System Dynamics Understanding in Projects: Information Sharing,Psychological Safety,and Performance Effects

Systems thinking has proven useful in project management planning activities and has been suggested as a critical driver of a range of beneficial organizational behaviors. Yet, empirical evidence on the myriad of ways in which systems thinking can impact internal project dynamics and performance remains limited. This study focuses on one aspect of systems thinking in particular: the ability to recognize and understand the dynamics of systems and their features (e.g., feedback and delay). It makes use of a unique, large‐scale interview data set along with objective and structured survey data drawn from multiple sources associated with supply chain system implementation projects. Analysis suggests that an individual's understanding of system dynamics as well as the similarity of such understanding to that typical of their team is, in fact, a strong predictor of both perceptions of psychological safety and information sharing quality in project work. These outcomes appear to mediate the relationship between system dynamics understanding and performance.     

Task Design,Team Context,and Psychological Safety: An Empirical Analysis of R&D Projects in High Technology Organizations

High technology organizations need to develop new products or processes that address the dual goals of exploration and exploitation. The competing viewpoints and the asymmetric nature of market returns associated with these goals in R&D projects can heighten stress levels among project team members and reduce their psychological safety. While current research calls for greater focus on task design for improving psychological safety, we know little about how team contextual factors affect this relationship. This study develops and tests a conceptual framework that examines the moderating role of R&D team contextual factors, namely, relative exploration and project‐organization metric alignment on the relationship between a key task design variable, namely, team autonomy, and psychological safety. Relative exploration captures the extent to which exploration goals are emphasized over exploitation goals in an R&D project, while project‐organization metric alignment measures the extent to which project metrics are aligned with broader organizational metrics. Furthermore, we examine the performance consequences of psychological safety in R&D projects. The empirical analysis is conducted using primary data collected from multiple informants across 110 R&D projects in 34 high technology business units. Our results indicate that relative exploration and project‐organization metric alignment have contrasting moderating effects. Furthermore, the effect of psychological safety on project performance is found to be indirect and mediated through team turnover. Implications of the study findings, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.     

制造业企业产品创新与工艺创新协同发展博弈分析

对制造业企业内部协同创新即企业产品创新部门产品创新与工艺创新部门工艺创新的协同发展进行了博弈分析,研究了产品创新部门与工艺创新部门在有限的创新投入情况下,产品创新与工艺创新投入比例应满足的条件。同时,对制造业企业外部协同创新即同行业中的两个制造业企业的产品创新与工艺创新的协同发展进行了博弈分析,研究了古诺条件下制造业企业在进行产品创新、进行工艺创新以及同时进行产品创新和工艺创新三种情况下,制造业企业产品创新成本函数、工艺创新成本函数应满足的条件,以及制造业企业如何进行产品创新和工艺创新协同策略选择。     

政府监管,鳗鱼效应与知识产权管理：企业创新绩效的提升

不管是理论研究还是实证研究,都不能支持"增强专利保护一定能够促进技术创新"这一结论。因此,有必要对专利保护增强对我国技术创新活动的影响进行实证分析。本研究基于"政府监管和竞争机制的引入",检验"企业知识产权管理实践"作为调节要素模式的企业创新绩效提升机制,采用了中国制造业企业的截面数据,对研究假设和模型进行验证。实证结果表明:国家重要监管制度和竞争机制设计的正确使用,是可以提升企业创新绩效的。同时,需要看到,企业利用知识资源的动机和战略是政策环境的调节因素,企业行为的正确性和合法性直接影响到知识产权的合理应用,也将对知识产权的保护带来影响。另外,知识产权拥有者与获取者之间的战略实践也会影响知识产权保护并关系到企业创新能力的提升。基于对本研究基本结论的分析,本文也提出了若干政策建议。     

高层领导者心理资本和社会资本对企业绩效的影响研究

通过对968位不同企业的高层领导者的问卷分析,检验了企业高层领导者心理资本和社会资本对企业绩效的影响,以及风险承担行为的中介作用.研究结果表明,企业高层领导者心理资本和社会资本对企业绩效与风险承担行为具有显著的正向影响;其风险承担行为对企业绩效具有显著的直接功效,且风险承担行为在高层领导者心理资本和社会资本对企业绩效的影响路径中起部分中介作用,即高层领导者心理资本和社会资本通过风险承担行为对企业绩效具有一定的间接功效.     

