中国城镇家庭户收入和财产不平等:1995～2002

利用中国家庭户收入调查收集的1995年和2002年城镇家庭户样本数据,以家庭户作为分析单位,对中国城镇收入和财产不平等进行了考察。数据分析结果表明:中国城镇家庭户收入的大多数不平等测量指标在1995～2002年7年间都存在一个显著的大幅度上升,但家庭户财产不平等在此期间呈现出略有下降的趋势;基于人口分组的分解反映出,区域、户主受教育程度和户主中共党员身份对总的家庭收入和财产不平等具有更大的贡献;总体上,对于1995～2002年的中国城镇而言,分类机制在左右家庭户资源不平等变动中扮演着更为重要的角色。     

教育代际传递对农村子女收入性别差距的影响及差异性分析——基于反事实视角北大核心

2020年后相对贫困治理成为解决中国“三农问题”的重要任务,缩小农村收入差距、促进社会代际流动是重要施策点。而教育公平作为起点公平,是打破社会阶层固化、促进底层向上流动的重要工具,农村教育的机会平等更是后扶贫时代缓解相对贫困的基本方略。本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010-2018年数据,运用反事实视角检验教育机会不平等对农村子女收入差距的影响及变化。实证结果显示农村家庭子女存在教育机会的性别不平等,即教育代际传递过程中儿子与女儿的教育机会存在差距,女性子女教育机会受到父母教育程度的约束性影响;农村子女教育代际流动与其收入水平存在相关性,且教育代际向上流动对收入具有正向影响,而性别间也存在教育代际流动方向上的差异;教育因素对农村子女收入性别差距的贡献表现为特征效应而非系数效应,教育分布扩大了收入性别差距,而教育回报率缩小了收入性别差距;在反事实视角下,当消除女性子女教育代际传递的劣势后,子女收入性别差距减小约10%且教育禀赋不再对收入性别差距产生正向影响。相关教育政策一方面应该加强劣势群体的社会保障,改善相对贫困家庭的教育投资现状,从根本上解决农村子女上学问题;另一方面应该改善优质教育资源配置及教育机会分配。同时继续加强农村地区男女平等基本国策的宣传教育,改善女性地位,发挥女性优势。     

异质性劳动力流动与区域收入差距:新经济地理学模型的扩展分析

文章将流动劳动力分为高技能与低技能两种类型,通过引入高技能劳动力集聚所产生的知识溢出效应,对新经济地理学经典模型进行扩展,探讨了这两种不同类型劳动力流动性、经济集聚和地区收入差距之间的互动关系。模型模拟显示,随着地区经济整合进程的不断深入,高技能劳动力流动所产生的集聚力量远大于低技能劳动力流动,高技能劳动力的地区集聚更倾向于扩大而非缩小地区收入差距,而低技能劳动力流动有助于延缓地区收入差距的扩大,并用经验数据进行了印证。     

我国农民工收入增长因素的实证分析

以2006-2007年7个城市农民工调查问卷资料为基础,总结农民工收入增长的特征,采用多元回归分析方法建模,研究影响农民工收入增长的因素。性别、年龄、工作性质变动、工作持续时间、求职方式变动以及刚进城时收入等因素对农民工收入增长作用显著;而受教育水平、进城时间和地区经济增长等因素对农民工增收影响较小。     

农民工回流的选择性与非农就业:来自湖北的证据

近年来,随着东部沿海地区劳动密集型产业逐渐向中西部地区转移,农民工回流已成为社会关注的热点话题。本文利用来自湖北省的农村劳动力调查数据研究农民工的回流原因与返乡非农就业状况。农民工的回流决策不仅要受到其人力资本的影响,也与老人需要赡养、农业负担较重、与家人团聚等家庭因素以及输出地经济的发展程度有关。相对于那些仍然外出的农民工而言,回流农民工往往是负向选择的结果,并没有表现出比从未外出农村劳动力更倾向参与非农就业。因此,农民工回流对输出地经济发展的贡献程度可能并不像大部分研究结果所显示的那么乐观。     

农民工非正规就业收入影响因素分析—基于山东省的调查

农民工非正规就业成为农村剩余劳动力转移的重要途径,为了了解农民工非正规就业收入的影响因素,本文对山东省17地市的农民工进行了抽样问卷调查,通过对479份有效问卷的Logistic分析,发现务工单位所在行业、单位所有制性质、单位距离、务工者的年龄和性别显著影响农民工的务工收入,而农民工的婚姻状况、学历和是否有耕地对其收入无显著影响;调查采用描述性统计的方法进一步探讨了深层原因,进而发现农民工自身竞争力不强是最主要的影响因素。基于此,建议相关部门联合社会各界力量对农民工进行必要的职业技能培训、加快农村工业化建设、搭建和完善农民工求职信息平台,以及给与农民工其他必要的创业帮助以增加农民工收入。     

