China to Conduct Census in 2000

ＣｈｉｎａｔｏＣｏｎｄｕｃｔＣｅｎｓｕｓｉｎ２０００ｔｉｓｄｅｃｉｄｅｄｔｈａｔＣｈｉｎａｉｓｇｏｉｎｇｔｏｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｔｓｎｉｎｔｈｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｃｅｎｓｕｓｉｎ２０００．Ｉｔｉｓａｒｅｇｕｌａｒｃｅｎｓｕｓ，ａｎｄｉｓａ...     

Fifth National Census Aids Socio-Economic Planning

ChinaconductedthefifthnationalcensusonNovember1,2000inanefforttoascertainitsactualconditionsandbetterplanitssocio-economicdevelopment.Theresultsofthecensusareexpectedtobereleasedsometimein2001.Thecountryundertookthelastcensusin1990.Sincethen,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthecountry'sdemographicstructure.Thepopulationcontinuestogrowinaggregate,whilethesizeofhouseholdsisshrinking.Thesocietyisagingfast,whilemorerurallaborersaremovingintonon-agriculturaljobs,acceleratingtheflowofpopulation.Meanwhi…     

First Census of Floating Population in Beijing

TheBejjingMunicipalGovernmentconducteditsfirstevercensusofthefloatingpopulationonNovember1,1997,inthe18urbandistrictsandcountiesunderitsjurisdiction.ThetargetpopulationofthecensuswasmigrantslivingorstayinginBeijingatthetime,butwiththeirhukou(householdregistration)elsewhere,excludingthePLAmembersandarmedpolice.Followingarethemajorresultsofthecensus.sizeandchangesinthenumberofthefloatingpopulationCensusdatashowBeijinghadafloatingpopulationof2.859million,includingpeoplefromotherprovinces,muni…     

China to Conduct Its First Census on Agriculture

ＣｈｉｎａｔｏＣｏｎｄｕｃｔＩｔｓＦｉｒｓｔＣｅｎｓｕｓｏｎＡｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＡｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｃｅｎｓｕｓｏｎＣｈｉｎａ＇ｓａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｓｓｃｈｅｄｕｌｅｄｔｏｂｅｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｅｄ，ｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｆｒｏｍＪａｎｕａｒｙ１９９７...     

China Tertiary Industry First National Census: Selected Summary Statistics

ＣｈｉｎａＴｅｒｔｉａｒｙＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｙＦｉｒｓｔＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＣｅｎｓｕｓ：ＳｅｌｅｃｔｅｄＳｕｍｍａｒｙＳｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃｓ￥／／Ｉｎｌａｔｅ１９９４，Ｃｈｉｎａｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｄｉｔｓｆｉｒｓｔｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｃｅｎｓｕｓｏｆｉｔｓｔｅｒｔ...     

Major Challenges for China＇s Floating Population and Policy Suggestions： An Analysis of the 2010 Population Census Data

This study analyzes the trends and current characteristics of floating population in China and the major challenges they arc facing, on the basis of the latest population census data. The research shows that the size of floating population has increased continuously and rapidly, their mobility intensity is weakening, migration destinations are beginning to decentralize, majority of the migrants are moving with their spouses and more and more of them are taking their young children with them, the new-generation floaters whom wereborn after 1980 account for more than half of the entire floating population. The floaters are facing challenges such as unemployment, lack of social security, inequality in children＇s education, and barriers in social integration. This article proposes corresponding suggestions. The problem of new-generation floaters and floating children should be addressed adequately, and there is an urgent need to accelerate the establishment of social security for migrants.     

Forecasting the Population of Census Tracts by Age and Sex: An Example of the Hamilton–Perry Method in Action

Small area population projections are useful in a range of business applications. This paper uses a case study to show how this type of task can be accomplished by using the Hamilton–Perry method, which is a variant of the cohort-component projection technique. We provide the documentation on the methods, data, and assumptions used to develop two sets of population projections for census tracts in Clark County, Nevada, and discuss specific factors needed to accomplish this task, including the need to bring expert judgment to bear on the task. Our experience suggests that the Hamilton–Perry Method is an important tool and we advise considering it for small forecasting needs in the private sector.     

Why the Total Fertility Rate of 2010 Population Census is so Low?

