“反思的问题学”及其当代意义(英文)

前提批判与问题反思表征着两种不同的哲学立场,同时也构成当代哲学不同的出场路径。前提批判是以形态学立场为前提、以重构形态为旨趣的话语行为。它遮蔽了一个真实的基础:一切真正的哲学都起源于问题,对问题的批判性反思才是哲学走向深处的真正语境。虽然形态建构一直是哲学话语体系的存在方式,但是它始终是对实践问题的哲学解答方式,问题与形态相比不能不占首位并具有根本性质。马克思哲学革命提出的反思的问题学指涉实践论和问题学立场,强调哲学本质上是问答逻辑。坚持以改变世界的问题为中心,通过反思批判问题中的哲学和哲学中的问题,才能达到哲学形态的前提,进而才能构建合理的哲学形态。     

Reducing U.S. carbon dioxide emissions: an assessment of different instruments

The possibility that carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel use might lead to global warming has become a leading environmental concern. Many scientific and environmental organizations have called for immediate action to limit carbon dioxide production. For the most part, however, public debate has focused on a single policy instrument: a carbon tax applied to fossil fuels in proportion to their carbon content. We present a detailed model of the U.S. economy and use it to compare carbon taxes with two other instruments that could achieve the same reduction in carbon dioxide emissions: a tax on the energy content of fossil fuels (a BTU tax) and an ad valorem tax on fuel use. We find that carbon taxes can achieve a given reduction with the least overall effect on the economy, but with a large effect on coal mining. Energy taxes are fairly similar to carbon taxes but have slightly less impact on coal mining and slightly greater overall cost. In contrast, ad valorem taxes fall much more lightly on coal mining but have a much greater effect on the economy as a whole.     

论研究奥运经济影响的思路与方法

北京 2 0 0 8年奥运会将对首都经济产生重要的影响。研究奥运对经济影响的思路和方法主要包括 :首先 ,从空间范围和时间维度上界定“奥运的经济影响”。其次 ,确定研究思路或技术路线。再次 ,如何把奥运的经济影响从有关经济指标的数值中分离出来。最后 ,确定研究框架。在这个框架内 ,可以把奥运对经济的影响区分为一般影响和特殊影响 ,并把奥运的经济影响分解为若干个主题来进行研究。     

拉丁美洲国家应对气候变化法律与政策分析

为有效应对气候变化,拉丁美洲国家在参与气候变化国际谈判的同时,还制定了相应的应对气候变化的法律、政策和行动计划,形成了两种推进方式：以气候变化法律为主、政策为辅的法律主导方式,以气候变化政策为主、少有甚至没有相关立法的政策主导方式。整体上看,拉丁美洲国家在应对气候变化上取得了较大进展,尤其是在气候变化综合性立法上取得了突破,在发展中国家中处于领先地位;气候变化国家政策正顺应时代潮流加速发展。在气候变化立法上,拉丁关洲国家在发展中国家中处于领先地位,在气候变化政策上,拉丁美洲国家正加快发展速度。由于受到多方面因素的制约,拉丁美洲国家在制定与实施应对气候变化法律与政策时仍面临一定阻力,个别国家在应对气候变化上徘徊不前,须尽快弥补政策空白。     

Learning about Difference, Learning with Others, Learning to Transgress

Emerging work in intergroup contact has vitalized a focus on processes affecting the impact of interventions on outcomes. We theorized that intergroup learning—learning about other groups, educating others about one's own groups, intention to bridge intergroup differences, and reflecting on one's own group—mediates the effect of a combined enlightenment-encounter curricular intervention on assessments of importance and confidence in taking action to reduce prejudice and promote diversity. Results from a pretest/posttest design with a diverse group of undergraduate social welfare majors (n = 175) show (a) increased motivation for intergroup learning, and importance of taking action, and confidence in doing so, and (b) intergroup learning partially or fully mediates the impact of enlightenment and/or encounter on taking action .     

The Stuff of Life

The musings of Valentin Kurbatov, a literary critic from Pskov, on books he has read in the past year spill over into a tightly focused, self-contained piece on contemporary literature and contemporary readers, on life ("a greedy now and a vague tomorrow") and the yearning to feel the earth firm beneath one's feet.     

