麻风康复社区长者综合服务模式及介入策略——来自三个麻风康复社区的行动研究

文章运用行动研究法和个案研究法,对三个麻风康复社区现状和问题进行评估,收集资料,制定服务计划,实施计划,评估计划;整合社会工作各种方法和资源,从个人、群体、社区三个层面进行介入行动及分析,以此研究长者综合服务模式的可行性和科学性,从而促进麻风康复社区和谐发展。     

麻风康复社区长者综合服务模式及介入策略——来自三个麻风康复社区的行动研究

文章运用行动研究法和个案研究法,对三个麻风康复社区现状和问题进行评估,收集资料,制定服务计划,实施计划,评估计划;整合社会工作各种方法和资源,从个人、群体、社区三个层面进行介入行动及分析,以此研究长者综合服务模式的可行性和科学性,从而促进麻风康复社区和谐发展。     

Towards a balanced multiculturalism? Immigrant integration policies and immigrant children's educational performance

The present study examines whether a host country's institutional environment of immigrant integration influences immigrant youth's integration into its educational system. Ensuring immigrant youth are well integrated into the educational system bears paramount societal significance because the educational pathways of these youth will determine not only their own life trajectories but also the future of society as an integrated whole. Based on a dataset that links PISA 2015 with MIPEX 2010, a series of cross-national multilevel analyses has been conducted for 227,028 children in 34 OECD countries. Two important patterns stand out in the results. First, the academic performance of immigrant children tends to be more comparable to that of their non-immigrant peers in countries characterized by a more egalitarian distribution of civic rights. Second, the performance gap for immigrant children appears smallest in countries characterized by a medium level of sociopolitical promotion of group-based cultural rights. These patterns suggest that policy efforts toward balancing between diversity and unity combined with systemic levers for egalitarian civic rights may contribute to the macro-level institutional environment in which social disadvantages of immigrant students can be mitigated.     

Perceived Social Support for Caregiving

Literature affirming the importance of social supports and the popularity of a self-help ideology have resulted in professional initiation of support groups. Support groups have become an important source of help particularly for caregivers of Alzheimer's victims. However, existing measures of social support assess the benefit of family and friend relationships and not the unique contribution of relationship developed in support groups. This study represents a preliminary report on a 9-item scale (Perceived Social Support for Caregiving) developed to include aspects of self-help support as well as information exchange and emotional support. In addition, a 3-item scale (Social Conflict) was developed to measure negative aspects of supportive relationships. The two scales were developed through factor analysis on a sample of 206 caregivers. Both have good internal consistency and can be easily adapted for use with other populations participating in self-help and support groups.     

Societal factors and the development of self-help groups for the disabled in China: a case study in Beijing

In recent years, self-help groups for the disabled have gradually developed in China because of their significant social welfare function for satisfying the needs of individuals, groups and communities. This article examines the current development of self-help groups for the disabled in Beijing. It focuses on social factors such as legitimacy and relational density. Based on interviews with key members of the selected self-help organization, important factors for the survival and development of self-help groups for the disabled are identified. The policy implications for the promotion of self-help groups for disabled persons are also discussed.     

优势视角下城市拾荒者社会融入的社工介入探析

拾荒者在城市中的社会融入存在收支结构单一化、社会交往内卷化、心理融入无意识逆反等诸多不足,融入现状不甚乐观,而单纯依赖政府政策方面的有意识倾斜和保护是远远不够的。本文旨在通过引入社会工作优势视角,着重挖掘拾荒者自身的个体优势和环境优势,综合调动其个人、家庭、社区以及社会等多个层面的资源,共同建立城市拾荒者社会融入的立体支持网络,促进其更好地融入城市,共享现代化建设成果。     

Capacity Building and the Reconception of Political Participation: A Role for Social Care Workers?

This paper explores a citizen-based approach to social workwhich may counter modern negative managerialist pressures onpractice. It links the discourse concerning the growth of userinvolvement in public policy with the discourse about participationin political activity and suggests a role for social workersin supporting service users in initiatives such as self-help,campaigning and community action which offer a new interpretationof community-based social work. By engaging in this activity,health and social care professionals can support people to participatein emerging forms of active and inclusive citizenship. Whileparticipation in traditional political activity such as votingand political party membership is declining in the UK, peoplein marginalized groups are finding ways to have their voicesheard about issues which directly concern them. Increasingly,groups such as disabled people, older people and mental healthservice users/survivors are taking part in activity which marksa shift of focus to include both self-help and campaigning.In contrast to their disillusion with traditional politicalactivity, people across a range of groups have gained strengthand encouragement from campaigning achievements. The paper drawson a national research study which offers fresh insights onthese issues as a basis for exploring participative approachesto social work practice.     

