中国农村地区的家庭禀赋与外出务工劳动力回流

中国农村地区家庭禀赋对个人的行为决策有着重要的影响,需要学术界予以更多的关注。为了考察外生性的家庭禀赋对劳动力就业流动的影响,文章通过构建新生代外出务工劳动力和户主子女的回流决策两个计量模型来进行经验论证。分析结果表明,农村劳动力的迁移选择是综合考虑家庭禀赋状况的理性决策,尤其是对于年轻一代的外出劳动力。家庭经济资本的增加会阻碍家庭外出务工成员的回流。外出劳动力回流的概率起初随着家庭人力资本和家庭自然资本的增长而上升,达到一定程度后开始下降。家庭成员只有拥有较为丰富的人力资本,外出务工劳动力才能对家庭社会资本加以充分利用。另外,分析显示年轻一代劳动力和第一代劳动力对家庭社会资本和自然资本的利用是有差异的。     

农村劳动力流动微观决策分析

本文利用2010年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据并从家庭决策角度分析家庭禀赋对农村劳动力流动微观决策的影响,进一步探讨农村劳动力省内与跨省流动微观内在形成机制。结果表明,家庭人力资本中的家庭规模每增加一个单位,家庭成员外出务工概率将增加3.5倍,而人均受教育水平较高的家庭外出务工概率较低;家庭社会资本对农村劳动力流动产生负向影响,但在有成员外出家庭中,拥有丰富社会资本家庭的劳动力跨省流动概率较大;家庭经济资本的收入效应将大于替代效应,家庭经济资本越丰富,劳动力外出打工概率越低;家庭自然资本的替代效应将大于收入效应,丰富的家庭自然资本对劳动力流动具有促进效应;此外,农村劳动力流动还存在明显的同群效应。     

农村劳动力流动减贫效应的实证研究——基于甘肃省农户的调查

农村劳动力流动和转移是农村反贫困的重要路径之一,对缓解农村贫困有重要的作用。本文以甘肃省1 749个农户的调研数据为研究样本,在描述性统计分析的基础之上提出关于劳动力流动和贫困之间关系的四个假设。针对提出的假设,本文采用Double-log模型对农户收入进行弹性分析,发现农户家庭外出务工劳动力对农户家庭人均收入有显著的正向作用,进一步应用Probit模型对影响农户家庭劳动力流动的因素进行回归分析,发现外出劳动力的年龄、性别、职业、受教育程度、健康状况及工作地点和主要技能等对劳动力流动有重要的直接影响且间接地影响家庭的贫困状况,进而直接或间接地对所提出的假设进行了证明。劳动力流动与贫困之间存在双向关系,务工收入是农户家庭的主要收入来源。因此,劳动力流动对于减少农村贫困发生率,促进农业生产要素的合理配置和缓解农村生态贫困等都有积极作用。     

农民工回流的选择性与非农就业:来自湖北的证据

近年来,随着东部沿海地区劳动密集型产业逐渐向中西部地区转移,农民工回流已成为社会关注的热点话题。本文利用来自湖北省的农村劳动力调查数据研究农民工的回流原因与返乡非农就业状况。农民工的回流决策不仅要受到其人力资本的影响,也与老人需要赡养、农业负担较重、与家人团聚等家庭因素以及输出地经济的发展程度有关。相对于那些仍然外出的农民工而言,回流农民工往往是负向选择的结果,并没有表现出比从未外出农村劳动力更倾向参与非农就业。因此,农民工回流对输出地经济发展的贡献程度可能并不像大部分研究结果所显示的那么乐观。     

劳动力流动对农村经济的影响效应——基于对四川省调查数据的分析

本文以国家社科基金课题组2010年初在四川省63个自然村有无外出务工家庭的问卷调查为研究样本,分析四川省农村劳动力流动的个体特征,劳动力流动对农民家庭收支、福利及农户农业生产的影响。结果发现:农村劳动力流动对增加农村居民收入、缓解农民家庭贫困、改善农民家庭福利状况及促进土地流转具有积极效应;对农户劳动力和土地等基本资源的合理配置具有一定的促进作用,但对农业产出率的提高和技术进步的作用不显著。     

