新信息技术驱动的制造服务化价值创造过程:基于徐工的探索性案例研究

近年来物联网等新信息技术的快速兴起有力地推动了制造服务化的发展,为制造企业实现价值创造提供了新的机遇.然而,新信息技术环境下制造服务化的价值创造过程尚不明确.为此,本文采用探索性单案例研究方法,借用MAXQDA12.0软件,使用扎根理论的编码方法处理数据,构建了新信息技术驱动的制造企业服务化价值创造过程模型,包括架构支撑体系构建、新信息技术功能应用、价值创造活动实现和价值创造方式实现四部分.由于价值创造是通过价值创造活动实现的,同时,新信息技术环境下价值创造活动多需要新信息技术功能支撑,因此,本文又进一步探讨了新信息技术驱动的制造服务化价值创造过程中价值创造活动的变化及其对价值创造方式的影响,以及新信息技术功能应用中数据、信息和知识的传递、集成、处理和共享对价值创造活动的支撑作用.本文为新信息技术环境下制造企业开展服务化转型提供理论支持,并为制造服务化价值创造研究提供理论借鉴.     

基于价值创造的价值网络管理(Ⅰ):特点与形成

价值创造活动是人们关注的问题,但传统的竞争逻辑通过价值链模型长期影响着企业的思维.本文分析了目前国际上对这一问题的不同看法,指出了价值链模型的局限性.在此基础上,提出了价值网络的概念,分析了它对企业价值创造活动影响的特点.为科学地认识价值网络的作用,本文重点分析了价值网络的构成及其要素间关系.     

基于价值创造的价值网络管理（I）：特点与形成

价值创造活动是人们关注的问题,但传统的竞争逻辑通过价值链模型长期影响着企业的思维.本文分析了目前国际上对这一问题的不同看法,指出了价值链模型的局限性.在此基础上,提出了价值网络的概念,分析了它对企业价值创造活动影响的特点.为科学地认识价值网络的作用,本文重点分析了价值网络的构成及其要素间关系.     

企业价值链分析模型研究

本文主要是研究企业价值链分析模型。在纵观价值链分析研究演变过程的基础上,以全面系统地进行价值链分析为出发点,提出企业价值链系统分析"梯次模型",认为企业应从整体角度和战略高度对价值创造活动进行梯次分析,通过不同层面的改进和提升活动发挥各个层次和环节的价值创造作用,以实现企业整体价值最大化的目标。     

中小型企业开放式创新活动有效性研究

开放式创新是利用内部和外部两条途径将企业内、外部有价值的创新资源集中起来开展创新活动,创造价值。中小型企业因其自身能力的限制,在开放式创新活动中表现活跃。本文采用了实证研究的方法,以中小型企业为研究对象,通过问卷调查的方式搜集数据,以企业创新成果的产出和创新成果的收益作为测量指标,采用probit模型和logit模型对中小型企业开放式创新活动的各个维度与企业绩效之间的关系进行分析,研究了开放式创新活动的有效性。     

服务业中顾客参与对顾客价值创造影响的实证研究

本文从顾客与企业交互层面构建了包含影响顾客参与前因要素和顾客参与结果的整合模型,考察顾客参与活动对顾客价值创造的影响。在此基础上,以个人培训行业为背景,通过对484名中国消费者的问卷调查,运用结构方程模型开展实证研究。结果表明,顾客参与行为显著影响了顾客对实用价值的创造,顾客在参与活动中对实用价值感知与享乐价值感知正相关,实用价值在顾客参与和享乐价值之间起到了完全中介作用。同时,信息交换、情感承诺、交互公平作为顾客参与前因要素效应得到了证实。最后讨论了该研究的管理意义与未来研究方向。     