Macroprudential policy and the probability of a banking crisis

The ultimate purpose of macroprudential policy is to avoid financial instability, such as banking crises, which have a long-lasting and devastating effect on the economy. Although a growing number of studies have examined the effects of macroprudential policy on credit growth, few empirical studies have analyzed its effect on the probability of a banking crisis. Does macroprudential policy actually affect the probability of a banking crisis? Do other macroeconomic policies matter for the effectiveness of macroprudential policy? To answer these questions, this paper empirically investigates the effect of macroprudential policy on the probability of a banking crisis and its relationship with other macroeconomic policies. Specifically, using data on 65 countries from 2000 to 2016, we employ a probit model to analyze the effect of changes in the loan-to-value (LTV) ratio on crisis probability. Our results show that macroprudential policy is effective in changing the probability of a banking crisis via a credit channel and that its effectiveness depends on other macroeconomic policies. Changes in the LTV ratio are found to be effective in influencing the probability of a banking crisis in countries that have inflation targeting frameworks, floating exchange rate regimes, and/or no capital controls. Our results underscore the importance of policy coordination among different government bodies to design an appropriate macroprudential policy, especially in the current context of the Covid-19 crisis.     

Thirteen theorems in search of the truth

We review recent work on the accuracy of group judgmental processes as a function of (a) the competences (judgmental accuracies) of individual group members, (b) the group decision procedure, and (c) group size. This work on individual competence and group accuracy represents an important contribution to democratic theory and a useful complement to the usual emphasis in the social choice literature on individual preference and preference aggregation mechanisms. The work reported on is rooted in a tradition which goes back to scholars such as Condorcet, Poisson, and Bayes.     

A significant solidus: Punctuating sexual exploitation with discretionary practices

In this article, I report on a study that examined how young people are framed within formalized child welfare reviews. The study examined reports of serious case reviews (SCRs) in England over a 6‐year period, 2008–2016. I report on a data set on sexual exploitation. I focus on both the professionals and the reviewers, who are considered experts in child protection. The study focused on two aspects: one, how did professionals produce a “young person,” and two, how is the cultural identity of a young person represented within, and (re)produced by, these documents. A thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. I report on both the semantic and latent levels, discussing the words and phrases used, and the meaning they carry as situated across multiple SCRs. The analysis revealed that young people are literally seen through a visual lens, figuratively through a series of labels and produced as an autonomous, free subject. I conclude by arguing that age is applied in a visual and highly problematic way.     

创新工学结合人才培养模式的改革实践

本文根据高职院校实际,以教育部16号文为指导,以广东纺织职业技术学院为案例,以纺织服装产业为基础,以新兴的时尚产业及高新技术产业为依托,以专业建设为核心,课程建设为支撑,构建校企合作平台,调整优化专业结构和人才培养方案,全面提高人才培养质量,实现高就业率、高满意度办学效益。对开展改革实践,探索提高教育教学质量的途径,具有十分重要的现实意义。     

Estimating cumulative prospect theory parameters from an international survey

We conduct a standardized survey on risk preferences in 53 countries worldwide and estimate cumulative prospect theory parameters from the data. The parameter estimates show that significant differences on the cross-country level are to some extent robust and related to economic and cultural differences. In particular, a closer look on probability weighting underlines gender differences, economic effects, and cultural impact on probability weighting. The data set is a useful starting point for future research that investigates the impact of risk preferences on the market level.     

自主学习导向的社会工作教学活动设计——以《小组工作》课程为例

在我国十多年的社会工作教学改革研究与实践中,以行为主义为基础的传统教学观受到越来越多的质疑和摒弃,而以建构主义为基础的新型教学观则给予越来越多的推崇和运用。本文在论证建构主义教学观与社会工作价值观内在一致性的基础上,以建构主义为指引,自主学习为导向,倡导社会工作教学模式的改革,并以《小组工作》为例进行自主学习导向的教学活动设计和与之配套的制度建设。     

余秋雨历史文化散文批评锋面的反思

余秋雨创作的历史文化散文,引起了文学界的极大震动,围绕着他的散文作品,许多文学批评都带着各自的审美意趣和学理依据给予全方位的研究、探讨,并作出相应的、毁誉不一的评价。当历史把“余秋雨现象”拉开了一定的时间距离后,本文试图对这一现象进行梳理,期望对20世纪末这一文学现象予以冷静深刻的审视和反思。     