Insights From Cult Survivors Regarding Group Support

Correspondence to Nicole Durocher, 62 Canter Blvd., Nepean, Ontario, K2G 2M5, Canada. Summary Reports of numerous types of cults have increased and have beenreceiving considerable media coverage over the last ten years(Singer and Lalich, 1995). Cult activity is now prevalent inmany countries of the world. The article offers insights fortherapists and other professionals who come into contact withcult survivors. It emphasizes that, when dealing with cult survivors,one has to be sensitive to their needs and to reshape one'stherapeutic approach accordingly. The article examines post-cultadjustments and the role a support group can play in fosteringrecovery from cult abuse. Findings were obtained from a qualitativestudy that obtained first-hand data from survivors on theircult involvement and their post-cult recovery. Particular emphasiswas placed on their involvement with an ex-member's supportgroup in Montreal. The group called itself the Ex-Members Societysupport group, although it was more of a self-help group. Ex-cultmembers shared their experiences and, through their interactionand mutual support, they were able to recover from cult abuseand re-integrate into mainstream society. Gazda (1989) makesthe distinction between what constitutes a self-help group ascompared to a support group. By definition, self-help groupsare ‘groups in which members assume primary responsibilityfor the organization, functioning, and leadership of the group’(Gazda, 1989, p. 237). The professional acts as an advocate-mediatorto observe the group, identify conflicts, clarify alternativesfor resolution, and negotiate compromises acceptable for allof those who are involved in the group. On occasion, a professionalwould co-lead the group with an ex-member acting as an observer,guide and consultant; however, the onus was on members to benefitfrom each other's support and to help each other in the recoveryprocess. The researcher had never been a member of the ex-member'ssupport group. Four cult survivors who had participated in thegroup were individually interviewed. Two of the participantswere then interviewed together. A person-centered theoreticalframework was employed to orient the study to listen to thevoices of the cult survivors with empathy and understanding.The findings indicated that a support group for cult survivorscannot operate in an undiffrentiated manner from other supportgroups. To be effective, it must take care not to resemble acult in any way. It has to be sensitive to the special needsof each ex-cult member and to the particular context of thecult from which they exited.     

Psychiatric Non-institutionalisation: Whose Needs are Served?

This article outlines the social problems experienced by persons with a chronic psychiatric disability, and their families. The disabled person's lifestyle is characterised by poor social and vocational skills, poverty, inadequate accommodation and alienation. Many of these problems increase the dependence of the disabled person, emotionally and financially, on their family of origin. The author suggests that these social problems will only be ameliorated if family members are provided with active support and information, and if hospital and community services are integrated and complementary. The disabled person's quality of life can only be improved by accessible intensive social and vocational rehabilitation programs. As these issues are not being comprehensively addressed at the present time family self-help organisations such as the Association of Relatives and Friends of the Mentally III (ARAFMI) will need to politicise their plight.     

Three Approaches to Understanding Self-Help Groups

With the increasing importance of self-help groups, professionals need to augment their understanding of how groups work in order to help clients make effective use of them. Three conceptual frameworks-social networks, social learning and cognitive theory-explain the basic psychosocial processes of self-help groups. Practice implications indicate how clients can benefit from self-help groups and suggest how professionals might enable their clients to realize the full benefits of participation in them.     

自助小组的建立、运行及作用——以艾滋病感染者自助小组为例

提高艾滋病感染者的生活质量和生存质量,既需要社会各方面的支持,更需要艾滋病感染者自身的努力。自助小组是艾滋病感染者消除社会歧视、提升个人能力、获取社会资源的重要平台。本文采用质性研究的方法,调查了艾滋病感染者自助小组的发展状况,总结了自助小组的作用,分析自助小组存在的问题,提出了解决问题的对策。     

The Social Development Summit and the developing countries

This article discusses some concerns of the 1996 UN Summit on Social Development. Conference organizers identified the three key conference issues as poverty alleviation, social integration of the marginalized and disadvantaged, and expansion of productive employment. The goal of a "society for all" means dealing with the increasing differences between rich and poor countries, the survival of weaker economies in a competitive market system, wide variations in consumption patterns between countries, attainment of political stability while respecting ethnic identity, the rise in social problems among countries with a high human development index, and increasing joblessness. The Human Development Report for 1994 emphasizes human security. Social development is not the equivalent of human resource development nor a side issue of economic growth. The integration of ethnic groups poses social and political problems. There remains a question about what political system and culture would be best for social integration. Developed countries define poverty as the inability of people and government to provide resources and necessary services for people's productive activity. Poverty in developing countries is blamed on colonialism. Globally, developed countries control 71% of world trade. Sharing resources to meet basic needs throughout the world is not an operational ideal. The highest 20% of income earners receive 83% of the world income. The culture of poverty is the strategy used by the poor to survive. Welfare is not an end in itself but does enable the poor to improve their conditions. Development that focuses on productive employment is uncertain. Developed and developing countries do not share similar perceptions of human rights. There is a question as to who should set the priorities for social development. Sustainable social development is related to preservation of natural resources, control of population growth, and promotion of social security.     

