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我国实现全面脱贫后,推动巩固全面脱贫成果与实施乡村振兴战略的接续发展是过渡时期的主要任务,而防止发生规模性返贫风险则是其中的关键一环。一直以来,民族地区都是我国组成部分的关键点和薄弱点,也是规模性返贫风险的易发地区。基于多维视角,发现民族地区规模性返贫风险呈现出区域性、群体性、联动性等特征,从生态性、政策性、发展性等因素深度剖析其发生缘由,进而从相应角度提出创新民族地区生态扶贫方式、完善民族地区返贫风险治理政策体系框架、建构民族地区新内生发展模式等针对性对策,以防止民族地区发生规模性返贫风险。 相似文献
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非传统安全问题作为后冷战时期影响各国稳定的新变量,正逐渐成为制约云南沿边地区发展与和谐民族关系构建的障碍性因素之一。本文首先从理论上梳理了非传统安全问题与三和理论视阀下沿边民族工作的亲和性,然后阐述了云南沿边民族工作面临的挑战,主要聚焦于艾滋病传播、国外宗教渗透、邪教传播、民族认同与国家认同等问题,并提出了对策性建议。 相似文献
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以干栏式民居、鼓楼、风雨桥等建筑为代表的物质性文化,以营造技术、装饰工艺、居住方式为载体的行为性文化和以建筑仪式、居住信仰、习俗及审美情趣等观念性文化构成的建筑文化体系,是壮侗民族在长期的社会生活实践中因地制宜、富于创造、不断积累而形成的,是壮侗民族传统文化的重要组成部分,凝聚着壮侗民族的智慧与创造精神,其中蕴含着丰富的文化内涵,具有重要的历史、文化和学术价值。本文以多维的视野,对壮侗民族建筑文化的内涵及其价值进行揭示。 相似文献
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党的十六届六中全会深刻总结历史经验,党的十七大科学分析当前形势,明确提出建设和谐民族关系是少数民族地区构建和谐社会的重要内容;和谐作为社会主义民族关系的本质特征,是进一步推动各民族"共同团结奋斗、共同繁荣发展"的重要条件,是促进少数民族地区全面建设小康社会和构建社会主义和谐社会伟大目标的内在要求. 相似文献
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文章简要回顾了新中国成立后,特别是改革开发30年来,云南实施<民族区域自治法>为核心的进程中,地方性法律法规建设取得长足发展的历程及成果,在此基础上,深入探讨了云南民族法制建设与少数民族权益保护的内在联系,最后分析了云南贯彻实施有关法律法规中存在的问题,并有针对性地提出了一些对策. 相似文献
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在民国时期,为了改变少数民族地区社会经济发展缓慢和文化落后的状况,云南各级地方政府采取了一系列政策和措施,以发展云南的民族教育.其主要政策和措施有,颁布发展民族教育的法令,建立各种民族教育管理机构,对从事民族教育的教职员工实行奖励政策,对少数民族学生在生活上给予其帮助.同时,在招生和升学等方面对少数民族学生实行倾斜政策,提高其升学率.这些政策和措施,都促进了云南民族教育的发展. 相似文献
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云南的民族多样性决定了其文化的多样性。云南民族文化多样性,是促进各民族文化交流与创新的源泉,是促进社会稳定的重要条件,是云南和谐社会构建的思想基础和精神动力。正确认识云南的民族文化多样性,探究保护和发展云南民族文化多样性的举措,对云南民族文化强省建设与和谐社会构建有着极其重要的理论与实践意义。 相似文献
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民族旅游的工具理性和价值理性与管理的作用--以云南少数民族旅游开发为典型案例 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文运用人类学和管理学的理论和方法,主要以云南少数民族旅游开发为典型案例,通过对云南少数民族地区的旅游发展社会文化冲击现状的分析,讨论了民族传统文化的工具理性与价值理性的辩证关系,并对如何在建立民族文化的工具理性和价值理性良性互动机制的过程中发挥政府的管理调节职能,保证民族文化和民族旅游的可持续发展做了探讨。 相似文献
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本文简要回顾了民族社会工作的研究成果,区分了民族社会工作与民族地区工作。根据我国民族地区、少数民族(族群)面临的问题,阐述了我国民族社会工作的发展视角和文化视角,并以经济发展、文化持守为向度,以群体(族群)、个人(家庭)为层次,建构了民族社会工作的任务结构框架,同时指出我国的民族社会工作应具有发展的特征。 相似文献
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云南未识别群体研究的族群理论意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
黄泽 《广西民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2001,23(2):26-31
由于种种原因,云南省尚有部分群体未被识别,相关研究也较为欠缺。导入族群理论分析云南部分群体的现状,认清族群关系与族群认同是解释其族群文化的两个主要概念,对于推动族群理论与我国族群问题实践的互动有一定价值。 相似文献
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近年来,我国社会工作发展迅速。作为一个具有系统、完整的科学理论与方法的助人专业,社会工作在预防和解决个人问题、促进社会和谐稳定方面日益发挥出重要的作用。在解决民族问题方面,社会工作方法也具有很多的优势。在新的形势下,以往的民族工作理念、内容、方式、方法都受到了很大的挑战,需要进一步创新工作机制。本文是在社会工作基本原理和方法的指导下,结合中国的国情和民族问题的具体情况,在总结传统民族工作经验的基础上,对我国民族社会工作的基本意涵、价值理念、实务体系等基本问题进行了讨论和分析。 相似文献
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I. The current situation of ethnic minority women’ s economic security One of the most prominent problems faced by the international community is how to ensure the e-conomic security of the elderly, and how to help those elderly people who have lost the ability to work to be properly cared for. According to Yang Shijie’s investigation, 75% of the poor population in Yunnan are ethnic minorities, and of this fig-ure, minority women are more impoverished than men. 1 . The poverty rate in Yunnan is a little bit higher than the national average poverty level. Although Yunnan’s economic indicators have made considerable progress, they have yet to reach the national average because of the province’s ho-mogenous industrial structure, low level of indus-trialization, and high proportion of resource indus-tries. The average wage of workers in Yunnan is only 85. 85% of the national average wage, and the poverty rate is higher than the national aver-age. 2 . There is a significant number of elderly women without pensions, and their poverty rate is high in Yunnan. Due to the dual urban-rural structure of the social and economic system, as well as the design issues related to the social pension security system connected with employment, the number of elderly women without pensions is quite significant in Chi-
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate. 相似文献
