清真寺建筑的特色和地域特征

清真寺是与伊斯兰教紧密联系的宗教建筑,与其他宗教建筑相比,有着自身的建筑特色.本文先从功能、选址、朝向和内部结构等方面剖析了清真寺与其他宗教建筑不同的特性表现,在此基础上,再根据清真寺地理位置的差异,阐述其地域特征,由此来透视伊斯兰教作为世界性宗教的特性.     

清真寺建筑形制中的功能性因素探究

清真寺建筑作为与伊斯兰教密不可分的宗教建筑,与其他宗教建筑相比,具有独特的建筑形制（规划布局、朝向、建筑体型与轮廓、内部结构、建筑用材、艺术表现和附属建筑等方面）。本文从清真寺建筑形制入手,剖析了清真寺与其他宗教建筑的不同特性,阐述清真寺的社会功能与其建筑形制的相关性,并就有关的功能性因素作探究,以此来透视伊斯兰教作为世界性宗教的基本特性。     

清真寺建筑形制中的功能性因素探究

清真寺建筑作为与伊斯兰教密不可分的宗教建筑,与其他宗教建筑相比,具有独特的建筑形制(规划布局、朝向、建筑体型与轮廓、内部结构、建筑用材、艺术表现和附属建筑等方面).本文从清真寺建筑形制入手,剖析了清真寺与其他宗教建筑的不同特性,阐述清真寺的社会功能与其建筑形制的相关性,并就有关的功能性因素作探究,以此来透视伊斯兰教作为世界性宗教的基本特性.     

清真寺建筑的历史沿革及其特征

清真寺是伊斯兰教极其重要的物质象征,它是信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林进行宗教活动的重要场所。伊斯兰教的新月在阿拉伯半岛升起时,清真寺最初级的形式已经萌芽。清真寺的历史与伊斯兰教的历史同样久远,它是信仰伊斯兰教的阿拉伯民族历史的见证,清真寺产生和发展的历史,无疑也是伊斯兰教兴起和发展的真实历史写照。本文试从伊斯兰教的兴起开始,对伊斯兰教早期清真寺建筑的沿革、建筑特征及其功能作一初步的探讨。     

清真寺与中东穆斯林的宗教认同

本文通过分析伊斯兰教和清真寺的发展轨迹,认为清真寺不仅是穆斯林朝夕“叩拜(真主)之地”、表达内在信仰与完成“五功”的实践场所和伊斯兰教合法存在的标志,也是穆斯林宗教认同的物质文化符号,它在传播伊斯兰思想、弘扬伊斯兰文化及构建穆斯林社区过程中发挥了核心作用。     

清真寺与中东穆斯林的宗教认同

本文通过分析伊斯兰教和清真寺的发展轨迹,认为清真寺不仅是穆斯林朝夕"叩拜(真主)之地"、表达内在信仰与完成"五功"的实践场所和伊斯兰教合法存在的标志,也是穆斯林宗教认同的物质文化符号,它在传播伊斯兰思想、弘扬伊斯兰文化及构建穆斯林社区过程中发挥了核心作用.     

认真发掘和保护清真寺碑刻

清真寺在中国大地上的出现,标志着伊斯兰教传入了中国。通过每座清真寺建造的时间、地点、规模,以及筹建人的多寡和社会地位的高下,可以看出伊斯兰教在中国的传播和发展情况。而有关清真寺建造的情况,往往都要记载于它的碑记里。因此,清真寺内的碑刻,不但是研究伊斯兰教的重要资料,也是研究信仰伊斯兰教的各民族的历史、文化的重要资料。例如西安的《创建清真寺碑记》,吴鉴所作的泉州     

从伊斯兰史上的著名清真寺看清真寺功能的多样性

清真寺作为伊斯兰教的重要宗教活动场所,是穆斯林社区的核心。凡是有穆斯林的地方,几乎都有清真寺。特别在中东阿拉伯国家,清真寺更是随处可见。在伊斯兰史上,清真寺在促进穆斯林社会的政治、经济、文化发展方面一直发挥着重要作用,具有诸多社会功能。本文以伊斯兰历史上著名清真寺为例,着重分析清真寺功能的多样性及其在当代的演变情况。     

从伊斯兰史上的著名清真寺看清真寺功能的多样性

清真寺作为伊斯兰教的重要宗教活动场所,是穆斯林社区的核心。凡是有穆斯林的地方,几乎都有清真寺。特别在中东阿拉伯国家,清真寺更是随处可见。在伊斯兰史上,清真寺在促进穆斯林社会的政治、经济,文化发展方面一直发挥着重要作用,具有诸多社会功能。本文以伊斯兰历史上著名清真寺为例,着重分析清真寺功能的多样性及其在当代的演变情况。     