Institutionalized strategies in face-to-face encounters: focus on immigrant clients

The aim of this article is to explore how officials' institutionalized patterns of acting can be useful for understanding encounters between immigrant clients and representatives of a welfare organization. The data indicate that there are two fundamental social mechanisms at work: the materialization of the organizational ideology, and the cultural filter. Both have an impact on the type of action strategy chosen by an official in handling client problems. An analysis of the strategy outcomes according to the social mechanisms shows that: 1) The outcome will depend on the client's consent to the organizational ideology. Immigrant clients more often than other clients are assumed to have different views on, for example, sickness, work capability and retirement age; 2) Comparing clients to the image of an ideal-typical long-term sick person can lead to the definition of clients with different cultural backgrounds or those of immigrant status as deviant, and therefore problematic to deal with; 3) The cultural filter through which the officials interpret their clients' situation can be an important obstacle in understanding the responses of immigrant clients.
The study was conducted at a local social insurance office in a suburban area of a major Swedish city. Immigrants represented approximately 60% of the long-term sick people. The empirical material consists of observations of encounters and interviews with the officials working with rehabilitation of the long-term sick.     

社会工作与自闭症儿童家长消极心态干预研究

自闭症儿童的康复是一个世界性难题。从社会工作视角来看则更加注重自闭症儿童与家庭环境和社会环境的互动。自闭症儿童的家庭照顾者是自闭症儿童社会支持系统的“桥梁”,本文正是从自闭症儿童的家庭照顾者入手来研究其对自闭症儿童康复和积极融入社会的重要意义、面临的困境和相应对策。研究发现,自闭症儿童的家庭照顾者不仅存在经济压力和专业护理知识匮乏,更重要的是其内在巨大的心理压力和社会支持系统不足。本文从社会工作实践的优势视角出发,提出了构建家庭照顾者的互助系统以克服无助悲观的心态,加快恢复家庭的社会功能,促进自闭症儿童和家庭融人日常社会。     

香港长期病患者自助组织的探索性研究

自助组织为长期病患者提供一个自助互助的平台,病患者用自身对抗疾病的经历去开解患同类病的病人,病者从一个服务接受者变为服务的提供者,这对他们的康复作用并非笔墨所能形容。本文希望通过探讨专业机构香港复康会针对长期病患者服务的介入的原则与价值观及介入方式,对中国大陆自助组织的发展起到借鉴作用。     

Computer-Based Self-Help Groups

Computer-based self-help groups utilize existing telecommunication networks to provide information and support for a variety of social problems. This article discusses their use as an adjunct to support groups. Computer-based groups offer advantages including elimination of time and distance barriers, lack of group size restrictions, increased variety and diversity of support, anonymity, pre- and post-group support, opportunity for expression through written communication, and potential training experiences for group leaders. A pilot project using a computer-based group for sexual abuse survivors is described, and the need for research related to process and outcome in computer-based groups.     

PARTICIPATION AND INCLUSION - A DISCOURSE OF WELFARE OR A DISCOURSE OF RIGHTS?

Research among students with physical and sensory disabilities who have succeeded in continuing their education at post-compulsory level as far as higher education, revealed that they have a high level of perceived personal control. This is strongly linked with educational attainment irrespective of severity of disability. The emphasis of these students upon self-help groups, and institutional response to student needs within a discourse of rights, rather than of welfare, has lessons for equity policy and practice with respect to other disadvantaged groups. The wider implications of intervention strategies and compensation programs which label and further marginalise members of disadvantaged groups are explored in the paper, in the context of the social construction of categories of disadvantage and difference, the analysis of competing discourses and social trends of individualisation and globalisation.     

Harriet Tubman's last work: the Harriet Tubman Home for Aged and Indigent Negroes

This article focuses on the important contributions the venerable Harriet Tubman made to the field of housing for older persons and other populations at risk. It uses an historical approach to document the importance of early housing and self-help initiatives in the African American community. It embraces Harriet Tubman and other early housers for their good works and acknowledges them as contributors to the rich legacy of community social work practice and its sage principles of empowerment and self-help. The article presents a nexus between the current housing status of older Blacks and the double jeopardy status imposed by historical discrimination.     

自助团体在香港发展的普遍性与价值性

作为一种重要的社会力量和满足人们需求的资源,自助团体的发展为香港的社会服务带来了新的活力。自助团体提供的服务在某些方面比专业领域提供的服务有效和廉价得多。除了对个人有所帮助外,它还能影响一些社会福利及医疗政策,使团体成员在宏观层面上获益。     

Support for Parents of Children with Cancer

Self-help and mutual support groups play an important role in the spectrum of resources useful to parents of children with cancer. These groups can provide parents with opportunities to share their experiences with other parents in similar situations, to learn from and teach others, and to create a new social network. While much has been written about such groups, very little attention has focused on factors related to parents evaluation of their group experience. This paper examines factors related to parents' perceptions of the value of self-help groups.