Family contact in foster care in Portugal. The views of children in foster care and other key actors

This is a pilot study on the sensitive issue of how children and young people experience family contact in foster care, and the views of key adults in their lives on the same issue. There is a special focus on the children's experiences, opinions, and feelings. The study is a response to the relative scarcity of literature on family contact based on the experiences of children and adults in caring roles. This is a qualitative and exploratory study, with a sample of 10 children and young people in care in the district of Porto, aiming to identify key issues and areas for further examination. The results allow us to conclude that the possibility of maintaining contact is positively evaluated. However, perspectives on the relationships involved, and on the reactions to and difficulties associated with visits, revealed considerable disagreement among the actors. A possible set of implications drawn from the findings pointed out to the importance of developing a monitored cooperation that improves communication processes in order to take into account the children's and young people's views in the decision‐making process; and to develop more attentive and open working relationships with parents throughout the foster care placement.     

Poverty‐aware social work in the child protection system: A critical reflection on two single‐case studies

In recent years, scholarly writing that calls for the development of a new child protection framework that contextualizes risk and links it to poverty and social marginalization has increased. Nonetheless, there is a lack of research on the challenges of implementing such a framework in frontline practice. Based on the ongoing, rigorous documentation of the author's experience, as a social work practitioner in a community child protection centre, this article presents two single‐case studies that describe and conceptualize the potential contribution of the poverty‐aware paradigm to the creation of a social framework for child protection practice. Utilizing critical reflection as a method of analysis, the findings reveal two major tensions entwined in poverty‐aware child protection practice: the tension between focusing child protection interventions on parenting and focusing them on poverty and the tension between framing risk within a social context and framing it within the concept of the best interest of the child. Based on the case studies, seven poverty‐aware practices to cope with these tensions are identified.     

Sex Role Stereotypes and Middle and Old Age

Previous research focused on elderly as a generalized target group, with little differentiation between stereotypes of elderly men and elderly women. Similarly, research literature on sex-role stereotypes rarely makes reference to age of targets. To join the areas of attitude research in gerontology and sex-role stereotype research, 534 university students rated middle-aged or old man, woman, or person on a stereotype scale. A difference between male and female targets was found on only 3 adjective pairs, and age/sex interactions were found on 3. The few differences fit traditional sex-role stereotypes. Explanations for sparse sex differences and age/sex interactions are suggested.     

Promoting research on research integrity in Canada

Research on research integrity is an important element in building a strong national research integrity framework. There is a lack of empirical evidence and conceptual research on research integrity in Canada. To further strengthen and develop our system of research integrity, we believe that greater support is needed to promote research on research integrity. Research on research integrity is imperative in order to gain a richer understanding of the diversity of responsible conduct of research norms, practices, education and policies from a Canadian perspective. The knowledge gained would help in the development of an evidenced-based and responsive Canadian system of research integrity.     

Financial access and household’s borrowing: Policy perspectives of an emerging economy

This paper analyzes access to finance based on the usage of financial services by Indian households. Based on two rounds of nationally representative All India Debt and Investment Survey (AIDIS) for 2002 and 2012, we examine how access to credit is associated with a household's socioeconomic and demographic characteristics using Heckman’s two-step approach procedure. Our results show that belonging to higher asset quintile groups has a statistically significant positive effect on the household's decision to take loans only from the formal sector in both rounds and significant negative effects on taking a loan only from the informal sector. Similarly, social and religious groups play a significant role in the decision of the household to take a loan. Households with more educated adults are more likely to take a loan. Households involved in regular wage-earning occupations in urban areas are more likely to take a loan from formal sources. Thus, the importance of policy placing greater emphasis on demand-side barriers rather than on improving the physical availability of formal financial services to promote financial inclusion in India.     

On a statistical approach to choice under uncertainty

This article is concerned with criteria of choice under uncertainty which are based on long sequences of independent experiments. To state a rule of comparison for such sequences, we first specify it for sequences of certain numbers (say, of certain incomes). Eventually, the problem is reduced to a connection between preferences on sequences ofcertain numbers and thoseon probability distributions. We take into consideration a notion of statistically stable criteria for which choice based on a single random experiment does not disagree with that based on a “sufficiently long” sequence of independent replicas of the same experiment. The main aim of the article is to establish conditions under which a statistically stable criterion exists and to give its explicit representation.