上海公共交通优先发展模式研究

经过20多年的建设和发展,上海已初步形成了以轨道交通为主导的公共交通优先发展态势,对促进城市空间拓展、形成集约化交通方式结构以及缓解道路拥堵起到了积极作用。本文回顾上海公共交通发展历程,结合近期公交发展规划,并借鉴世界上公共交通发达城市的经验,提出了符合上海实际、达到亚洲先进水平的公共交通优先发展模式和策略。     

努力提高城市公交的服务满意度

公共交通是我国城市人民群众最主要、最基本的日常出行方式,是保证城市正常运转的民生事业。随着轨道交通的快速发展,我国一些大中城市公共交通的结构正在发生深刻的变化,常规地面公交的公共客运分担率在逐渐下降。但是,由于耗资巨大、建设周期长、受基本网络规模和运能限制,在一个相当长的时期内,轨道交通还不能成为我国城市公共交通供给的主体。地面公交仍将是大部分城市市民首选的出行工具。     

国内外城市交通建设模式研究

一、引言城市交通按运行方式可以分成地面交通和地下交通两种类型,其中地面交通方式又包括步行、自行车和私人机动车3种出行方式;地下交通方式以地铁为主。按交通工具的所有权类型可以分为公共交通方式和个体交通方式(见图1)。对于城市交通系统来说,如何处理好公共交通与个体交通的关系是决定城市可持续发展的关键。所以本文从解决城市交通堵塞的立场,选择按交通工具所有权的分类方法,分别分析了各国各地区城市采用的公共交通模式及个体交通模式。二、公共交通模式公共交通优先的模式适用于城市土地资源紧缺、人口密度大、交通道路基础设施完善的地区。公共交通模式不论是发达国家或地区的城市,还是发展中国家的城市,甚至在少量不发达地区都处于主导地位,适用范围广,是城市交通占绝对主导地位的发展模式。     

德国的城市公共交通

<正>德国的城市中,一般都具有设施相当完善且运营效率高的公共交通系统。在具有一定规模的城镇中,至少设置有一个公共汽车系统。在规模较大的城市中,还另外设置了多种不同模式的公共交通设施。由于公共交通设施非常完备,人们往往不需要自驾私人小汽车出行。本文介绍了德国城市中常见的几种公共交通设施、交通地图和交通标志、公共交通的车票     

城市产业政策的供给侧结构性改革路径研究

在中国经济改革重心从需求侧转变到供给侧的背景下,本文首先阐述供给侧结构性改革和城市产业政策的理论内涵;其次,重点讨论城市产业政策对供给侧结构变迁的作用机制,针对供给侧的劳动力、资本、土地和创新四个主要因素,提出城市产业政策应更多地侧重于增加劳动力的有效供给、增加资本的有效供给、优化整合城市土地配置、推进技术进步和提高创新能力,从而深化供给侧结构改革,纠正要素配置扭曲,提高全要素生产率。     

“协同治理”视角下的社会组织公共服务供给

城市社区建设中的公共服务与产品供给是城市发展中的核心问题。城市社会组织作为一个新的社会化服务网络,开始承载公众生活内容、满足公众社会需求、提高社区居民生活质量,成为城市治理中的一个功能载体,凸显出其在城市社区建设的重要意义。在我国的城市社区建设中,应将社会组织作为社区公共服务供给中的重要主体,建立政府、市场和社会组织共同参与社会管理的模式,以协同治理来应对市场的失灵、弥补政府的不足,有效地整合和配置社会资源,提升社会组织自身潜能,最大化地满足社区民众多样化的社会需求。     

供给侧改革视角下的上海经济结构优化与全球城市建设

在上海新一轮城市总体规划中,上海的城市定位已经发生变化:在2020年基本建成"四个中心"和社会主义现代化国际大都市的基础上,2040年要努力建设成为具有全球资源配置能力、较强国际竞争力和影响力的全球城市。上海供给侧结构性改革应围绕瞄准建设全球城市的目标,结合上海优势和国家战略功能导向,实现以新供给引领新需求,促进上海经济结构的不断优化,形成与全球城市相匹配的经济结构和软硬实力。     

