从国际法看巴勒斯坦建国

巴勒斯坦建国问题是巴以冲突中悬而未决的棘手问题,在当前巴以和平进程受挫情况下,它渐渐成为巴以和谈的重要议题,且有可能成为和谈的突破口.本文从国际法角度,结合历史,分析了巴建国问题在法理上具备了哪些条件,缺哪些条件,据此对巴建国前景作个预测.     

巴以目前局势及发展走向管窥

自今年2月沙龙政府上台以来,巴以形势越发紧张,双方的武力冲突陡增,暴力活动频仍,和谈陷于全面停滞甚至倒退状态.文章就当前人们普遍关注的问题即巴勒斯坦"起义"、以巴双方的和谈立场、巴以局势走向等问题进行了认真的分析和探索,认为巴以谈判不会因为以色列政府更迭而毁于一旦,而是将在有关方面的推动下继续艰难曲折地谈下去,因为和平毕竟是巴以双方的最佳选择.     

巴以目前局势及发展走向管窥

自今年2月沙龙政府上台以来,巴以形势越发紧张,双方的武力冲突陡增,暴力活动频仍,和谈陷于全面停滞甚至倒退状态。文章就当前人们普遍关注的问题即巴勒斯坦“起义”、以巴双方的和谈立场、巴以局势走向等问题进行了认真的分析和探索,认为巴以谈判不会因为以色列政府更迭而毁于一旦,而是将在有关方面的推动下继续艰难曲折地谈下去,因为和平毕竟是巴以双方的最佳选择。     

我眼中的阿拉法特（下）

1991年初，海湾战争结束后，阿拉伯国家和国际社会纷纷呼吁尽早开始中东和谈，公正解决阿以和巴以问题，以实现中东持久和平与稳定。美国为巩固其在海湾战争中的胜利和维护其在中东的主导权和战略利益，积极扮演阿以冲突调解者的角色，中东和谈再次趋向活跃。经中东地区有关方面和国际社会的共同努力，中东和会第一阶段会议于     

我眼中的阿拉法特(下)

1991年初,海湾战争结束后,阿拉伯国家和国际社会纷纷呼吁尽早开始中尔和谈,公正解决阿以和巴以问题,以实现中东持久和平与稳定.美国为巩固其在海湾战争中的胜利和维护其在中东的主导权和战略利益,积极扮演阿以冲突调解者的角色,中尔和谈再次趋向活跃.     

1998年中东形势回顾

1998年中东地区热点迭出,但巴以和谈和美伊武器核查危机仍是最引人瞩目的焦点.一方面,中东和平进程经过大半年的原地踏步后,巴以终于在美国的力促下签署了临时和平协议,避免了终年颗粒无收的局面,但协议在实施过程中遇到种种阻力,并最终导致了以色列政坛发生动荡;另一方面,美伊围绕武器核查问题几度交锋,恼羞成怒的美国     

巴勒斯坦经济发展中的以色列因素分析

第三次中东战争后，以色列对约旦河西岸和加沙地带的占领为巴勒斯坦农业和工业带来了诸多负面影响，并使巴勒斯坦经济具有较强的依附性，突出表现为劳务输出和进出口贸易对以色列的依赖。以色列的占领严重地影响了巴经济的发展，并造成了巴勒斯坦在巴以和谈中的劣势。     

巴勒斯坦经济发展中的以色列因素分析

第三次中东战争后，以色列对约旦河西岸和加沙地带的占领为巴勒斯坦农业和工业带来了诸多负面影响，并使巴勒斯坦经济具有较强的依附性，突出表现为劳务输出和进出口贸易对以色列的依赖。以色列的占领严重地影响了巴经济的发展，并造成了巴勒斯坦在巴以和谈中的劣势。     

巴勒斯坦：从大选走向和平

2005年1月9日,备受国际社会关注的巴勒斯坦历史上第二次大选终于落下帷幕,反对暴力、主张和谈的阿巴斯最终以压倒性优势当选为巴勒斯坦民族权力机构主席。随着美国布什总统的连任和以色列利库德-工党联合政府的上台,巴勒斯坦的此次大选已成为影响巴以和谈能否恢复的关键因素。那么,阿巴斯当选后,巴勒斯坦人离实现和平还有多远?和平赢得大选本次巴勒斯坦大选是在原巴勒斯坦民族权力机构主席阿拉法特2004年11月11日突然离世的情况下举行的,也是在巴以和谈陷入僵局的背景下进行的。因此,在此次大选中,巴勒斯坦人不仅是要通过投票从各政治派别中…     