劳动力市场分割对农村流动劳动力收入水平的影响——来自甘肃省十个样本村的调查与争析

近年来,劳动力外出务工已成为农民增收的一个重要途径。农村流动劳动力作为一个特殊群体,影响其收入的因素既具有居民收入的一般规律。又具有其特殊性。现有的研究一般以传统人力资本理论和收入均等化理论等为基础,来分析农村流动劳动力收入水平的影响因素。本文以甘肃省农村流动劳动力的调查数据为样本,试图从流动劳动力的人口学特征、就职行业、流动去向及工作稳定性等四个方面分析劳动力市场分割对农民工收入水平的影响。     

外出务工对农村老年人家庭子女养老分工影响研究

文章利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所2009年在安徽省巢湖市进行的＂安徽省老年人生活福利状况＂抽样调查数据,采用多元Logistic回归分析了农村老年人家庭儿子与女儿外出务工状况对子女兄弟姐妹养老分工的影响。结果表明,外出务工对子女养老分工有显著影响,并且儿子和女儿外出务工的影响存在显著性别差异。儿子全部外出务工,子女之间倾向不平均分担对老年父母的经济支持,女儿全部外出务工,子女之间倾向于共同平均分担经济支持;儿子全部外出务工或女儿全部外出务工,子女之间都倾向于不给予老年父母生活照料。     

外出务工经历、邻里关系与返乡农民工创业

返乡农民工自主创业是“双创”背景下妥善处理农村剩余劳动力安置问题的重要途径。农民工外出务工期间积累的多元要素禀赋是其迈过初创门槛的关键因素。运用中国劳动力动态调查2016年数据,系统分析了包括外出务工经历在内的宏、微观因素对返乡农民工创业决策的影响,并重点探究了邻里关系的多维调节效应。理论分析与实证结果表明：外出务工经历显著提高了农村劳动力开展自主创业的概率。相比于宏观创业环境,返乡农民工在作出创业决策时更加关注自身要素禀赋的丰裕程度。对于主观幸福感较高、不公平感强烈、未参加短期技术培训以及西部地区的返乡创业群体,外出务工经历对自主创业行为表现出较强的促进作用。邻里关系对外出务工经历与返乡农民工创业具有正向调节效应,邻里间的支持作用、同群作用以及示范作用均是调节效应的有效渠道。以上结论经过稳健性和内生性检验依然成立,从而为激发农村创业内生动力,尽快实现乡村产业与人才振兴提供了有益借鉴。     

进城务工女性汇款情况研究——以厦门市流动妇女为例

本文利用厦门市进城务工人员汇款情况调查数据,描述了厦门进城务工女性汇款方式和行为,出于孝道外出打工女性在工作以后都会给家乡亲人一定的经济支持,使得她们在家庭中的经济地位提高,成为家庭主要的劳动力。通过建立分性别的汇款影响因素的相关性模型和回归模型,研究女性汇款的内在因素和外在条件。     

农村劳动力流动及其对收入的影响——来自内蒙古赤峰市农村地区的证据

大量闲置的剩余劳动力从农村中流动出来 ,显著地提高了农村居民的收入。其影响机制是 :　　虽然外出劳动力户的家庭总收入低于非外出劳动力户 ,然而 ,外出劳动力对家庭收入的贡献 ,却要大于非外出劳动力。在影响劳动力外出决定的因素中 ,交通条件的影响并不大 ,而那些信息基础设施条件比较好的地区和教育程度高的劳动力 ,更容易外出打工     

Migrant remittances in Thailand: Economic necessity or social norm?

The remittances of internal migrants contribute in various ways to the well-being of their households of origin. This study examines the significance of selected socio-economic and demographic factors associated with remittance behaviour in Thailand as characterized by the propensity to remit and amount remitted. The extent to which remittances affect the living standard of house-holds left behind is also appraised. The analyses suggest that in Thailand sending remittances is a practice rooted in altruism which enables out-migrants to retain personal contact with their households of origin for an extended time. Thus, it is widely exercised regardless of the economic needs of the household. At the same time, out-migration is an effective means for low-income households to quickly overcome shortages of income. The sustenance of poor households might have been difficult without remittances. From a macro-perspective, remittances contribute to the equalization of the income distribution among households having out-migrants.     