出行共享中的用户价值共创机理——基于优步的案例研究

本文对优步的价值创造活动展开了案例研究,从中归纳成功经验,进而为在出行共享领域中从事价值创造活动的其他企业提供借鉴。研究发现:在共享经济模式下的出行行业中,用户连接阶段的价值创造方式是遵循用户主导逻辑的价值共创;用户接触阶段的价值创造方式是遵从用户主导逻辑的用户价值独创;用户分离阶段的价值创造方式是服从供应方主导逻辑的价值共创。研究的主要理论贡献在于提出了共享经济背景下的用户价值共创概念,并阐明其中用户与平台的角色与作用。研究的管理意义在于为企业在出行共享领域的价值创造实践提供了新视角。     

创业板上市公司智力资本的价值相关性——基于结构方程模型的实证分析

利用我国创业板上市公司2010-2012年的相关财务数据,对其智力资本的价值相关性及其价值创造路径进行了实证分析。结果表明,财务资本与智力资本(包括人力资本与结构资本)均对企业价值创造有积极的促进作用,其影响路径为财务资本通过结构资本和人力资本共同创造企业价值。引入智力资本要素后的模型,更真实地反映了企业价值创造路径,且智力资本对企业的长期价值有更重要的影响。     

面向价值共创的服务衍生供需决策优化研究

针对制造企业服务衍生时，制造企业与客户间可能存在的"双重边际效应"问题，以制造企业服务衍生特征刻画为基础，构建了服务衍生供需价值创造模型，比较分析了分散和集中两种决策情形下的价值创造，发现集中决策下供需双方能够创造整体更高的价值，但制造企业存在陷入"服务悖论"的风险，由此，设计了有助于协调供需价值分配的收益共享契约。研究表明，收益共享契约能够缓解制造企业与客户间的"双重边际效应"，契约能够激发制造企业以更为积极主动的态度改进服务衍生方案，提升方案的性价比，并由此促进市场需求，实现供需双方的价值共创。     

通过顾客关系服务化来强化顾客价值过程--顾客关系时代的营销新命题

本文建立在这样一个全新的观念基础之上,即营销资源和活动必须与企业所面临的目标顾客相互一致,同时,顾客价值不是由制造商或服务提供者创造的,而是由顾客在其价值创造过程中创造的.企业的资源、流程和能力并不是企业的生产(如产品)、管理(如网站)、财务(如结算)、法律(如顾客申述的处理)及其它活动过程的结果,而应当被视为顾客价值创造过程的投入要素.因此,供应商的作用是通过向顾客提供恰当的资源要素,如产品、服务、信息、服务补救、个性化关怀等来支持顾客价值创造过程,并与顾客资源形成互动,惟此,顾客才会感知到价值被创造出来.要以此方式运营,企业必须将自己看作是服务企业,而且真正地为顾客服务.为强化顾客价值的生成,企业必须将其客户关系中的所有要素"服务化"(Servicizing),无论是与制造或服务相关的,还是管理、财务或者法律等常规活动.这些常规活动通常属于"隐性服务"(HiddenService),它们在价值创造中的潜力没有得到应有重视.相反,这些要素对顾客价值的生成过程常常起到破坏而不是支撑作用."服务化"意味着要将所有与顾客关系相关的要素,不管它们的类型和特性如何,转化为顾客价值创造过程中的投入要素.最后,本文还探讨了在顾客关系管理时代,如何配置企业营销资源及营销规划等问题.     

创业投资引导基金补偿机制对创投机构网络位置的影响研究

随着创投市场的网络化趋势越来越突出,提升网络位置成为创投机构的重要竞争战略之一。论文基于激励视角研究创业投资引导基金(简称引导基金)补偿机制对创投机构网络位置的影响。通过私募通数据库搜集大样本数据构造匹配样本,使用双重差分模型,研究结论表明:(1)引导基金参股时为私人资本提供收益补偿、固定收益补偿、或者收益补偿加上固定收益补偿会提升创投机构的网络位置,为私人资本提供亏损补偿、亏损补偿加上固定收益补偿、或者亏损补偿加上收益补偿加上固定收益补偿则不会提升创投机构的网络位置;(2)相比于参股国有背景创投机构而言,引导基金参股非国有背景创投机构时提供收益补偿、固定收益补偿、或者收益补偿加上固定收益补偿对网络位置的提升作用更明显。论文拓宽了创投机构提升网络位置的战略选择,对引导基金主管部门选择补偿机制也有一定的参考意义。     