新形势下中东热点问题与大国中东政策

中东局势依然紧张：伊拉克局势并未得到根本好转；巴以重启和谈，但和平基础非常脆弱；美国与伊朗对抗加剧；黎巴嫩局势不稳；库尔德工人党袭击土耳其；阿拉伯国家极力自保。因此，布什政府虽被迫调整了其中东政策，但拒不承认失败，欧俄等世界大国和大国集团也积极介入中东事务。     

Women and the Nobel Prize for peace

The Nobel Prize for Peace has been awarded for over 100 years. While the formal criteria for selection have not changed, there has been an evolution in the kind of choices made. To better understand those choices I have grouped individual winners into five distinct categories. The two largest groups are national leaders working within the international legal system and peace activists. The other three are: opponents capable of exercising force who agree to stop using it; individuals pursuing justice, freedom and/or rights nonviolently as a prelude to peace; and those offering selfless service. Some winners have focused on ending conflict. This kind of peace is sometimes called `negative'. Others have sought a `positive' peace, one based on justice. While at least one woman falls into each of the categories, those which involve the application of law and/or force have only one woman each. Women are primarily peace activists. They won in ten of the seventy-one years that individuals won. Three won in the first fifty years. There was then a thirty-year hiatus, but since 1976 eight women have been winners. They vary in nationality, age and class, but in only one case did the individual work through well-established institutions. Most acted either as individuals or were founding participants in new organizations.     

The Sociological Literature on Nuclear Issues*

In this paper we address the question of the existing and potential role of sociologists in the nuclear debate by first sketching some of the major nuclear issues, second by guaging the extent of professional attention which sociology has focused on nuclear issue. Our focus is on the professional sociological literature. In addition to it there is a vast peace literature which ranges from academic studies to newsletters and propaganda pieces. Sociologists may contribute heavily to the peace literature and be active in the peace or relatede campaigns, but we exclude these activities from our study. We view them as actions which sociologists do in their roles of concerned citizens. Our focus here is on the professional sociological literature and our comments pertain solely to it. We select thirteen journals to represent various aspects of this literature and review all issues from 1945 to the present to guage the coverage of nuclear issues in the sociological literature.     

伊拉克、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦政治结构比较研究

美国于2003年发动的伊拉克战争对中东地区政治制度产生了深刻影响,一些中东国家或政权的政治结构和政治力量对比因此出现了重大变化。其中,尤以伊拉克、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦的变化最为显著,它们按照政党制、议会制、选举制的模式各自进行了政治制度变革的尝试,并取得了一定进展,但总体尚不成熟。从西方引进的民主制度无疑改变了这些国家或政权的政治生活,有一定的积极作用,但不是治本良药,中东地区的问题需依靠地区自身来解决。     

Power and “native” Jews: the Russian imperial bureaucracy and Mountain Jews in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century

The 1880s and 1890s witnessed an intensification of Tsarist policy towards the Jews of the Russian Empire. In 1892, for example, a law directed towards the Jews of Kuban and Cossack areas in the Caucasus was promulgated. In preparing the law, officials failed to notice, either intentionally or accidentally, that alongside European Jews of the Kuban and Terek region resided Mountain Jews. There were, therefore, problems with the implementation of this law especially in relation to Mountain Jews. This led to considerable controversy. This study demonstrates the manner in which officials attempted to solve the Jewish question in the Russian Empire. It focuses on the impact of officialdom at various levels of the Tsarist regime on the lives of Mountain Jews. Its principal sources are drawn from various documents and correspondence between government officials on the matter of the Mountain Jews.1 Research for this paper was generously assisted by a Rothschild Foundation grant.      

Gendered Peace: Four Hungarian Women Writers Against the Two World Wars

Hungary's leading women writers from Margit Kaffka to Piroska Szenes took passionate sides when compelled to choose between the ‘maternal’ protection of life and the patriot's loyalty to ‘fatherland’. ‘If only?…?this whole wartime world was turned upside down!’ and ‘No peace on earth before the last bit of soil?…?is regained!’ were characteristic wishes made by women writers on either side of the pacifist versus patriot divide. The article seeks to answer the question what, beyond background and temperament, motivated the emblematic female figures of Hungary's interwar literature coming out in favour of peace, country, or both.     

