Diaspora Ownership and Homeland Firms' Internationalization

Although the contribution of diaspora to international business is becoming more evident, little is known about the channels used by individual firms to benefit from diaspora. In this paper, we propose equity ownership as a form of connection between the homeland firms and diasporans (i.e. diaspora members). Specifically, we draw on the literature on diaspora combined with an owners-as-resources perspective to theorize about how diaspora owners can affect the homeland firm's internationalization. We suggest that the anticipated entry costs deriving from the liability of foreignness faced by homeland firms explain how the impact of diaspora owners varies depending on entry mode. Finally, we compare diaspora owners to other types of foreign owner which we argue have lower levels of motivation and ability to help homeland firms to internationalize, and contribute relatively less to their internationalization than diaspora owners. We test and confirm our predictions using data on 2608 domestically controlled Indian firms and their internationalization in 2006–2012.     

Transnational diaspora entrepreneurship in emerging markets: Bridging institutional divides

Transnational diasporan entrepreneurs are migrants and their descendants who establish entrepreneurial activities that span the national business environments of their countries of origin and countries of residence. We explore how business incubators contribute to the economic development of emerging markets by organizing their programs to bridge the institutional divides that transnational diaspora entrepreneurs face when establishing their multi-territorial ventures in these markets. Drawing on qualitative fieldwork conducted in the Netherlands during 2007, we present the case study of IntEnt, an incubator providing services exclusively to transnational diasporan entrepreneurs. We apply Bergek and Norrman's (2008) assessment framework to this case, examining IntEnt's goals, model (selection, business support, and mediation activities), and outcomes. Employing Eisenhardt's case-based theory development approach (1989), we then leverage case findings to generate theory about the institutional challenges faced by transnational diaspora entrepreneurs and the role that incubators can play in helping these entrepreneurs overcome these challenges.     

Transnational Diaspora and Civil Society Actors Driving MNE Internationalisation: The Case of Grameenphone in Bangladesh

Multinational enterprises (MNEs) are viewed as proactive global economic actors that enter new and emerging markets with intentional strategies, building on their inherent resources and firm-specific advantages. However, an international joint venture involves numerous actors in the market entry process. While emerging markets tend to feature complex institutional contexts and idiographic entry challenges, our study with a focus on emerging market presents two under-examined types of stakeholders as distinct social actors' that affect internationalisation process: the transnational diaspora and civil society actors. It provides evidence of the reactive internationalisation of an MNE, showing how the transnational diaspora drove the MNE's internationalisation and how a civil society actor, in conjunction with a diaspora member, facilitated the creation of an international joint venture (IJV) in Bangladesh. This case study analyses and describes the stages of development, documenting how Norwegian Telenor, American Gonophone, Japanese Marubeni and Bangladeshi Grameen Bank created an IJV named Grameenphone in Bangladesh, and how diaspora and civil society actors made up the prime movers and organisational capability base for this process, which would not have happened without their market-driving and enabling influence. The findings illustrate the central role of transnational diaspora entrepreneurship and the related innovation, motivation, contextual intelligence, networking and funding that supported this emerging-market IJV development. The study contributes to research on international joint ventures, transnational diaspora entrepreneurship and civil society actors and the internationalisation of MNEs.     

Reversing Nuclear Opposition: Evolving Public Acceptance of a Permanent Nuclear Waste Disposal Facility

Nuclear facilities have long been seen as the top of the list of locally unwanted land uses (LULUs), with nuclear waste repositories generating the greatest opposition. Focusing on the case of the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in southern New Mexico, we test competing hypotheses concerning the sources of opposition and support for siting the facility, including demographics, proximity, political ideology, and partisanship, and the unfolding policy process over time. This study tracks the changes of risk perception and acceptance of WIPP over a decade, using measures taken from 35 statewide surveys of New Mexico citizens spanning an 11‐year period from fall 1990 to summer 2001. This time span includes periods before and after WIPP became operational. We find that acceptance of WIPP is greater among those whose residences are closest to the WIPP facility. Surprisingly, and contrary to expectations drawn from the broader literature, acceptance is also greater among those who live closest to the nuclear waste transportation route. We also find that ideology, partisanship, government approval, and broader environmental concerns influence support for WIPP acceptance. Finally, the sequence of procedural steps taken toward formal approval of WIPP by government agencies proved to be important to gaining public acceptance, the most significant being the opening of the WIPP facility itself.     