养老金收入与收入不平等对老年人健康的影响

文章利用中国收入分配课题组2002和2007年城镇住户调查数据,分析了养老金对中国老年人健康的影响作用。结果显示,2002～2007年,随着养老金收入水平的提高,老年人自评健康状况越来越好,相比其他家庭人均收入,养老金对保障老年人健康的作用越来越突出;养老金通过家庭内部老年人口之间的再分配,发挥的作用更明显。由于收入差距的扩大和城市贫困问题的凸显,不平等对老年人的健康影响开始显现;对于单独居住老人,养老金的健康保障作用越来越重要。     

培训对农民工收入的影响

针对农民工收入偏低的问题,本文应用倾向分匹配法分析了培训对农民工收入的影响。研究结果指出职前培训和在职培训均能够有效地促进农民工收入的增加,且职前培训的作用效果更加明显。因此,政府应制定合理的农民工培训政策,有效地促进农民工收入的增长。     

培训时间对农民工收入的影响

本文依据2008年中国城乡劳动力流动调查数据,应用广义倾向分方法分析一般培训和专门培训的培训时间对农民工收入的影响。研究结果表明:一般培训和专门培训均有助于农民工收入水平的提升。随着培训时间的延长,培训时间对农民工收入的边际影响递减。农民工接受一般培训在30天以内或专门培训在120天以内,其收入水平将随着培训时间的延长而显著得到提升;但一般培训时间超过30天或专门培训超过120天后,其收入水平并未随着培训时间的延长而得到进一步的提升。因此,政府和企业在努力扩大农民工培训覆盖面的同时,适度调整农民工的培训时间,将有助于农民工整体工资水平的显著提升。     

农民工的流动儿童生存环境与就学的相关分析

本文从湖南省湘潭市部分农民工的流动儿童就学状况出发,对其生存环境与就学率及学校取向影响作了简要分析,得出几点结论:其一,以户籍为基础的教育财政体制是农民工的流动儿童就学难的根源,有必要建立与人口流动性相配套的财政投入机制来解决教育经费的区域划拨矛盾;其二,农民工流动性过强、公立学校借读费过高以及文化教育程度的限制导致了流动儿童失辍学率居高不下,政府应当逐步弱化按教育成本投入确定的入学收费制度,通过继续教育来提升农民工家长的文化素质,为孩子创造相对稳定宽松的学习环境;其三,民办学校办学资格的缺失及城乡歧视形成的心理负荷导致流动儿童教育质量低下,政府应当渐近性地完成民办学校合法化整改工作,在城市主导价值观念下加速流动儿童的城市融合过程。     

Remittances and the income distribution in Tonga

Receipt of remittances from migrants decreased the inequality of income in Tonga. Policies that attempt to affect migration or remittance flows, such as policies to improve the administration and collection of taxes, should take into account any undesirable effects on the distribution of income.     

Labor Migration,Remittances and Economic Well-being of Households in the Philippines

Labor Migration has long been viewed as a strategy adopted by the household unit to allocate family resources rationally to increase the flows of income and to raise family standard of living. The research reported here examines the extent to which remittances sent by Filipino overseas workers increase the income and standard of living of households in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from a representative sample of 2,388 households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines. The analysis compares households with and without overseas workers to estimate the contribution of remittances to household income and to household standard of living (measured once by an ‘objective’ indicator and once by a ‘subjective’ assessment). The data reveal that due to remittances the income of households with overseas labor migrants is considerably higher than the income of households without overseas workers. The data also reveal that remittances are used mostly for consumption purposes (e.g. purchase of food, clothing, education, and goods) and that most of the difference in standard of living (whether measured on the ‘objective’ or the ‘subjective’ scale) between households with and without overseas workers are attributed to remittances. The implications of labor migration and the policy that encourages and supports labor migration for the Filipino society are evaluated and discussed.

Supplemental security income, labor supply, and migration

The Supplemental Security Income (SSI) program in the USA creates incentives for potential aged recipients to reduce labor supply prior to becoming eligible, and past research finds evidence of such behavior for older men. There may be a migration response to across-state variation in SSI benefits, which is of interest in its own right and can bias estimates of the effects of SSI benefits on labor supply. We fail to find evidence that older individuals migrate in response to SSI benefits, or that the labor supply disincentive effects of SSI are spurious and instead reflect migration behavior.The author Neumark is also a Senior Fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California, a Research Associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a Research Fellow at Institute for the Study of Labor. The views expressed are not those of the Public Policy Institute of California.     

