of the family; and the retention of gender‐oriented roles within the family. Hence, it is argued that an increase in gender equity is a precondition of a rise in fertility from very low levels. At the same time, theorists argue that, in less developed countries, higher levels of gender equity are a necessary condition for achieving lower fertility. The article addresses this apparent contradiction by distinguishing two types of gender equity: gender equity in individual‐oriented institutions and gender equity in family‐oriented institutions. The argument is made that the transition from very high fertility to replacement‐level fertility has been associated with a gradual increase in gender equity primarily within the family itself. In contrast, the further movement to very low fertility is associated with a rapid shift toward high levels of gender equity in individual institutions such as education and market employment, in combination with persistent low levels of gender equity within the family and in family‐oriented institutions. 相似文献
19.
Molly Matthews Keith J. Zullig Rose Marie Ward Thelma Horn E. Scott Huebner 《Social indicators research》2012,107(1):55-69
Research has revealed that overall life satisfaction (LS) is negatively related to disordered eating. This study examined
whether specific LS domains (e.g., family, friends, etc.) were more strongly associated with eating behaviors/weight perceptions
(e.g., exercising to lose weight, using laxatives to lose weight, etc.) in 723 randomly selected college students analyzed
separately by gender. Data were analyzed using logistic and multiple regression procedures. Results supported the hypotheses
in the expected directions. College students’ weight perceptions had the strongest relationships with Satisfaction with Self
and Satisfaction with Physical Appearance, and these relationships were stronger among females than males. Worrying about
weight, self-described weight, and binge eating were significantly correlated with all LS domains (p < .05). Results suggest potential contributions of differentiating among the domains of LS in efforts to understand disordered
eating among males and female college students. Implications for practice are discussed briefly. 相似文献
20.
Gretchen Livingston 《Population research and policy review》2006,25(1):43-66
Past quantitative research has typically disregarded the effect of gender on the relationship between social capital and immigrant
adaptation. However, recent theory and qualitative evidence suggest that gender is a significant factor moderating this association.
I use Mexican Migration Project (MMP) data regarding Mexican immigrant experiences in the U.S. to examine quantitatively how
the process of job searching, and the effects of network-based job searching, vary by gender. Results show no evidence of
overall sex differences in the likelihood of using network (i.e., family-based or friend-based) or individual (i.e., non-network)
job search methods, but there are sex differences in the processes affecting job search method used. Settlement increases
women’s use of their friend networks to obtain work, while for men, it decreases the use of networks of any kind. Contrary
to conventional wisdom, women who use network-based job searches are less likely to obtain formal sector employment than women
who find work without network assistance. Conversely, using network-based job searches increases the likelihood that men will
find work in the formal sector. Since employment in the formal sector is correlated with wages, as well as nonwage benefits,
this suggests that using networks in the job search has markedly different effects on the overall economic well-being of male
and female Mexican immigrants in the U.S. 相似文献