管理创新过程的关键影响因素探析:理性视角

从理性视角出发,选择案例研究方法,使用Atlas.ti软件辅助定性数据分析,识别出影响整个管理创新过程的13个关键因素,并进一步考察了它们在管理创新创造、决策和实施3个阶段的影响情况和变化趋势。研究发现:在创造阶段,内部变革者教育、创造力、高层团队异质性、市场动态性和制度变化作用显著;在决策阶段,内部变革者风险偏好、组织规模、组织结构和组织资源起着主导作用,而高层团队异质性、市场动态性和制度变化3个因素的影响是负面的;在实施阶段,内部变革者任期、创造力、高层团队异质性、组织规模、组织结构和组织资源作用显著。内部变革者经验、成就需要和组织文化这3个因素在3个阶段中均作用显著。     

制造企业潜在服务价值创造及其流程再造——东方汽轮机厂案例研究

制造企业存在潜在的服务价值流并与显性价值活动是相互交融的,为了实现服务价值制造企业需要进行服务流程再造。首先,在传统管理模式向服务的价值结构转变过程中,制造企业要注意"推"和"拉"流程的结合;其次,制造企业需要设计和构建面向顾客的服务价值链;第三,制造企业必须将各环节"链"起来形成一个有机整体,实现"服务化"。最后,以我国一家国有大型发电设备制造企业——东方汽轮机厂为例,阐述了制造企业服务创新过程,探讨了其如何构建和再造服务价值流程。     

技术资源管理对社会资本和产品创新中介作用研究

中国企业在创新的过程中非常重视发挥外部社会联系的作用,企业通过各种渠道从外部获取技术资源,却忽视了企业内部的资源管理,最终难以形成技术创新.以社会资本理论和基于资源的理论为基础,通过对226家中国企业的调研数据分析发现,企业的技术资源管理对外部社会资本与产品创新之间有显著的、完全中介效应,即外部社会资本只有在企业具备技术资源管理能力的情况下才能实现产品创新.该结论对中国企业制定自主创新战略有一定的借鉴和指导意义.     

社会资本、组织学习与组织创新的关系研究

近年来,学者对社会资本是否以及如何提升企业的竞争力问题进行了大量的研究,但社会资本对组织学习以及组织创新的影响却鲜有学者关注.本文以我国珠三角地区企业为调查对象,对社会资本、组织学习与组织创新之间的关系进行实证研究.结果表明,组织的内部社会资本对组织学习有显著的直接影响,外部社会对技术创新也有显著的直接影响.组织学习对组织技术创新和管理创新都有显著的直接影响.而且技术创新对管理创新也有直接的正向影响,本文的结果进一步拓展了组织学习与组织创新的相关理论,对企业知识管理与创新管理实践也有重要的指导意义.     

The Creation of Output and Quality in Services: A Framework to Analyze Information Technology‐Worker Systems

Information technology has profoundly impacted the operations of firms in the service industry and service environments within manufacturing. Two models are introduced that establish a conceptual framework linking firm profit to attributes of the IT‐worker system. The framework considers the impact of IT capabilities (such as functionality and ease‐of‐use) and worker skill as drivers of output volume and quality. The framework contrasts attributes of the IT‐worker systems when services are mass‐produced (flow shop) versus customized (job shop). Mathematical models are introduced to formalize the conceptual framework. Numerical examples are presented that illustrate the types of insights that can be obtained from the models.     