广州市不同户籍人口工资收入差距研究

户籍制度导致的社会不公一直是社会各界和学术界许多学科关注的问题,许多研究都指出在劳动力市场上,不同户籍人口的收入差距明显。本文尝试通过2005年广州市人口抽样调查的情况进一步说明,在市场经济比较活跃,外来人口聚集的地区,不公平的主要表现不是在工资上,而是在获得工作岗位的机会上,特别是在获得市场垄断与政府控制的行业的工作岗位上。     

教育不平等与外来工工资的民族差异——兼论少数民族外来工教育获得的“三重弱势”

外来工工资收入的民族差异一直没有引起学术界的充分关注。2010年珠三角和长三角外来工问卷调查显示,少数民族外来工月平均工资为1636．16元,比汉族低约300元,差距显著。Oaxaca—Blinder模型分解表明,个人特征、企业特征、来源地等变量共解释了少数民族外来工与汉族外来工资差异的58．9％,其中主要来自于前劳动力市场阶段的教育不平等。导致少数民族外来工教育落后的原因是他们主要来自西部农村地区,当地经济发展水平和教育投入水平相对落后,而少数民族的语言和风俗习惯也影响到少数民族外来工的教育成就。     

地区发展、经济机会、收入回报与省际人口流动

利用最新的第六次全国人口普查数据,本文考察了省际人口流动的空间模式,发现省际人口流动呈现明显的空间聚集态势.并进一步分析地区差异对省际人口流动的影响,结果表明：作为流出地,一个地区的经济发展水平对于人口流出具有显著的阻力效应,但经济机会的多寡和经济回报的高低并无显著的影响;作为流入地,一个地区的经济发展水平对于吸引人口流入并不具有显著的影响,其“拉力”主要表现为经济机会的多寡和经济回报的高低.因地区发展不平衡短期内难以改变、经济开放性会继续增强、收入地区分化仍将存在,加上更加自由的流动环境和不断改善的交通和通讯条件,省级人口流动在局部地区集中的趋势将会进一步被强化.     

Migradollars: The remittances and savings of Mexican migrants to the USA

In this article, we use new data from 22 communities to estimate the total flow of dollars back into Mexico as a result of migration to the United States. Our estimates include remittances sent while working abroad and money brought back on return trips; they incorporate transfers by temporary as well as permanent US workers; they include money transferred by legal as well as illegal migrants; and they include funds sent or brought by household heads as well as other family members. We estimate that US$ 24 million in migradollars flowed into the sample communities during the survey year. In some places, the flow of US money equalled or exceeded the value of locally earned income. When generalized to all of Western Mexico, our sample suggests a regional flow of US$ 1.5 billion; and when our data are inserted into an estimation model developed earlier by Lozano Ascencio, we estimate the total flow at US$ 2 billion for Mexico as a whole. Although most of this money was spent on consumption, investments in productive activities were significant, and directly or indirectly, we conclude that migradollars play an extremely important role in Mexican economic production.This article is based on a paper, presented at the University of Chicago, 8 October 1993.     

The Transnational Project and its Implications for Migrant Civil Society in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, overseas labor migration plays a vital role in the development strategy promoted by government agencies, international donor organizations and civil society organizations. Civil society organizations facilitate the migration process, respond to exploitation facing migrants while overseas and assist migrants upon their return to Bangladesh. Organizations in Bangladesh are pursuing a ‘transnational project,’ whereby their activities, missions, and objectives are now focused around transnational work in order to assist migrants. The transnational project is driven by foreign development agencies and the legitimating actions of local migrant organizations. This paper demonstrates the different ways transnationalism has moved from a radical concept to a banal development practice, by critically analyzing contemporary development practices of migrant civil society organizations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Also addressed are the implications of the transnational project on migrant organizations, development, and migrant political inclusion, arguing that the transnational project creates new power structures and paradoxes within organizations.     

劳工NGO对农民工权益保障的价值和限度

在当代中国,政府无论是对劳资事务的监管还是保障农民工合法权益行动,存在许多局限性,均会出现政府失灵的问题,它需要劳工NGO予以回应。而劳工NGO参与社会公共事务治理,尤其是其人性化志愿服务能有效地为农民工提供社会网络支持、情感支持,提升其法律意识,降低可能的暴力维权行动,这对政府劳资事务治理和实现社会稳定有积极意义。但现行非政府组织政策环境限制其参与保障农民工合法权益的活动,同时,劳工NGO大多缺少合法身份和资源,制约其与政府良性互动,降低其作用的发挥。