To share or not to share: The role of affect in knowledge sharing by individuals in a diaspora

The diaspora is often credited with helping its homeland, especially when the country is less developed. Yet diasporans are also known to have complex feelings about the homeland. In a study of the South African diaspora, we find that positive affect about both the homeland and the migration experience is positively correlated with the willingness of diasporans to share knowledge with the homeland. But for negative affect there are inflection points, and different intensities of feelings such as guilt and a sense of loss have differing effects. Our findings suggest that an ongoing, beneficial engagement by a diaspora cannot be assumed. Given how individuals are increasingly shaping crossborder economic activity, our findings also suggest that international business research needs to pay greater attention to individuals and individual-level variables such as emotions.     

跨国公司在华子公司角色演化:理论及案例分析

本文根据影响子公司角色转变的因素,将子公司的角色根据每种因素的强弱不同分为八种类型,即起步者、淘汰者、办事员、支持者、小诸侯、贡献者、直辖领袖和自由领袖.根据该子公司角色划分方法和演化路径分析方法,本文深入研究了一家跨国公司在华子公司-BEC公司的角色演化情况,研究证实了本文得出的角色划分方法和演化路径分析框架的适用性,也得到了跨国公司在华子公司的一个具体演化路径.     

GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAINS: RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS

In this paper, we present a review of the models for the management of global supply chains and some evidence concerning current practice. Our review is restricted to the literature on intrafirm global supply chains and is motivated by empirical data concerning the extent of intrafirm globalization. The review of the literature suggests that research has not evolved in a coherent manner, while the data suggest that the extent of globalization is also hard to gauge. Indeed, the journey toward supply chain globalization is far from over. Significant gaps exist between theory and the practice. We conclude with a summary of directions for future research.     

E-Government Implementation: Theoretical Aspects and Empirical Evidence

Despite its increasing importance and beneficial outcomes, e-government still has not been fully implemented. Previous literature has scarcely been able to provide a holistic explanation for this research issue. In this study we identify drivers of and barriers to e-government implementation and empirically examine these aspects. This paper contributes to the e-government literature by presenting a comprehensive overview of drivers and barriers and providing empirical evidence thereof. Also, it represents a further step towards filling in the gap concerning our knowledge of the reasons for the lack of e-government implementation. Furthermore, we derive academic and managerial implications and provide suggestions for future research.     

FROM MAIZE TO HAZE: AGRICULTURAL SHOCKS AND THE GROWTH OF THE MEXICAN DRUG SECTOR

Understanding how economic incentives affect illegal drug production is essential for crafting policies in response to the international drug trade. Policymakers typically face a choice between two strategies: targeting criminal groups via law enforcement, and offering producers incentives to engage in alternate activities. Yet, little is known about how the returns to alternate legal activities affect drug supply. We contribute to this literature by examining how shocks to legal commodity prices affect the drug trade in Mexico. Our analysis exploits exogenous movements in the Mexican maize price stemming from weather conditions in US maize‐growing regions, as well as exports of other major maize producers. Using data on over 2200 municipios spanning 1990–2010, we show that lower prices differentially increased the cultivation of both marijuana and opium poppies in municipios more climatically suited to growing maize. We also find impacts on downstream drug‐trade outcomes, including drug cartel operations and killings perpetrated by these groups. Our findings demonstrate that maize price changes contributed to the burgeoning drug trade in Mexico, and point to the violent consequences of an expanding drug sector.     