PPP:公共文化产品服务的多元化复合供给模式——以澳大利亚墨尔本剧院为例

向服务型政府转变是当今世界各国政府管理体制改革中的重要内容,在公共文化领域,服务型政府的建立涉及服务理念、职能体系、服务机制与方式的全方位变革,尤其依赖于体制机制创新,探索更加高效的供给制度,整合全社会资源,提供更好的公共文化产品服务.澳大利亚维多利亚州政府与墨尔本剧院的PPP合作模式,将政府公共部门推到了规划者与服务者的角色,实现了规划与生产的分流.     

多元利益格局下的城市公用设施供给问题

从供给系统出发考察城市公用设施的制度环境,由政府与市场在城市公用设施建设中的合作入手,在充分分析政府角色转换以及供给主体和受体的相互作用机制的基础上,提出建立完善、高效、集约的城市公用设施供给系统所应实现的建设理念和方式上的转变。     

新供给经济学实践:上海供给侧结构性改革思路和举措

上海要以供给侧结构性改革为主线,加快形成引领经济新常态的体制机制和发展方式.重点聚焦要素新供给、制度新供给、结构新供给和政策新供给,显著提升以科技创新为核心的全面创新能力,进一步激发供给体系的内生活力和竞争力,增强供给结构对需求变化的适应性和灵活性,形成有利于供给质量和效率提升的制度体系,促进经济高效持续稳定增长.     

The state and future of social service enterprises—a Finnish case

There has been a rapid increase in private social services in Finland, where the tradition of social care services has placed the main emphasis on public services. The aim of this article is to compare the situation of Finnish social service enterprises in 2001 and 2005/2006, in the light of two national surveys, in order to increase knowledge about the state and the future of such enterprises as providers of social care. Particular attention is paid to the profiles of men and women as entrepreneurs, as these differed somewhat. The composition of private care enterprises and their management remained fairly similar between 2001 and 2005/2006. Most of the enterprises were owned by middle-aged women with an extensive experience of social and health care. The owners of the older enterprises were more pessimistic about the future than the owners of the more recently-established firms. Social workers have not been active in setting up firms, but the public–private processes should be steered and evaluated from the social work perspective, too, because they are actors who have a relevant part to play in the long-term co-operation and development work of public and private social services.     

Public and private agri-environmental regulation in post-socialist economies: Evidence from the Serbian Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Sector

Using primary survey data and interview evidence this paper analyses the implementation and enforcement of public and private environmental regulation in the Serbian Fresh Fruit and Vegetable (FFV) sector. This provides a basis for engaging in a wider debate on the nature of agri-food regulation in post-socialist economies. Depictions of the restructuring of agri-food supply chains as a shift from public to private regulation are rejected. Rather two distinct supply chains co-exist: a small number of export oriented producers operate subject to extensive private regulation while the majority of FFV farmers occupy regulatory voids, immune to both private and private control. Those farmers operating under extensive private regulation are more likely to obey appropriate public regulation. Findings highlight the differentiated nature of regulatory regimes that can co-exist within a national production sector.     

Control and participation for employees within geriatric care: does ownership make a difference?

The welfare sector in Sweden has undergone extensive changes during the last 15 years, and private and cooperative actors have entered the public market. In the light of high sick-leave rates, especially in female-dominated professions, it is important to identify factors that can help to improve the working conditions and promote health among employees. The purpose of this study was to compare how two of these factors, participation and control, are perceived by employees in three different forms of ownership: public, cooperative and private. In all, 186 employees working at seven geriatric care institutions with three ownership forms were invited to participate in the study. 82% responded to a questionnaire containing issues related to working conditions, e.g. control and participation. The one-way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis were used to analyse the findings among the three groups of employees working in public, cooperative or private setting. Results showed that employees in cooperatives experienced more participation than employees working in the public and private sectors in two out of four variables - employee's voice concerning work environment issues and sympathetic response from the manager and decision-making concerning work activities at large. As expected, there were no difference in perceived control between ownership forms, which might be explained by the fact that the work nature in geriatric care is rather regulated, restricted and formalized, regardless of ownership form, resulting in limited freedom over the work situation for the individual employee.     