中国城镇家庭户收入和财产不平等:1995～2002

利用中国家庭户收入调查收集的1995年和2002年城镇家庭户样本数据,以家庭户作为分析单位,对中国城镇收入和财产不平等进行了考察。数据分析结果表明:中国城镇家庭户收入的大多数不平等测量指标在1995～2002年7年间都存在一个显著的大幅度上升,但家庭户财产不平等在此期间呈现出略有下降的趋势;基于人口分组的分解反映出,区域、户主受教育程度和户主中共党员身份对总的家庭收入和财产不平等具有更大的贡献;总体上,对于1995～2002年的中国城镇而言,分类机制在左右家庭户资源不平等变动中扮演着更为重要的角色。     

Remittances and the income distribution in Tonga

Receipt of remittances from migrants decreased the inequality of income in Tonga. Policies that attempt to affect migration or remittance flows, such as policies to improve the administration and collection of taxes, should take into account any undesirable effects on the distribution of income.     

Labor Migration,Remittances and Economic Well-being of Households in the Philippines

Labor Migration has long been viewed as a strategy adopted by the household unit to allocate family resources rationally to increase the flows of income and to raise family standard of living. The research reported here examines the extent to which remittances sent by Filipino overseas workers increase the income and standard of living of households in the Philippines. Data for the analysis were obtained from a representative sample of 2,388 households drawn in 1999–2000 from four major “labor sending” areas in the Philippines. The analysis compares households with and without overseas workers to estimate the contribution of remittances to household income and to household standard of living (measured once by an ‘objective’ indicator and once by a ‘subjective’ assessment). The data reveal that due to remittances the income of households with overseas labor migrants is considerably higher than the income of households without overseas workers. The data also reveal that remittances are used mostly for consumption purposes (e.g. purchase of food, clothing, education, and goods) and that most of the difference in standard of living (whether measured on the ‘objective’ or the ‘subjective’ scale) between households with and without overseas workers are attributed to remittances. The implications of labor migration and the policy that encourages and supports labor migration for the Filipino society are evaluated and discussed.

Rural out-migration and smallholder agriculture in the southern Ecuadorian Andes

This study investigates the consequences of out-migration and migrant remittances for smallholder agriculture in a rural and environmentally marginal study area in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Migration and remittances have the potential for transformative impacts on agriculture in origin areas of migration due to consequent declines in labor availability and increases in income, but previous studies have primarily found mixed and weak effects. This study provides additional insight by considering the gender and destination of migrants, key factors given gender norms influencing participation in agriculture, and the large gap in remittances sent by internal and international migrants. Building on recent methodological innovations, the study uses original household survey data and multivariate statistical models to examine the consequences of migration and remittances for multiple agricultural outcomes, including maize production, agrodiversity, female participation in agriculture, and the use of land, labor, and chemical inputs. Consistent with previous studies, the results indicate that migration and remittances have mixed and countervailing effects on smallholder agriculture. Specifically, out-migration has lost-labor effects that differ between men and women, and international remittances have investment-promotion effects that result in increased maize production. Together, the results highlight the resilience of smallholder agriculture in the face of dramatic demographic change.     

The state and structural vulnerability: Policy egalitarianism and household income

The distribution of household income in the United States is remarkably unequal. Stratification researchers predict levels of income in terms of individual characteristics and structural features of the economy and society. These researchers, however, often neglect the role of the state. Political sociologists have begun to examine the impact of the state on aggregate levels of inequality across nations. I build on this literature to explain household income in the United States. Utilizing 2000 IPUMS data, I clarify how household income varies across the sub-national U.S. states according to policy configurations. I find that sub-national states with more egalitarian policies help to buttress the relative incomes of groups vulnerable to low incomes, particularly service workers and single mother families. These results suggest that studies of income and income inequality should consider the role of policies.     