The total fertility rate of 2010 population census hits a new low record.Careful analysis shows that such a new low fertility rate is mainly resulted from the declined fertility rate in first parity despite the slightly increased fertility rates in second order and over.The total fertility rate at first parity has fallen the most among the rural residents due to remarkably postponed age of marriage or child-bearing,so ever large percentage of unmarried women in their bearing age helps to depress the fertility rate at first parity.After excluding the parity structural effect of women,measured with the progressive fertility rates,the levels of the 2010census have kept almost the same as those in year 2005.Therefore,fertility decline in the latest census cannot be simply attributed to under-reported births.In addition,the latest census turns out that the life fertility rate is around 1.5,almost reaching to the requirement of current fertility policy.     

Missing Minorities? The Phases of IRCA Legislation and Relative Net Undercounts of the 1990 vis-à-vis 2000 Decennial Census for Foreign-born Cohorts

The quality of the decennial census of the United States is compromised by population undercount, which often misses immigrants and racial/ethnic minorities, thereby diminishing federal resources allocated to such groups. Using a modified version of demographic analysis and informed by the latest contributions of emigration scholarship, this research estimates net undercount for the 1990 census relative to the 2000 census by age, sex, year-of-entry, and place-of-birth cohorts. Ordinary least squares estimates suggest that males, recent arrivals, and cohorts aged 15–44 had higher relative net undercount for 1990 compared with 2000. Much higher relative net undercount was found for cohorts from Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean (excluding Cuba and Puerto Rico) who were ineligible for amnesty under the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (i.e., those fitting the profile of an undocumented immigrant). Larger implications of these findings suggest that the political climate in which a person is embedded—particularly for persons who may feel threatened or marginalized by the government and/or the public—affects that person’s willingness to respond to the census.     

A Comparative Evaluation of Error and Bias in Census Tract-Level Age/Sex-Specific Population Estimates: Component I (Net-Migration) vs Component III (Hamilton–Perry)

While the housing-unit method continues to be the preferred method nationwide for producing small-area population estimates, this procedures lacks a method for making age/sex-specific estimates. This paper reports evaluation research on implementation of component-based methods for estimating census tract populations with age/sex detail. Two alternatives are explored: (1) the Component I method relying upon estimates of births, deaths, and net-migration and (2) the Component III method relying solely upon 1990 and 2000 Census counts. From an April 1, 2000 base, each method is used to make estimates moving forward to an April 1, 2010 estimate that is compared to the results of the 2010 Census. The two methods are compared in terms of accuracy and bias using both absolute and algebraic mean and median percentage errors. Results are reviewed and discussed in light of their implications for applied demographers tasked with making small-area demographic estimates.     

Misclassifying New York’s Hidden Units as Vacant in 2010: Lessons Gleaned for the 2020 Census

The Local Update of Census Addresses (LUCA) program allowed local governments to include hard-to-find units in the Census Bureau’s Master Address File (MAF), which is the cornerstone of the mailout/mailback decennial census. These improvements have allowed the Census Bureau to penetrate the more marginal parts of the housing stock, where units are often not formally labeled, and where their very existence can be difficult to determine. In New York City, where address updating included two rounds of LUCA, the Census Bureau acknowledged an increase of 170,000 housing units between 2000 and 2010. However, there was a dramatic growth in vacant units, equivalent to almost one-half of the total increase in housing units. The increase in vacant units was disproportionately concentrated in 2 of the 18 local census offices in New York City. The paper uses local administrative data on new construction, property foreclosures, and property values; data from the United States Postal Service; as well as survey data from the New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey and the American Community Survey to show why this concentrated increase in vacant units is untenable. From the standpoint of the enumeration, units added in LUCA would challenge the best enumerator, but these hurdles were largely overcome, but for the two local census offices. The paper goes on to discuss how the Census Bureau can adopt measures in 2020 to ensure that housing units and their occupancy status are accurately enumerated in New York and across the nation.     

Coming to stay: An analysis of the U.S. Census question on immigrants’ year of arrival

Using the New Immigrant Survey Pilot, we compare answers to the census question on year of arrival in the United States with answers to questions about the dates and durations of earlier U.S. trips. We show that the year identified by the census does not correspond to the year of either the first or the last U.S. trip. Because many immigrants enter and leave the United States several times before becoming legal immigrants, the census question produces estimates of U.S. experience that are quite different from those produced by direct questions about trip durations.     

Laws and Policies Governing Population and Family Planning

ＬａｗｓａｎｄＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓＧｏｖｅｒｎｉｎｇＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎＡｎｄＦａｍｉｌｙ　ＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇＬａｗｓａｎｄＰｏｌｉｃｉｅｓＧｏｖｅｒｎｉｎｇＰｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＦａｍｉｌｙＰｌａｎｎｉｎｇＴｈｅｆｏｌｌｏｗｉｎｇａｒｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｅ...     

Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People＇s Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census（No.1）

In accordance with the Regulations on National Population Census and the Circular of the State Council on the Conduct of the 6th National Population Census,China carried out its 6th national population census with zero hour of November~1,2010 as the reference time~2.The field enumeration of the census has been successfully completed through the leadership of the State Council and governments at all levels,the support and cooperation from people of various nationalities, and the painstaking efforts and hard work of nearly 10 million census workers. Results on major figures obtained through advance tabulation are released as follows:     

Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People＇s Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census（No.2）

Notes: 1.All figures in the Communique are preliminary results. 2.Resident population of a given town/street include: people living in the current town/street where their household registration is located or with their household registration to be settled;people living in the current town/street and leaving the town/street of their household registration for over 6 months;people leaving the town/street of their household registration for less than 6 months or working or studying overseas,with their household registration located in the current town/ street. 3.National total in this table do not include po- pulation of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region,Macao Special Administrative Region or Taiwan Area. 4.Refers to the proportion of resident population of all provinces,autonomous regions and municipalities to the national total(including servicemen and population with permanent residence difficult to define).     

Origins and Destinations,but How Much and When? Educational Disparities in Smoking and Drinking Across Adolescence and Young Adulthood

Educational inequalities in health behaviors change dynamically across the life course. Yet, how parental and personal education interactively shape age-specific behavioral inequalities across the transition to adulthood has yet to be understood. Drawing on national Add Health data (N?=?12,605; 6,675 women and 5,930 men), we analyze age- and gender-specific trajectories of current smoking and binge drinking from adolescence to young adulthood. In line with previous work, we find that parental education associates with smoking and drinking disparities even after respondents’ own education is completed. Reciprocally, we also find that disparities by eventual educational attainment appear early. During the college years, higher parental education predicts higher—not lower—rates of binge drinking. We find that attaining higher education “against the odds” of an educationally disadvantaged family background circumscribes the lowest rates of smoking and drinking for men and women alike, and especially during the college years, while “falling from grace” by not attaining higher education at levels matching one’s parents predicts the highest levels of smoking and drinking for both genders during or after college. These results shed new light on the interactive socioeconomic processes that help to explain behavioral health gradients across adolescence and adulthood.

     

Happiness and Satisfaction: Measures of Affect and Cognition?

Analyses of data from six national samples of adult respondents indicated that happiness could be predicted better from cognitive measures of domain satisfaction and work attitudes than from a measure of positive affect, thereby calling into question the widely accepted argument that satisfaction measures are cognitive and happiness measures affective in orientation. Perhaps distinctions between cognitive and affective measures are illusory in studies of subjective well being.     

Do household structure and household economic resources predict childhood immunization? Evidence from Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago

This study assesses the influence of household structure and resource dilution characteristics on childrens immunization coverage in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. The study has three objectives: (1) to compare the impact of different types of household structures (e.g., single parent, two-parent, cohabiting and extended) on child immunization; (2) to examine the effects of household income and resource dilution on child immunization; and (3) to determine whether household structure and resource dilution interact to affect child immunization in these contexts.We use data from the Jamaica 1996 and Trinidad and Tobago 1997 Living Standards Measurement Study Survey and a series of logistic regression models to test hypotheses derived from the current child well-being literature. The results show that household income and household structures selectively predict childrens immunization coverage in both contexts, with significant interaction effects enhancing the interpretation for Jamaica. The key policy implications that emerge from this study are that household structure and income are crucial for understanding child immunization in the Caribbean.     

J-Curve? A Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Parity and Parental Mortality

Research suggests that parity and parental health and mortality are associated significantly, although the pattern of association varies across studies. Studies ascribe long-term poor health (and mortality) to either low or high parity, and some studies show that both low and high parity increase the risk of adverse health for parents (i.e., forming a “J-shaped curve”). While a recent meta-analysis (Zeng et al., Sci Rep 6:19351, 2016) has partially addressed this gap in the literature, the present study further extends the literature by using a methodology that allows for more robust control of study heterogeneity and potential confounders. Using data on 223 measures of relative mortality risk from 37 studies, from samples gathered after 1945 from developed nations, meta-analysis and meta-regression (weighted linear regression) results show a nonlinear association (J-shaped curve) between parity and all-cause parental mortality, though the strength of the association varies by both sex and cohort. The results also suggest that the mortality hazard is partially explained by health selection effects.