企业融资约束与创新绩效:人力资本社会网络的视角

企业融资约束对创新绩效具有重要的影响作用。现有相关研究对企业融资约束与创新绩效之间可能存在的、更为复杂的非线性关系考虑不足,同时偏重从企业外部宏观的角度提出缓解二者之间消极关系的方法,不利于企业能动性的发挥。本文通过结合领英（LinkedIn）在线简历大数据和国泰安（CSMAR）上市企业相关数据,实证研究了我国上市企业融资约束与创新绩效之间存在的复杂关系以及人力资本社会网络在其中发挥的重要作用。研究结果表明,企业融资约束与创新绩效之间存在显著的倒U型关联,企业中高层管理者、科技人才的流动所形成的人力资本社会网络对企业融资约束与创新绩效之间的关系存在显著的积极调节作用。研究结论延续和深化了企业融资约束与创新的相关研究,并进一步丰富与拓展了人力资本社会网络在企业行为研究中的应用。     

创新水平差异对融资方式选择影响——基于风险资本与银行债务资本的比较研究

本文通过构建一个模型分析了在存在双重道德风险的情况下,项目的创新水平对企业家选择融资方式的影响,研究认为在较低的创新水平下企业家将会选择银行债务融资;较高的创新水平企业家将会选择风险资本融资。模型进一步分析了创新水平对风险资本融资融资契约中风险资本家股权份额分配的影响,研究认为创新水平的增加将会引起风险资本家股权份额的增加。     

Innovation and Improvement in the Delivery of Public Services: The Use of Quality Management Within Local Government in Canada

Local government in Canada has been subject to considerable change in the 1990s. In response, a number of mechanisms have been adopted to improve performance and respond to citizen and customer demands. One particular mechanism quality management, has received considerable continuing support. This article documents the level of use of quality management within local government in Canada, discusses some of the key challenges of introducing this type of program, and, outlines some elements of success of those programs in public management.     

风险环境下企业信息系统项目控制对绩效的影响机制研究:基于项目经理和用户代表的双重视角

虽然当前项目管理水平不断提高,但是企业信息系统项目实施的成功率仍然不容乐观。项目干系人缺乏准确的相互认知和角色定位,以及风险与控制的关系无法有效处理是导致项目绩效偏低的重要原因。为了从不同视角探索风险和控制对企业信息系统项目绩效的共同作用,通过对65位项目经理和63位用户代表所经历的128个项目的调查,利用结构方程模型进行实证分析,并采用层次回归分析技术进行检验。实证结果表明,正式控制和非正式控制对信息系统项目绩效都具有积极的影响,但是项目经理认为正式控制具有更加重要的作用,而用户代表认为非正式控制的作用更为显著。此外,项目经理和用户代表均认为组织风险和技术风险会减弱正式和非正式控制对绩效的有效作用。因此在控制方式的选择和组合上不仅要基于项目自身的特点,而且要基于干系人的角色。同时,信息系统项目绩效并非单纯由成功或失败因素所决定,而是取决于两类因素的均衡程度。研究结论为信息系统项目的风险控制提供了全新的理论依据和决策支持。     

Performance Impacts of Strategy,Information Technology Applications,and Business Process Outsourcing in U.S. Manufacturing Plants

This paper develops a conceptual model to study the role of outsourcing strategies and plant‐level information technology (IT) application infrastructure in the outsourcing of production and support business processes, as well as their subsequent impact on overall plant performance. We validate this model empirically using cross‐sectional survey data from U.S. manufacturing plants. We find that some IT applications are more effective at enabling the outsourcing of business processes than others. For example, the implementation of enterprise management systems is associated with the outsourcing of both production and support processes, whereas operations management systems are not associated with the outsourcing of plant processes. Plants with a low‐cost outsourcing strategy are more likely to outsource support processes than plants with a competency‐focused outsourcing strategy. However, both cost‐ and competency‐based strategies have a positive and similar impact on the outsourcing of production processes. In terms of implications for plant performance, our findings indicate that the outsourcing of production and support processes is associated with higher gross margins. Although plant IT infrastructure is positively associated with favorable on‐time delivery rates, there is no positive association between the incidence of plant outsourcing and on‐time delivery rates. These results have implications for crafting plant‐level outsourcing strategies and for investments in IT systems to facilitate the outsourcing of business processes for enhanced plant performance.     