从伊斯兰早期的《古兰经》注释学校看清真寺的学术功能

作为伊斯兰教的重要外化象征之一，清真寺具有的诸多功能在推动伊斯兰社会与文化的历史进程中，发挥着不可或缺的作用。它在相当长时期内所承载的学术研究功能，又使其成为伊斯兰文化形成、发展继而体系化的核心场所之一。其中，伊斯兰教黎明时期（公元610-750年）的再传弟子在麦加、麦地那、伊拉克创建的《古兰经》注释学校及其培养的杰出注释学家，就是清真寺学术功能的具体显现。     

The Role of Religiosity for Formal and Informal Volunteering in the Netherlands

This paper deals with the question: To what extent do individual religious characteristics, in addition to collective religious characteristics, contribute to the explanation of formal and informal volunteering in the Netherlands at the beginning of the 21st century? To answer this research question, we used the SOCON 2005–2006 dataset. Our main finding concerns informal volunteering: we found that spirituality increases the likelihood of informal volunteering, implying that openness to other people’s needs increases the likelihood of the actual provision of help. There are no other aspects of religiosity that are related to informal volunteering. With regard to formal volunteering we found that, in line with previous research, religious attendance is related positively to formal volunteering, religious as well as secular volunteering, which can be regarded as support for the proposition that religious involvement is important for norm conformity. Further, having a more religious worldview decreases the likelihood of formal volunteering which might show that those with a strong religious worldview are more concerned with the ‘otherworldly’ and less so with what they do in this world. We found no influence of individual religious characteristics on formal volunteering. These results confirm the idea that integration into a religious community plays quite a large role in explaining formal volunteering. Informal volunteering, however, seems to be independent of social networks: it rather depends on individual motivation.     

Social Sources of Community Solidarity in U.S. Congregations

Community solidarity, or a collective sense of belonging, plays a vital role in the health and survival of many organizations. Consequently, identifying the elements that contribute to a strong sense of solidarity within communities has long been a topic of inquiry for scholars. In this study, we draw upon prior theorizing to develop and test four hypotheses regarding the organizational characteristics associated with community solidarity in religious congregations. Multivariate models are estimated using national data on religious congregations from the 2001 U.S. Congregational Life Survey (n?=?357). Organizations with greater community solidarity tend to feature higher levels of social capital (operationalized with measures of friendship networks and participation in organizational activities), higher levels of official membership within the organization, and inspiring congregational leadership. Higher levels of commitment are associated with greater community solidarity, but the effect is wholly mediated by social capital. Congregations that engender higher levels of community solidarity share certain organizational features, including higher levels of social capital, higher rates of membership, and inspiring leaders.     

THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF RELIGIOUS INTEGRATION AND SUICIDE:

Recent research suggests that Durkheimian ideas on the impact of religious affiliation on suicide need to be updated and tailored to the modern cultural landscape of the United States. Following up on the importance of how historical context has shifted the integrative power of denominational networks, this article pursues the potential utility of a networks, perspective by suggesting that a significant contextual element has been neglected to date: Geographical context, both regional and rural-urban dimensions, also delimits the differential ability of religions to form a "community' of social support capable of integrating individuals. If the network approach provides a useful direction, the effects of religious affiliation across geographical areas should vary in a manner consistent with notions of how social structural opportunity and tradition (of lack thereof) affect religious network strength. Analyses of detailed suicide, religion, and sociodemographic data by region and population density in U.S. county groups do, in fact, indicate that for many major religious groups the effects of religious affiliation on suicide vary across geographical areas, consistent with network theory. For example, while Judaism's protective effect is small overall, it is large in the Northeast and reversed in the South. The protective strength also is reversed for Catholicism in the South and many Evangelical Protestant groups in the Northeast. Overall, the results suggest that region exerts a greater impact on religious affiliation effects than does population density, though the latter does impact on Catholic and Jewish effects.     

A Shot of Morality? Hispanic Immigration,Religious Contextual Characteristics,and Violence

Extant research often finds that the relative size of the Hispanic immigrant population is inversely associated with rates of crime at the macro level. Yet, few studies have empirically examined the indirect pathways through which Hispanic immigration might impact crime, especially sociocultural characteristics such as religious context. Utilizing data on known violent crimes from over 600 U.S. counties in 2010 paired with religious contextual data from the Religious Congregation and Membership Survey (RCMS), we observe that the presence of Hispanic immigrants is positively associated with community-level Catholic adherence, civically engaged religious adherence, and religious homogeneity that, in turn, are negatively associated with violent crime. Overall, religious contextual characteristics appear to significantly mediate the link between Hispanic immigration and violence at the macro level. Implications for the immigration-crime literature and broader macro-structural research are discussed.     