na. In ethnic minority areas, only 24. 12% of peo-ple over the age of 60 have a pension, among them, the number of women is considerably lower than for men, accounting for only 10%. Elderly women from ethnic minorities are further excluded from the social pension security system. Only a small population of elderly ethnic women enjoy the benefits of the system, and their average monthly pension is significantly lower than that of the men. Compared with elderly men, elderly women rely more on other members of the family. 3 . The high rate of widowhood brings difficul-ties to the elderly. According to a sampling survey of 10% of the national population in 2010 , the widower ratio is 29. 55%, and widow ratio is 70. 45% among eth-nic minorities aged over 60 . Ethnic minority women devote more energy to unpaid housework in their youth and middle age, and their chances of finding employment are low. This means they normally de-pend on their spouse when they become old, how-ever, the loss of their spouse makes them even poorer, and increases their risk of falling into pov-erty. 4 . The ethnic minority women ’s property rights are difficult to be protected. Because of the influence of outmoded feudal i-deas in the ethnic minority villages, women gener-ally have no right to inherit property. For example, among the Pumi, property is inherited by the men, and women generally have no right to inherit. The
case is the same with the Naxi ethnicity. In the in-heritance systems of the ethnic minority people in Yunnan, wives rarely have the right of inherit-ance;the custom of“passing property to the men, but not the women” is still quite prevalent. If the husband dies, the wife will not only find it difficult to inherit her husband’s property, but may also lose her own property, including land rights. This leads to a low rate of property ownership among widows. II. Analysis of the causes of vulnerability of the gender structure 1 . Cultural lag American sociologist W. F. Ogburn was the first to use this concept, which refers to the time lag between material culture and non - material culture in the course of social change. Generally speaking, change in material culture occurs faster than in non -material culture, and they are not synchronized, so there is a gap between them. Ethnic minority women in Yunnan have been af-fected by the patrilineal system up to the present day, which influences the thought and behavior of all ethnic groups, and gradually builds a psycho-logical barrier in the ethnic women’ s minds, con-straining their talent and creativity. Yunnan is lo-cated in China’s southwest frontier region, and the ethnic minorities live in remote and isolated moun-tainous areas, where the concept of the low status of women is ingrained, and thus not easily changed. 2 . The cumulative effect of education and em-ployment Compared with boys, there are different edu-cational expectations on or investments in the girls in the social culture, which brings disadvantages to women looking for employment of in their youth and middle age. Because they can generally only involve themselves in housework, it is not possible for them to accumulate employment experiences, and this leads to a negative economic status when they become old. 1) Low level of education. Due to the tradi-tional influence of “valuing sons over daughters”,
the number of ethnic minority women who have not attended school is significantly higher than that of men; the number of ethnic minority women who have never received an education is more than twice as high as the number of men. The phenome-non of early marriage and childbearing in ethnic minority areas is still prominent. Due to the influ-ence of early marriage culture, the girls do not generally wish to receive a higher education. Addi-tionally, because of the development of tourism, girls tend to drop out of school very early and in-volve themselves in business or becoming tour guides. All these factors lead to ethnic minority women’s lower level of education. Because they do not receive a higher, or even elementary educa-tion, women’s lives are concentrated around the family and housework. 2 ) Devotion to housework. The elderly ethnic minority women not only have to take part in agri-cultural production, but they also have to take care of the “left-behind” children whose parents have left to work in urban areas. For instance, De’ang women play an important role in family, social and economic activities; they have to bear the load of heavy housework every day, including carrying wa-ter, collecting firewood, cooking, feeding pigs, cattle and children, weaving, washing clothes and farming. The Bulang women, together with the men, have created the ancient Bulang culture, and women play the role of “main tentpole” in the housework and farming. According to our investi-gations of the Yi in Chuxiong of Yunnan province, Yi women spend on average over six hours each day on housework, and most men almost never par-ticipate in housework. 3 ) Unemployment or low paid occupation. Ethnic minority women’s degree of participation in social labor is low, however, their housework du-ties are taken for granted, and not recognized by the wider society, so their labor value is underesti-mated, even ignored. Due to their low level of ed-ucation and contribution to unpaid housework, a lot of ethnic minority women are unemployed. E-