浅议意识与情绪对健康的影响

通过探讨意识与情绪对健康的影响,提出健康的话语是护士团队行动的指南,倡导追求内心的平静和坦然,以达到健康自我,快乐他人的目的。     

Averting Forced Migration in Countries in Transition

Many countries of emigration are in transition from conflict to peace and from authoritarian to democratic governments. Addressing population movements from these countries requires more than economic opportunities; equally important is the establishment of the rule of law, respect for human rights, and, in countries recovering from conflict, reconstruction of destroyed infrastructure and housing. Otherwise, fragile peace and democratization processes can easily break down, creating new waves of forced migrants and hampering efforts towards repatriation and reintegration of already displaced populations. This background paper discusses the nature of forced migration, pointing out that the end of the Cold War has produced new pressures and new opportunities to address these flows. While extremism, particularly rampant nationalism, has provoked massive forced migration in many parts of the world, the changing geopolitical relations has also led to peace settlements in some countries and humanitarian intervention to reduce suffering in others. Addressing forced migration pressures in countries in transition requires comprehensive policy approaches. Four types of best practices are considered in this paper. First, mechanisms to ameliorate the causes of forced movements, including the role that expatriate communities can play in strengthening the rule of law and respect for human rights, particularly minority rights. Second, mechanisms that enhance refugee protection while minimizing abuses of asylum systems, including enhanced respect for the refugee convention, adoption of complementary forms of protection when the refugee convention does not apply, strengthened regional protection, and the establishment of in–country processing of refugee claims. Third, mechanisms to resolve the longer–term status of forced migrants, including decisions on when to cease refugee status and temporary protection and encourage/permit return or integration. Fourth, mechanisms for more effective repatriation when return is possible, particularly programs to help returnees reintegrate and communities reconstruct themselves.     

“Am I My Brother's Keeper?” (Genesis IV:9): Violence and the Making of Society

The question behind this essay is whether an account of the making of social life—and it is as such that I read Genesis—also posits a thesis about the making of violence.     

14 to 18 Year Olds as “Children” by Law?

SUMMARY

The European Union Council Framework Decision 2004/68/JI of 22.12.2003 “on combating the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography” defines as “child” any person below the age of 18. Under Austrian law there are no children between the ages of 7 and 18. The author criticizes that, up to now, the development of age limits in legal history has taken a clearly different way in the various fields of law of the Austrian legal order. The Austrian legislator's tendency, which has evolved in the course of legal history, to grant rights and permits to young people between 14 and 18 years earlier but, at the same time, to impose on them more and more obligations arising from private and public law, to give them the opportunity to grow into adult life with full powers and responsibilities step by step, totally contradicts the Council Framework Decision.

Today, adolescents live in a cultural environment characterized by globalized pop culture and world-wide communication technology. Access to “extreme ideas” is offered everywhere and anytime. It is highly difficult to grow up without any interference and develop one's own personality and sexual orientation according to one's inherent nature under such circumstances of a world society, and this process may be seriously disturbed or even prevented by inappropriate prohibitions imposed by criminal law. However, the aim of any education is to accompany adolescents while they are growing up so that they become self-assured, self-responsible citizens with an understanding of how to work for peace and common welfare who know “how to walk upright” and do so, and who are informed about their civil rights and are able to exercise the same decidedly. We do not need only consumers but also citizens of the world! Repatriarchalization and criminalization are the wrong answers to the urgent questions of world society. The question how to combat child pornography commerce is certainly one of the most important concerns because it is abused children and adolescents for whom it is most difficult to develop their personalities and become citizens of the world.

Legally useful answers can only be expected by those who address precise questions to the law. In this respect Europe failed. Given the fundamental right to respect for one's private life and the prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of age the creation of new offencesinvolving a definition of the child as a person up to the age of 18, which contradicts well established law and is unrealistic-shoots past the mark in the author's opinion. Such provisions miss the target group of potential offenders, and infantilize and criminalize society instead. With the proposed legal means it will not be possible to attain the actual aims, i.e., to finally destroy the market for child pornography, and to punish its organizers, “wire-pullers” and users as offenders, and to eliminate them once and for all. The legal status of adolescents is weakened or at least serious curtailment of their claims arising from the fact that they have fundamental rights depending on personality and age; and the Council Framework Decision contradicts the equality guarantees in primary law of the European Union that they must not be discriminated on the grounds of age.