中东地区的宗教文化遗产及其保护

由于地理位置独特和多民族汇聚,珍贵而独有的古老宗教文化遗迹在中东地区比比皆是。中东宗教文化遗产有其特殊的表现方式、外在审美价值、精神内涵和历史意义。但该地区的宗教文化遗产具有易受攻击性、掠夺性和价值不可取代性等特点。战争、人为因素、自然环境等多方面原因使这些遗产遭到了严重的破坏,并正面临着新的威胁。对中东地区宗教文化遗产的保护应从强化保护意识、建立专门教育机制、加强国际合作与对话、利用高科技手段等诸多方面入手。     

How culture influences foreign trade: evidence from the U.S. and China

Using a gravity model of trade and the U.S. and Chinese panel data, I present evidence that supports the views that linguistic links have become more important in foreign trade than geographical proximity and that linguistic influence on trade is more significant in China than in the U.S. The estimated result based on a broad panel of economies shows little overall relation between religious similarity and foreign trade in both the U.S. and China. But there is an indication that the religious dissimilarity tends to retard foreign trade with poor countries and regions and to encourage foreign trade with richer places. I also found that, although religious retardation on foreign trade is more significant in China than in the U.S., religious dissimilarity tends to retard the US export more than that of China; by contrast, it tends to retard the Chinese import more than that of the U.S. At last, the socio-economic implications of the estimated results are discussed.     

Renegotiating religious transnationalism: fractures in transnational Chinese evangelicalism

In this article, I question to what extent future generations of immigrants will engage in practices of religious transnationalism through their ethnic institutions. I examine how leaders of the next generation of English‐speaking Chinese Canadian evangelicals made sense of their participation in the Chinese Coordination Centre of World Evangelism, a movement that rallies behind both a pan‐Chinese identity and the belief that the Chinese have a special role in evangelizing the world. I argue that the call to religious mobilization grounded in Chinese ethnicity stands on tenuous ground and propose that linguistic, geographical, generational and ideological fractures may diminish the participation of future generations of the Chinese diaspora in ethnically‐based transnational religious organizations. I conclude that these developments would push ‘negotiated transnational religious networks’ into a state of ‘renegotiation'.     

Religious Identity and Family Ideologies in the Transition to Adulthood

This article examines how religion shapes family ideologies in young adulthood. Using the 31‐year Intergenerational Panel Study of Parents and Children (N= 909), we find relationships between mother’s religious characteristics when her child was born and the child’s own family ideologies in young adulthood. Further, multiple dimensions of young adults’ religious identities are independently related to their family ideologies, suggesting unique influences of both religious service attendance and the importance of religion. Our results vary across time and family ideologies in interesting patterns, but relationships between religion and attitudes are remarkably consistent. From early in life, mothers’ and children’s religious characteristics shape family ideologies in ways likely to help explain relationships found between religion and family behaviors.     

The determinants of religiosity among immigrants and the native born in Europe

This paper examines differences in religious behaviors of the native born and immigrants in European countries, measured by self-reported religiosity, frequency of praying, and frequency of church attendance. Using the European Social Survey, we first show that, on average, the religiosity of immigrants is greater than that of the native born and is greater than that of the stayers in the European origins, even among those who report they have no religious affiliation. Hypotheses are tested that can explain these observations. Differences in individual characteristics, such as age, education, income, marital status, and notably religious denominations, partly account for the overall differences. Religiosity of migrants declines with duration in the destination, approaching the levels of both the native born in destination countries and of the stayers in European origin countries. Both origin and destination country characteristics affect religiosity, such as economic development, religious pluralism, religious freedom, and societal attitudes towards religion, suggesting that both economic and culture persistence and adaptation take place.     

Belonging,believing, behaving,and Brexit: Channels of religiosity and religious identity in support for leaving the European Union*

Having an Anglican affiliation is known to be associated with support for leaving the European Union (EU) in Britain. Religiosity, conceived as strength of religious attachment, has received comparatively little treatment. We investigate religiosity via electoral, household, and attitudinal surveys, distinguishing the effects of “behaving” and “believing.” The association between religiosity and EU Referendum vote choice and position is identified before and after inclusion of values, attitudinal, and civic engagement measures. Consistent with established findings, in socio-structural models Anglicans are more likely to support Brexit than religious Nones. More frequent church attendance is associated with being more pro-Remain. The Anglican effect is primarily mediated by anti-immigrant attitudes, authoritarianism, and salience of ethnic identity, suggesting a Christian nationalist aspect to Leave support. The attendance effect is mediated by warmer attitudes toward immigrants, and social capital. Notably, those exhibiting stronger orthodox belief tend to feature a stronger attachment to “Leave,” with this partly mediated by authoritarianism. To evaluate the net effect of religion on civic life, we should pay more attention to the cultural content of religious beliefs, and how they structure other values and attitudes.