培训对农民工收入的影响

针对农民工收入偏低的问题,本文应用倾向分匹配法分析了培训对农民工收入的影响。研究结果指出职前培训和在职培训均能够有效地促进农民工收入的增加,且职前培训的作用效果更加明显。因此,政府应制定合理的农民工培训政策,有效地促进农民工收入的增长。     

培训时间对农民工收入的影响

本文依据2008年中国城乡劳动力流动调查数据,应用广义倾向分方法分析一般培训和专门培训的培训时间对农民工收入的影响。研究结果表明:一般培训和专门培训均有助于农民工收入水平的提升。随着培训时间的延长,培训时间对农民工收入的边际影响递减。农民工接受一般培训在30天以内或专门培训在120天以内,其收入水平将随着培训时间的延长而显著得到提升;但一般培训时间超过30天或专门培训超过120天后,其收入水平并未随着培训时间的延长而得到进一步的提升。因此,政府和企业在努力扩大农民工培训覆盖面的同时,适度调整农民工的培训时间,将有助于农民工整体工资水平的显著提升。     

Effects of Objective and Subjective Income Comparisons on Subjective Wellbeing

This paper aims to investigate the determinants of happiness and life satisfaction in Turkey in recent years. It uses regression analyses based on micro data from two nationally representative household surveys, namely the Turkish Life Satisfaction Survey and the World Values Survey for Turkey, in years 2007 and 2011. The wide variety of data collected by the two surveys enables a comprehensive analysis of the correlates of the outcome variable. Although some of the results are consistent both with the earlier ones in the literature and across the datasets used in this study, some others depend on the time period, the set of control variables and the sample used; thus casting doubt on the strength of the findings. To make a proper comparison and to isolate the differences generated by different samples, the analysis is restricted to the same set of control variables that are defined in the most similar manner. The variables whose estimates have been found to be similar are unemployment status, marital status, relative income, and gender. The differences are observed in the estimates of age, absolute income and education. The conclusion is that the question of what determines happiness is still a valid one that needs to be studied with more and better data. Recommendations are made for ways to improve data quality.     

Estimating Income-Dependent Relative Income Effects in the UK

This paper examines the asymmetry (steepness and deepness asymmetry) in per capita health care expenditure and disposable income series in the 50 US states over the period 1966–2009, using the nonparametric Triples test techniques, together with the parametric Fisher–Pearson skewness test. The results suggest significant evidence of asymmetric behaviour (mainly, steepness asymmetry) in many of these series, questioning, thus, the adequacy of linear models when modelling the behaviour of these two series.     

Life Satisfaction and Income Comparison Effects in Turkey

This paper evaluates the relative impact of different types of benchmarks such as internal and external comparisons on subjective well-being in Turkey. There are few studies on life satisfaction for Turkey and they mostly focus on the impact of socio-demographic effects on subjective well-being. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate how reference group’s self-reported life satisfaction is related to the level of consumption; as well as the level of internal and external comparisons and other socio-economic factors. The paper relies on the Life in Transition Survey (EBRD 2011), a survey conducted in late 2010 jointly by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank. The survey includes 1,003 observations for Turkey. The emphasis of the paper is based on the concept of income comparisons—both to others in the relevant reference group and to oneself in the past (evaluation) and future (expectation). The main findings are; in addition to household consumption, internal and external comparisons have significant impact on life satisfaction. The impact of comparisons is asymmetric: in most cases under-performing one’s benchmark has a greater effect than out-performing it.     

The Effects of the Informal Sector on Income of the Poor in Russia

This paper clarifies the social and economic effects of employment in the informal sector on the poor in Russia in recent years. The article describes the extent to which the figures for informal sector at large and unofficial employment in particular vary in different estimates and the effect they have on the average labor income of the poor. The major impact of the research consists of the development of a universal method for the estimation of the scales of labor income of the poor in the informal sector. Using the latest available data from Russian Federal State Statistics Service, this indicator is calculated for the poor and than compared with average wages in the formal sector and the subsistence minimum (official poverty line). The study concludes that the informal sector is a factor of social stability in a postsocialist transition economy, which, however, cannot alleviate poverty.     