ven though a small number of them are in employ-ment, their jobs are concentrated in the low in-come industries, and few of them are supported by social insurance. 3 . Traditional gender roles in the division of labor Because of the traditional gender roles in the division of labor, the social expectations for the women’s role is still family-centered. This means women have to bear a lot of housework duties and child rearing responsibilities. Due to women’s spe-cial physiological characteristics, women have a double burden: the responsibility of human pro-duction and social production. However, under the influence of gender inequality, women who have made great contributions to the development of so-ciety and humanity have been subjected to unfair treatment. Their contribution is regarded as a bur-den unique to women or indeed the women’s natu-ral weakness, and can even become a discrimina-tory factor in employment and promotion—this is a great injustice to women. In summary, it seems that the structure of the fragility of elderly ethnic minority women is a sim-ply an issue of sex difference, but it essentially re-flects the social system and conceptual culture of“valuing sons over daughters” which is ingrained in the minority areas, and is an issue of gender in-equality. III. Countermeasures and suggestions The elderly ethnic minority women are a spe-cial group in China’s aging population. This group shows a structural vulnerability due to such as in-fluences of ethnicity and regional location, eco-nomic conditions, educational level, marital sta-tus. From the perspective of social gender, this paper studies the economic security status of ethnic aged women, analyzes the problems of economic security for this group, and puts forward some poli-cy recommendations for improving the economic se-curity situation of the elderly women in ethnic mi-nority areas. 1 . The state should increase investment in tye economic development of ethnic minority areas in order to provide more jobs and solve the problem of employment of women. Economic development in the minority areas could provide adequate economic security to improve the living conditions of the eld-erly women in those areas. 2 . The concept of gender equality needs to be strengthened. Women should enjoy equal rights in education, and equal employment opportunities as men, as well as equal rights in the husband-wife relationship. In addition, we cannot simply take each gender as exactlythe same, but should under-stand the psychological and physiological difference between men and woman, and pursue gender e-quality in terms of society, personality, opportuni-ties, and rights. 3 . National policy should afford some recogni-tion to women and their capacity for childbirth. Due to physiological factors, women have to take the responsibility of childbirth and feeding the child, however, they also have to work . Women’s contributions to the family will inevitably lead to their inferior position in terms of social professional competition. Therefore, when policies are drawn up, the physiological characteristics of men and women should be considered, moreover, gender awareness and gender equality should be a part of various policies. 4 . Policies should protect women’s employ-ment rights, and ethnic minority areas should en-courage women to go out to work. The state should make policies to protect women’s employment rights, solve the problem of sexual discrimination which might exist in the workplace, and create e-qual employment opportunities so as to reduce the probability of elderly women from ethnic minority areas becoming impoverished . 5 . Improve the urban and rural pension sys-tem, and improve women’s pension insurance cov-erage rate. 相似文献
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马来西亚的华人穆斯林--兼论不同文明的共存 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
本文通过对马来西亚华人穆斯林的个案分析 ,认为不同的文明并不是影响民族关系发展的惟一障碍 ,民族冲突的背后往往有着更为深刻的政治和经济根源 ,无限夸大文明差异的冲击 ,对民族冲突实际起到火上加油的负面效应 ;应借鉴马来西亚的经验 ,积极促进彼此间的理解与合作。 相似文献
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党的十八大以来,习近平总书记提出了一系列事关民族工作的新思想、新观点和新论断.习近平民族工作思想直面当下做好我国民族工作的新形势与新特点,在深厚的理论基础上形成,并从民族工作的依据、基础、特征、道路、举措、重点、保障、关键和目标等方面进行了深刻的理论阐述,是对马克思主义民族理论继承和发展,是对中国特色社会主义理论的丰富和拓展,有利于形成中华民族命运共同体建设的新格局. 相似文献
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多元文化教育视角下的少数民族公民教育 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
中国是由 5 6个民族组成的多民族国家 ,每一个少数民族都拥有自己独特的文化传统与宗教信仰 ,因此 ,少数民族人民的公民教育便具有自身的特点和规律性。从多元文化教育理论的角度思考少数民族公民教育模式 ,探索多元文化基础上的公民培养机制 ,具有重要的现实意义 相似文献