社会网络与企业技术创新绩效的关系研究:以苏州电子信息产业为例

在网络竞争环境下,社会网络对企业技术创新绩效的作用也日益增强。本研究以苏州电子信息产业集群中的企业为研究对象,借鉴了社会网络的主要理论,采用企业访谈及问卷调查法进行数据收集,对企业社会网络与技术创新绩效的关系及企业学习的中介作用进行深入的探讨。研究结果表明,企业努力提高社会网络的四个维度,将有利于企业的学习,从而有效地促进企业技术创新绩效的提升。     

Toward an Epidemiology of Safety and Security Risks: An Organizational Vulnerability Assessment in International Airports

International airports are complex sociotechnical systems that have an intrinsic potential to develop safety and security disruptions. In the absence of appropriate defenses, and when the potential for disruption is neglected, organizational crises can occur and jeopardize aviation services. This investigation examines the ways in which modern international airports can be “authors of their own misfortune” by adopting practices, attitudes, and behaviors that could increase their overall level of vulnerability. A sociotechnical perspective, the macroergonomic approach, is applied in this research to detect the potential organizational determinants of vulnerability in airport operations. Qualitative data nurture the case study on international airports produced by the present research. Findings from this study highlight that systemic weaknesses frequently reside in areas at the intersection of physical, organizational, and social spaces. Specific pathways of vulnerability can be drawn across these areas, involving the following systemic layers: individual, task, tools and technology, environment, and organization. This investigation expands the existing literature on the dynamics that characterize crisis incubation in multiorganization, multistakeholder systems such as international airports and provides practical recommendations for airport managers to improve their capabilities to early detect symptoms of organizational vulnerability.     

The Bullwhip Effect—Impact of Stochastic Lead Time,Information Quality,and Information Sharing: A Simulation Study

We use a simulation model called ‘SISCO’ to examine the effects in supply chains of stochastic lead times and of information sharing and quality of that information in a periodic order‐up‐to level inventory system. We test the accuracy of the simulation by verifying the results in Chen et al. (2000a) and Dejonckheere et al. (2004). We find that lead‐time variability exacerbates variance amplification in a supply chain, and that information sharing and information quality are highly significant. For example, using the assumptions in Chen et al. (2000a) and Dejonckheere et al. (2004), we find in a numerical experiment of a customer‐retailer‐wholesaler‐distributor‐factory supply chain that variance amplification is attenuated by nearly 50 percent at the factory due to information sharing. Other assumptions we make are based on interviews or conversations with managers at large supply chains.     

区域知识管理对区域创新能力的影响研究

基于区域创新组织知识交互的视角,以知识吸收、知识合作和知识扩散为分析变量,选取我国2001 ～ 2011年30个省级面板数据为研究样本,实证分析了区域知识管理对区域创新能力的影响.研究表明,以国外技术引进合同金额为指标的区域知识吸收以及高校、研发机构和企业之间的区域知识合作对区域创新能力有显著正向影响;以技术市场技术流向地域合同金额为指标的区域知识扩散也对区域创新能力产生显著正向影响.规模以上工业企业引进技术对区域创新能力的影响是负向的,这表明应强化引进技术的消化和吸收,提高技术利用效率.技术市场的成交额对区域创新能力无显著影响,这说明应提高技术市场技术交易的质量,提升技术市场服务于区域创新的作用.     

Managing Quality in the E‐Service System: Development and Application of a Process Model

In this paper, we develop a process model for assessing and managing e‐service quality based on the underlying components of the e‐service system and, in turn, address the growing need to look in more detail at the system component level for sources of poor quality. The proposed process model is comprised of a set of entities representing the e‐service system, a network defining the linking between all pairs of entities via transactions and product flows, and a set of outcomes of the processes in terms of quality dimensions. The process model is developed using Unified Modeling Language (UML), a pictorial language for specifying service designs that has achieved widespread acceptance among e‐service designers. Examples of applications of the process model are presented to illustrate how the model can be use to identify operational levers for managing and improving e‐service quality.