The Evolving Diaspora of Talent: A Perspective on Trends and Implications for Sourcing Science and Engineering Work

This perspective paper highlights the changing dynamics underlying the supply and demand for STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) talent. As a global ecosystem of innovation emerges, the emerging diaspora of STEM talent networks is potentially a game changing phenomenon affecting where, by whom and how innovation activities are executed. We discuss several emerging trends, such as global sourcing, open sourcing, new on-line STEM talent markets and the shift of organizations becoming mobile workplaces, that have the potential to reshape and define the diaspora of STEM talent network, as well as the organization and conduct of the globalization of innovation. We propose future research agenda by drawing implications on the impact of the diaspora of STEM networks at the country level, company level, as well as individual level.     

Ethics,character, and authentic transformational leadership behavior

The morality of transformational leadership has been sharply questioned, particularly by libertarians, “grass roots” theorists, and organizational development consultants. This paper argues that to be truly transformational, leadership must be grounded in moral foundations. The four components of authentic transformational leadership (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration) are contrasted with their counterfeits in dissembling pseudo-transformational leadership on the basis of (1) the moral character of the leaders and their concerns for self and others; (2) the ethical values embedded in the leaders' vision, articulation, and program, which followers can embrace or reject; and (3) the morality of the processes of social ethical choices and action in which the leaders and followers engage and collectively pursue.The literature on transformational leadership is linked to the long-standing literature on virtue and moral character, as exemplified by Socratic and Confucian typologies. It is related as well to the major themes of the modern Western ethical agenda: liberty, utility, and distributive justice Deception, sophistry, and pretense are examined alongside issues of transcendence, agency, trust, striving for congruence in values, cooperative action, power, persuasion, and corporate governance to establish the strategic and moral foundations of authentic transformational leadership.     

Effective leadership in the Mexican maquiladora: challenging common expectations

This article reports a cross-cultural study of Mexican and U.S. leaders in Mexican maquiladoras. The research builds on relational demography to determine if leader ethnicity, regional Mexican culture, and organizational affiliation moderate the impact of leadership behavior on important organizational outcomes. We examined the impacts of specific leader behaviors on follower attitudes and performance. Contrary to expectations from the current cross-cultural leadership literature, managerial leaders from the United States had approximately the same effects on the Mexican workforce as managerial leaders from Mexico. However, regional differences within Mexico and organizational affiliation were significant moderators. We postulate that there are at least two leader prototypes in Mexico: the “transitional” leader and the more “traditional” leader. Additional implications of these findings for leadership in Mexico are discussed.     

Minimization of maximum lateness under linear deterioration

This paper considers a single-machine scheduling problem to minimize the maximum lateness. The processing time of each job is a linear function of the time when the job starts processing. This problem is known to be -hard in the literature. In this paper, we design a branch-and-bound algorithm for deriving exact solutions by incorporating several properties concerning dominance relations and lower bounds. These properties produce synergic effects in accelerating the solution finding process such that the algorithm can solve problems of 100 jobs within 1 min on average. To compose approximate solutions, we revise a heuristic algorithm available in the literature and propose several hybrid variants. Numerical results evince that the proposed approaches are very effective in successfully reporting optimal solutions for most of the test cases.     

Organizational Risk Perception and Reduction: A Literature Review

Despite there being a considerable literature concerning risk in organizational buyer behaviour, necessary reviews of the area are not easy to find. This article attempts to organize, describe and appraise the current literature with a view to gaining a critical perspective for the benefit of future researchers. The discussion begins with the way managers view risk and factors which affect that perception and then considers the role of various risk reducing strategies employed in the organizational setting. Comments are made on the state of the literature and the further research required.     

Tradeoffs in Manufacturing? A Meta‐Analysis and Critique of the Literature

An ongoing, important question in the operations strategy literature pertains to tradeoffs: Can manufacturers focus on multiple priorities simultaneously or achieve strength on multiple capabilities without sacrificing performance of another? In this paper, we accumulate, integrate, and examine the wide spectrum of conclusions reached in the literature concerning tradeoffs using modified meta‐analysis methods. Based on two decades of empirical research in operations strategy, we find that the evidence in the literature indicates manufacturers, on average, do not report experiencing tradeoffs among the competitive dimensions of quality, delivery, flexibility, and cost as suggested by the classical tradeoffs model. Our meta‐analysis also reveals that the way variables are operationalized, whether initiatives are implemented, and the unit of analysis are all related to the degree and nature of the evidence a paper contains with respect to the tradeoffs issue. We interpret our meta‐analysis results in the context of the prevailing model of manufacturing strategy and the theory of performance frontiers. We also discuss how the research designs used in this literature, which are predominantly cross‐sectional, affect the nature of the evidence generated and the conclusions that can be drawn. We go on to suggest research designs that more directly assess the tradeoffs issue.     