The Effects of Childhood SNAP Use and Neighborhood Conditions on Adult Body Mass Index

The disproportionate number of individuals who are obese or overweight in the low-income U.S. population has raised interest in the influence of neighborhood conditions and public assistance programs on weight and health. Generally, neighborhood effects and program participation effects have been explored in separate studies. We unite these two areas of inquiry, using the 1968-2005 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) to examine the long-term effects of childhood Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation, neighborhood conditions, and the interaction of these two, on adult body mass index (BMI). Using sibling fixed-effects models to account for selection bias, we find that relative to children in other low-income families, children in SNAP-recipient households have higher average adult BMI values. However, the effects of childhood SNAP usage are sensitive to both residential neighborhood and age at receipt. For those growing up in advantaged neighborhoods, projected adult BMI is higher for children in SNAP-recipient households than for children in low-income, nonrecipient households. In contrast, for those growing up in less-advantaged areas, adult BMI differences between children in SNAP-recipient and those in low-income, nonrecipient households are small. SNAP usage during preschool years (0 to 4) has no impact on adult BMI scores. However, at later childhood ages, the time elapsed receiving SNAP income increases adult BMI values relative to a condition of low-income nonreceipt.     

The Low Income Gap: A New Indicator Based on a Minimum Income Standard

Social Indicators Research - A method to measure vulnerability to multidimensional poverty is proposed under a mean–risk behaviour approach. We extend the unidimensional downside...     

The Income and Health Effects of Tribal Casino Gaming on American Indians

The legalization of American Indian casino gaming in the late 1980s allows examination of the relationship between income and health in a quasi-experimental way. Revenue from gaming accrues to individual tribes and has been used both to supplement tribe members’ income and to finance tribal infrastructure. We assembled annual data from 1988–2003 on tribal gaming, health care access (from the Area Resource File), and individual health and socioeconomic characteristics data (from the Behavioral Risk Factors Surveillance System). We use this information within a structural, difference-in-differences framework to study the effect of casino gaming on tribal members’ income, health status, access to health care, and health-related behaviors. Our difference-in-differences framework relies on before-after comparisons among American Indians whose tribe has at some time operated a casino and with-without comparisons between American Indians whose tribe has and those whose tribe has not initiated gaming. Our results provide identified estimates of the positive effect of gaming on American Indian income and on several indicators of American Indian health, health-related behaviors, and access to health care.     

Distribution of Household Income in America: Effects of Source of Income,Inflation, and Cost of Living Differentials

This study focuses on four aspects of theinequality of average household income amongthe American states. First, we document changein the inequality of nominal average householdincome between 1979 and 1990. Second, weidentify states contributing to the observedinequality. Third, we examine the pattern instate income convergence-divergence whenspatial and temporal state price differentialsare accounted for. Fourth, we provide estimatesof impacts of alternative income components onincome inequality. We find that inequality inreal income is smaller than that in nominalincome. Also, we conclude that traditionalincome measures that exclude transfer paymentsand other types of income overstateinequality.     

Estimating Diversity Effects in the Neighborhood: On the Role of Ethnic Diversity and Out-group Size and their Associations with Neighborhood Cohesion and Fear of Crime

This study considers and simultaneously tests the role of ethnic diversity and out-group size in relation to individuals’ perceptions of neighborhood cohesion and fear of crime among natives in Dutch neighborhoods. We challenge the way the impact of diversity has been studied previously and propose an alternative measure to examine diversity effects. This results in a better understanding of how and why the ethnic composition of a neighborhood may impact levels of cohesion and fear, and thereby contributes to the literature on the societal effects of ethnic diversity. In addition, attention is paid to the association between cohesion and fear and whether neighborhood cohesion mediates the relationship between ethnic diversity and fear of crime. We apply multilevel equation modeling techniques to analyze the different relationships and use data of the Dutch Safety Monitor (N?=?71,760) in combination with detailed register data. Our study is one of the first to detect a diversity effect on cohesion based on the modified diversity measure. We do not find support for the hypothesized diversity effect on fear of crime. Lastly, out-group size turned out to decrease cohesion and increase fear.