Poverty,Inequality and Deprivation in South Africa: An Analysis of the 1993 SALDRU Survey

This paper analyses poverty and inequality in South Africa based on data from a comprehensive multi-purpose household survey undertaken in 1993 to provide baseline statistics on poverty and its determinants to the new government. The paper shows that South Africa has among the highest levels of income inequality in the world and compares poorly in most social indicators to countries with similar income levels. Much of the poverty in the country is a direct result of apartheid policies that denied equal access to education, employment, services, and resources to the black population of the country. As a result, poverty has a very strong racial dimension with poverty concentrated among the African population. In addition, poverty is much higher in rural areas, and particularly high in the former homelands. Poverty among female-headed households and among children is also higher than average. Moreover, poverty is closely related to poor education and lack of employment. The poor suffer from lack of access to education, quality health care, basic infrastructure, transport, are heavily indebted, have little access to productive resources, and are heavily dependent on remittances and social transfers, particularly social pensions and disability grants. The paper uses an income-based definition of poverty for most of the analysis. In addition, it develops a broad-based index of deprivation including income, employment, wealth, access to services, health, education, and perceptions of satisfaction as its components. While on average the two indicators correspond fairly closely, the income poverty measure misses a considerable number of people who are severely deprived in many of the non-income measures of well-being. This group of severely deprived not identified by the income poverty measure consists predominantly of Africans living in rural areas, concentrated particularly in the province of KwaZulu/Natal.     

Measuring inequality with asset indicators

This paper examines whether, in the absence of information on household income or consumption, data on household infrastructure, building materials, and ownership of certain durable assets can be used to measure inequality in living standards. Principal components analysis is used to obtain a relative measure of inequality, and a bootstrap prediction method is provided for use when auxiliary surveys are available. Mexican data is used to show that the inequality methods provided do provide reasonable proxies for inequalities in living standards. An application finds that after controlling for household income and demographics, school attendance of boys in Mexico is negatively related to state-level inequality.     

The Association Between Perceived Income Inequality and Subjective Well-being: Evidence from a Social Survey in Japan

Previous studies have shown that income inequality in society is negatively associated with individuals subjective well-being (SWB), such as their perceived happiness and self-rated health (SRH). However, it is not realistic to assume that individuals have precise information about actual income distribution measured by the Gini coefficient or other statistical measures. In the current study, we examined how perceived income inequality, rather than actual inequality, was associated with SWB, using cross-sectional data collected from a nationwide, Internet survey conducted in Japan (N = 10,432). We also examined how this association was confounded by individuals’ objective and subjective income status, considering the possibility that individuals with lower income status are more inclined to both perceive income inequality and feel unhappy/unhealthy. In our analysis, we focused on the perception of widening income inequality (as perceived income inequality), perceived happiness and SRH (as SWB), and household income and living standards compared with 1 year ago and compared with others (as income status). We also controlled for personality traits. We obtained three key findings: (1) perceived income inequality was negatively associated with SWB; (2) both perceived income inequality and SWB were associated with income status; and (3) the association between perceived income inequality and SWB was attenuated after controlling for income status, but not fully for perceived happiness. These findings suggest that perceived income inequality, which links actual income inequality to SWB, should be further studied.     

The polarizing effect of economic inequality on class identification: Evidence from 44 countries

Using cumulative logit mixed models fitted to World Values Survey data from 44 countries, we explore the impact of economic conditions – both at the individual-level and the national-level – on social class identification. Consistent with previous research, we find a positive relationship between household income and class identification in all countries that we explore, though this relationship varies substantially. Also corroborating previous research, we find that ‘low’ class identifications are more likely in poor countries than in rich ones. However, in contrast to previous research that has neglected the role of inequality, our results indicate that the effect of economic development diminishes if income inequality is considered in the same model. We further demonstrate that income inequality has an important polarizing effect on class identification. Specifically, the relationship between household income and class identity tends to be strongest in countries with a high level of income inequality.