财政分权、制度供给与中国农村基层政治治理

已有文献在对财政分权对中国经济转型发挥作用进行详细研究的同时,对其政治和社会效应却关注不足。视农村基层自治为中国特色民主政治的重要组成部分,采用2005年中国综合社会调查数据(CGSS2005)和多层混合效应逻辑斯特模型(Multilevel Mixed-effect Logistic Model),本文重点考察了地区间面向县级政府的财政分权对农村基层政治治理可能的影响。本文实证发现,财政分权有助于以显著为正的概率使中国农村基层政治治理迈向更高的水平。本文尝试把中国农村基层政治治理内生化于财政分权,为深化理解中国特色民主政治道路及进一步加强基层民主政治建设提供了一个新的理论和政策视角。     

预期情感与投资者行为研究

本文讨论了投资者心理和证券价格围绕期望事件发生波动的关系.我们集金融学、心理学和神经科学为一体,采用了一种多学科的研究方法,从金融学方面的事件研究阐明了围绕预期事件证券价格的异常运动现象;从神经科学方面论证了赢利预期和情感唤起的相关性;从认知心理学的角度为情感在投资者行为中的中心作用提供了证据.最后简要地介绍了基于BRSN模型的投资策略.     

External audit and bankruptcy prediction

In this paper, we investigate the relationship between external auditor characteristics and the likelihood of bankruptcy. We use a sample of US public companies to analyse whether auditor attributes are associated with default. We also test whether the inclusion of such attributes in bankruptcy prediction models improves their predictive ability. We find that firms audited by industry-expert auditors, large audit firms and long-tenured auditors are less likely to default. Firms with higher audit fees are more likely to default. Our results also show that the inclusion of auditor attributes significantly increases the predictive ability of bankruptcy prediction models. This paper contributes to the literature about auditing and bankruptcy prediction. Our results suggest that the auditor attributes can provide predictive signals concerning a default risk and that an external audit can play a relevant role in early warnings of financial distress. Our study also suggests that bankruptcy prediction models can become more effective if they are complemented with audit data. Our results are of interest to market participants, auditors, regulating authorities, banks and other financial institutions that are interested in credit risk assessment.     

组织模块化对组织价值创新的影响:基于产品特性调节效应的实证研究

组织模块化所催生的竞合机制与模块整合模式充分彰显了开创价值创新的优越。本文以产品特性为调节变量,对组织模块化与组织价值创新之间的影响机制进行了实证分析。结果显示,在组织模块化过程中,单纯的组织结构构建并不能够带来企业的价值创新,只有制度设计才是组织模块化价值创新的深层诱因;而引入结构构建匹配后,模块化制度设计对组织价值创新的影响更加显著,这在某种程度上说明了产业模块化向组织模块化过度的必然性;在行业表现出产品设计信息的高度依赖性和信息较难写入介质等特性时,组织模块化将难以开展,并由此影响组织价值创新,也进一步明确了模块化的行业适用范畴。     

The Bind that Ties: Socioemotional Wealth Preservation in Family Firms

A growing body of research shows that family firms are different from other organizations in significant ways. In this paper we review this literature by examining how family firms differ from nonfamily firms along five broad categories of managerial decisions. These categories encompass a set of key organizational choices concerning management processes, firm strategies, corporate governance, stakeholder relations and business venturing. We argue that socioemotional wealth or affective endowment of family owners explain many of these choices. We also examine some contingency factors (namely family stage, firm size, firm hazard, and the presence of nonfamily shareholders) that moderate the influence of socioemotional wealth preservation as a point of reference when making managerial decisions in family firms. Lastly, we explore the firm performance consequences of family ownership.