     

The Effects of School Choice on Parental School Participation and School Satisfaction in Korea

This study examines the effects of the school choice policy by utilizing data from the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study. Specifically, the school participation and school satisfaction of parents whose child entered high school in 2010 through the high school choice policy are analyzed. The results reveal that the opportunity for school choice itself is not strongly relevant to parental participation in school. Parental participation in school is influenced more by individual factors than institutional factors. In addition, providing school choice does not lead to an increase in parental school satisfaction. Whether the students actually entered the school they preferred during the school choice phases has more significance than only having the right of choice. Based on the results, the implications of the study and some suggestions for the school choice policy in Korea are discussed.     

中国城镇劳动力市场中的过度教育——测量改进与收入效应

过度教育是否会造成收入惩罚?这是国际教育匹配领域长期争论的议题。本研究聚焦中国城镇劳动力市场,使用2003—2015年中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据分析过度教育的收入效应,最终得到以下结论:第一,通过改进教育匹配的测量方法,发现我国城镇劳动力市场过度教育的发生比例约为35%。第二,通过线性回归发现过度教育会造成收入惩罚,并且这种收入惩罚持续存在。第三,将历年高考录取率和各省专业技术人员比例作为工具变量的分析,进一步证明了过度教育的收入惩罚效应。以上结论意味着,通过宏观政策促进教育和职业匹配,对于实现更加充分的劳动力就业具有重要现实意义。     

Effect of an Accessibility Measure in a Model for Choice of Residential Location,Workplace, and Type of Employment

A three-level nested logit model for the choice of residential location, workplace, and type of employment is used to assess the effect of an individual-specific measure of accessibility to employments that takes into account the attractiveness of different occupations when the choice of workplace is anticipated in the decision of residential location. The model allows for variation in the preferences for types of employment across individuals and accounts for individual heterogeneity of preferences at each choice level in education, age, gender, and children. Using data from the Île-de-France region, the model shows that the individual-specific accessibility measure is an important determinant of the choice of residential location and its effect differs along the life cycle. The attractiveness of the types of employment is a better predictor of the workplace location than the usual total number of employments.     

家庭收入是否影响子女教育水平——基于CHNS数据的实证研究

教育是低收入家庭子女改变自身社会地位的重要途径。基于CHNS的数据,本文分别使用OLS、2SLS计量经济方法,分析了家庭收入对子女教育水平的影响。OLS结果显示,家庭收入对子女教育水平的影响为正且显著,使用工具变量对家庭收入的内生性进行控制后（2SLS）,家庭收入对子女教育水平的影响依旧为正。分样本的估计结果表明,家庭收入对女儿的影响程度大于其对儿子的影响程度。将家庭收入从低到高依次划分为五个等级的细分样本估计结果显示,随着收入等级的提高,家庭收入对子女教育水平的影响程度呈现出“倒U形”。     

Antipoverty Effects of Various Social Transfers and Income Taxes Across Countries

Social Indicators Research - Most welfare states design their tax/benefit-system to combat income poverty. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of social transfers and income taxes in alleviating...     

我国农村居民健康人力资本对其非农就业收入影响的实证研究

本文采用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2010和2012年的数据,建构自我健康评价、体质指数BMI和近期的身体状况作为我国农村居民健康人力资本度量指标,研究健康人力资本对我国农村居民非农就业及其非农就业收入的影响。本文选择赫克曼两阶段模型进行实证研究,该方法在一定程度上克服了观测数据所带来的自选择问题,实证结果发现良好的健康状况对我国农村居民参与非农就业和获取非农就业收入具有显著正向影响,健康人力资本对我国农村居民非农就业和非农就业收入具有显著性别差异,对农村男性居民非农就业和非农就业收入的正向影响更为显著,年龄、婚姻、教育、户籍等其他控制变量也对我国农村居民非农就业及其非农就业收入产生了显著影响。     

中国老年人口收入差异研究

老年人口是一个弱势群体,但是也有很强的异质性,老年人口的收入差异是一个值得关注的问题。基于中国老龄科研中心2000年"中国城乡老年人口一次性抽样调查"的数据,采用"五分法"对中国老年人口的收入差异进行分析,发现老年人口内部的收入差异较大,总收入的一半以上集中在20%收入最高的老年人群当中。文章还分别考察了不同收入组的收入结构以及不同特征老年人口的收入差异情况,并根据这些发现提出若干政策建议,以缩小老年期的收入差异,建设一个和谐的老龄社会。