Organizations and Language Games

We borrow Wittgenstein's concept of ``languagegames' to create a theory of action. Thelanguage-games framework integrates theeconomic model of rational maximizing and thesociological model of rule following. Languagegames are subject to a process of naturalselection. Strong competition creates a``tight' evolutionary filter. When it does,agents are constrained to act as if they wererational. Traditional economic logic applies. When it does not, agents are free to chooseidiosyncratic actions. Sociologicalunderstanding is required. We combine thelanguage-games framework with the concept of``modular system.' In a modular system, partsare grouped to minimize interaction betweengroups. The parts in one module interact withthose of another module only through relativelyformal ``interfaces.' Large firms are modularsystems, and so is the larger social system,including the division of labor. Combining thelanguage-game framework with the idea ofmodular system helps us explain firm growth. Acharismatic leader founds an enterprise andplaces his interpretive framework in aprivileged position within it. The firm is nota modular system; it is not ``decomposable.' Firm growth leads to a greater division oflabor within the enterprise and to a moremodular organization. Modularity helps thelarger enterprise function smoothly, even whenemployees have conflicting mental models. Success in transforming small firms to largefirms depends on finding the right modularstructure for the enterprise.     

Internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship: business models for new technology-based firms

New technology-based firms, particularly those that develop their business around a new technological platform, are likely to be impacted by globalization, in terms of both pace of innovation and pressure of competition. For these firms, strategic decisions and growth processes are characterized by a deep inter-relationship amongst the processes of internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship; processes which have tended to be examined independently in distinct bodies of literature. In practice strategic decisions concern each of these processes and address issues such as organizational boundaries, location of the operational activities, what activities to focus on and selection of value partners. The business model by which firms operate needs also to accommodate the spatial dimensions indicated by globalization; and the emergence of global technology markets. Little is known to date about the extent to which business models accommodate or are adapted to internationalization, innovation and entrepreneurship. This paper presents a review of the business model literature from which a generic business model framework is derived, identifying and introducing the main elements of these processes as the firms?? focus, modus and locus. This contribution makes a clear distinction between the business model and the strategy concepts and highlights the relevance of location decisions??not considered by extant business model literature to date. While our discussion draws on the high technology new venture as our primary example, we believe our business model conceptualization has general applicability.     

Co-determination and Personnel Turnover: The German Experience

ABSTRACT: It has often been argued, that within the German system of co-determination the works council has an unparalleled participative role, which goes well beyond any voice function of trade unions in the Anglo Saxon tradition. Nevertheless, there is surprisingly little empirical evidence, whether and to what extent works councils influence employers’dismissal and employees’quit decisions. Analyzing a representative sample of private sector firms that have to obey the Dismissal Protection Act of 1969 and the Works Constitution Act of 1972, the paper finds that firms with a works council have an annual dismissal rate which is 1.6 percentage points lower than the one experienced by firms wthout a plant-level interest representation. At the same time, firms with a works council have a quit rate which is 1.5 percentage points lower than the one in firms without such interest representation. Union density, on the other hand, has no statistically significant influence on either the dismissal or the quit rate. Apparently, it is the works councils that in both cases act as a collective “voice institution”, serving as a direct channel of communication between workers and management. Although it is difficult to reach a safe conclusion about the net economic impact of works councils on the employment behavior of firms, the findings lend some support to the following assumption: since hiring and training costs are usually higher than firing costs, firms on average benefit from the presence of a works council with regard to their user costs of labor: the “savings” due to avoided voluntary quits apparently more than compensate for the additional spendings for severance payments and the costs of co-determination.     

Biotechnology collaborations: does business model matter?