The Rana Plaza disaster seven years on: Transnational experiments and perhaps a new treaty?

This article examines several noteworthy initiatives that were implemented following the deadly 2013 Rana Plaza disaster in Bangladesh. They broke new ground in transnational labour law. The ILO-backed initiatives were largely successful but remain insufficient to achieve lasting change in the ready-made garment industry, where global brands’ supply chain buying practices constrain investment in occupational safety and health. A proposed United Nations treaty on business and human rights now seeks to enhance corporate accountability. Although promising, as part of a smart mix of multi-level public and private solutions, the treaty needs fine-tuning in the light of lessons learned from post-Rana Plaza experiments.     

Who Is Poorest? An Asset‐based Analysis of Multidimensional Wellbeing

Recent studies have endorsed asset‐based approaches as a strategy for attaining the Millennium Development Goals. This article discusses asset indices as a diagnostic tool for these policies, systematically breaking them down into separate dimensions of private household wealth and basic public‐goods access and discussing how shortfalls in public‐goods supply can be related to deprivations in basic human capabilities under the asset framework. It then illustrates how asset indices can be used for the targeting of public infrastructure investments and private asset‐accumulation policies, with the help of a detailed case study of deprivations in household wealth and public‐service supply in Madagascar.     

Public enterprise and the rise and fall of labor share

Developed economies experienced a rise and fall in labor share (LS) in the postwar period. We present a novel explanation of these trends – public enterprise employment. We document a link between it and both LS and wage compression in 15 developed nations. We then build a model that shows how overstaffing public enterprises can increase LS and reduce wage inequality. Overstaffing directly increases public enterprise LS and indirectly increases private sector LS by reducing available labor. We examine several public enterprise reforms. Consistent with the model’s predictions, reforms reduce public enterprise LS permanently and private sector LS temporarily.     

上海为农服务合作社的发展新路初探

上海为农服务合作社应根据上海经济发展的需要,结合各自的实际走发展新路。农业生产合作社应循专业合作社的道路加快发展,区（县）政府应积极帮助并给以政策扶持;信用合作社已改制为农村商业银行,应循商业银行的发展规律,对外拓展、对内做实,同时继续做好为农户和中小企业的服务;供销合作社则应在政府的有力支持下,尽快推进社企分离,下力气把社属企业做大、做强,从而在反哺农村时形成更有效的经济支撑。     

Social Enterprises and Public Value: A Multiple-Case Study Assessment

VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations - Positioned at the crossroads of the market, public policies and civil society, social enterprises are private...     

城镇化过程中投融资问题研究——基于公共服务的视角

由于现有的公共服务存在着种种不足,我国城镇化发展速度受到一定的制约。通过投融资体制机制的创新来促进公共服务的有效供给,一方面能够显著加快我国新型城镇化的进程,另一方面也能有效提高城镇化的质量。构建与新型城镇化相适应的投融资机制,应满足可持续性和多样性的原则,从多渠道为公共服务的供给筹集资金;增强地方财政在城镇化进程中的自我发展能力,建立稳定的筹资机制;建立政府、企业和个人共同投资的多元化投融资机制,通过市场机制为城镇化建设融资拓宽渠道;引导和支持民间资本进入基础产业、基础设施建设、市政公用事业、社会事业、金融服务等领域,创造良好的投资环境,推进公共服务和公共产品提供方式的社会化和市场化。     

Privatisation Results: Private Sector Participation in Water Services After 15 Years

Privatisation of public infrastructure has been the mantra of many development agencies since the late 1980s. Water supply is no exception, and various forms of private sector participation (PSP) have been tried in the water and sanitation sector. This article examines the results of these experiments. It suggests that PSP has had mixed results and that in several important respects the private sector seems to be no more efficient in delivering services than the public sector. Despite growing evidence of failures and increasing public pressure against it, privatisation in water and sanitation is still alive, however. Increasingly, it is being repackaged in new forms such as that of public‐private partnership.