This study investigates how a biotechnology firm??s collaboration incidence is affected by the business model it adopts. Specifically, we compare interfirm collaboration conducted by biopharmaceutical firms adopting the hybrid business model with those using the product-focused business model. The analysis based on 1,820 collaborations conducted by 87 dedicated biopharmaceutical firms suggests that firms adopting the hybrid business model generally engage in more collaboration. They also establish a greater proportion of exploration collaboration. These findings have implications for firm??s positioning using business models.     

Firm Size and Employment Dynamics: Estimations of Labor Demand Elasticities Using a Fractional Panel Probit Model

This paper examines the comprehensive discussion on the relationship between job creation, or destruction and firm size. More specifically, the study will determine whether the argument about small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) showing higher employment dynamics is confirmed or not. As such, the following work applies elasticities from a standard labor demand model derived from the estimations of fractional probit models for panel data, as process recommended in Papke and Wooldridge [2008; Journal of Econometrics 145(1–2): 121–133]. Elasticities are a useful measure of employment dynamics, if it is assumed that SMEs act on the same markets. The elasticity results from German establishment data illustrate that firm size does matter for the increase or decrease of employment. SMEs with less than 10 workers exhibit a higher employment dynamic, compared with other entities, at each respective percentile in the distribution of the wage share. Additionally, the outcome of the analysis weakly confirms the hypothesis that smaller firms are more restricted to capital markets, compared with large entities. The results also illustrate that firm size only explains one aspect of job creation and destruction. As stated in the well‐known Hicks–Marshall rules for elasticities of factor demand, the results illustrate that the reaction of labor demand on economic changes increases with the share of labor. Firms with a high share of labor also have larger elasticities, compared with firms with a strong use of capital. Both effects, the size effect and the effect of the proportion of labor, would blend in reality, and therefore, possibly lead to controversial results for the relationship between firm size and employment dynamics. In addition, a model with a negative relationship among both variables is too simple to explain the behavior of firms.     

Optimal Order Quantities with Remanufacturing Across New Product Generations

We address the problem of determining the optimal retailer order quantities from a manufacturer who makes new products in conjunction with ordering remanufactured products from a remanufacturer using used and unsold products from the previous product generation. Specifically, we determine the optimal order quantity by the retailer for four systems of decision‐making: (a) the three firms make their decisions in a coordinated fashion, (b) the retailer acts independently while the manufacturer and remanufacturer coordinate their decisions, (c) the remanufacturer acts independently while the retailer and manufacturer coordinate their decisions, and (d) all three firms act independently. We model the four options described above as centralized or decentralized decision‐making systems with the manufacturer being the Stackelberg leader and provide insights into the optimal order quantities. Coordination mechanisms are then provided which enable the different players to achieve jointly the equivalent profits in a coordinated channel.     

How large and small firms can grow together

Recent research into the trading relationship between small and large firms reveals the extent and nature of the dependence of small firms on their large customers. The consequences of dependence for the birth and growth of small firms, and hence for public policy, are described within the context of the small firm as an ‘independent’ economic unit. One such consequence is that the procurement policies and practices of large firms can act as a barrier to entry and a constraint on the growth of new small firms. Although dependence imposes costs on the small firm, collaboration between large buyers and small sellers confers substantial benefits on the latter, particularly at entry and in the early stages at growth.     

Startups internationalizing in quest of a business model: The global prospecting of process niche firms

This paper examines technology startups whose initial offering is not a tangible product or service, but rather a technology used in the production process of goods and services of other firms. These “process niche firms,” as we call them, represent an emerging and increasingly common feature of the digitized economy. As part of their search for a suitable business model – be it products, services, and/or outright licensing of intellectual property – process niche firms engage in early internationalization in order to gain relevant market knowledge and identify possible business partners. A framework is derived to examine the internationalization pattern of such firms. The paper draws on four illustrative case studies providing insight into how such process niche firms “prospect” in foreign markets prior to deciding on the business model that suits them best. Early in their life cycle, process niche firms may decide to locate their headquarters in a different country in closer proximity to relevant markets and partners, as their high knowledge intensity and dearth of tangible assets makes them highly movable. Later in their development, process niche firms will likely evolve into other types of firms, depending on the business model they ultimately choose and the process that they follow.