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1.
《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》2017,85(2):675-689
We provide the first analysis of altruism in networks. Agents are embedded in a fixed network and care about the well‐being of their network neighbors. Depending on incomes, they may provide financial support to their poorer friends. We study the Nash equilibria of the resulting game of transfers. We show that equilibria maximize a concave potential function. We establish existence, uniqueness of equilibrium consumption, and generic uniqueness of equilibrium transfers. We characterize the geometry of the network of transfers and highlight the key role played by transfer intermediaries. We then study comparative statics. A positive income shock to an individual benefits all. For small changes in incomes, agents in a component of the network of transfers act as if they were organized in an income‐pooling community. A decrease in income inequality or expansion of the altruism network may increase consumption inequality. 相似文献
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Ken Hendricks Michele Piccione Guofu Tan 《Econometrica : journal of the Econometric Society》1999,67(6):1407-1434
We study a model in which two carriers choose networks to connect cities and compete for customers. We show that if carriers compete aggressively (e.g., Bertrand-like behavior), one carrier operating a single hub-spoke network is an equilibrium outcome. Competing hub-spoke networks are not an equilibrium outcome, although duopoly equilibria in nonhub networks can exist. If carriers do not compete aggressively, an equilibrium with competing hub-spoke networks exists as long as the number of cities is not too small. We provide conditions under which all equilibria consist of hub-spoke networks. 相似文献
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本文探讨了多约束条件下的路径选择问题。本文的工作在于对多约束条件下的路径选择问题进行了规范的描述和分类,并针对各类问题讨论了典型的求解算法,同时对现有算法进行了改进,使其更适用于求解管理科学领域中的MCP问题,从而拓展了该问题的应用空间。 相似文献
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针对复杂网络遭遇随机故障和蓄意攻击引发的相继故障问题,采用网络中节点j上的初始负荷为Lj=βkjα(这里kj表示为节点j的度,α和β是可调参数),并基于崩溃节点负荷局域择优重新分配的原则,提出了一个带有可调参数的相继故障模型.通过度量网络鲁棒性的一个新的指标,即:关键阈值Tc,对比了两种袭击策略下网络上的全局相继故障现象.数值模拟得到了一些有趣而又违背直觉的结论:一方面,当模型中的可调参数α<1时,袭击网络中度最小的节点比袭击度最大的节点更易导致相继故障;而另一方面,当α=1时,两种袭击对网络的破坏几乎是相同的.此外,数值模拟结果也得到了理论解析的验证. 相似文献
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《Risk analysis》2018,38(8):1559-1575
Security of the systems is normally interdependent in such a way that security risks of one part affect other parts and threats spread through the vulnerable links in the network. So, the risks of the systems can be mitigated through investments in the security of interconnecting links. This article takes an innovative look at the problem of security investment of nodes on their vulnerable links in a given contagious network as a game‐theoretic model that can be applied to a variety of applications including information systems. In the proposed game model, each node computes its corresponding risk based on the value of its assets, vulnerabilities, and threats to determine the optimum level of security investments on its external links respecting its limited budget. Furthermore, direct and indirect nonlinear influences of a node's security investment on the risks of other nodes are considered. The existence and uniqueness of the game's Nash equilibrium in the proposed game are also proved. Further analysis of the model in a practical case revealed that taking advantage of the investment effects of other players, perfectly rational players (i.e., those who use the utility function of the proposed game model) make more cost‐effective decisions than selfish nonrational or semirational players. 相似文献
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This paper proposes clique relaxations to identify clusters in biological networks. In particular, the maximum n-clique and maximum n-club problems on an arbitrary graph are introduced and their recognition versions are shown to be NP-complete. In addition, integer programming formulations are proposed and the results of sample numerical experiments performed on biological networks are reported. 相似文献
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The issue of coopetition, the coexistence of cooperation and competition, has recently come to the fore in the strategic management field. Previous coopetition research has focused on the intra‐organizational level, inter‐organizational level and triad level, but less attention has been paid to coopetition at the network level. The purpose of this paper is to address the coexistence of competition and cooperation between networks, and to depict how networks with different structures interact with each other. Drawing from a detailed case study of two healthcare networks in Taiwan, we demonstrate how they first initiated competition, followed by cooperation and then coopetition. From our analysis of this example of network coopetition, we develop three propositions that address the forces driving competition and cooperation and the different structures that allow competition and cooperation to coexist. We found that two organizations will compete and cooperate simultaneously when each organization has complementary but distinctly different sets of resources and when the field of competition is distinctly separate from the field of cooperation. In addition, two networks will find it easier to balance competition and cooperation when each network has compatible but distinctly different structures. We argue that the simultaneous existence of cooperation and competition is not dependent on closeness to the customer, as previously suggested in the literature, but on the balance between the forces for cooperation and for competition. We suggest from this research that networks can maintain the balance between competition and cooperation when they act using different structures. Finally, we discuss the implications of the value of competition and then coopetition at multiple levels of analysis and the implications for future research from a practical perspective. 相似文献
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研究主导部门在经济起飞中的作用时,罗斯托(Rostow)使用旁侧效应表示主导部门的变动所引起的周围一系列变化。由于缺乏可计算的方法,对旁侧效应的研究多为定性描述。本文在产业网络的基础上,根据旁侧效应的内涵提出协同型和竞争型旁侧关联的概念,构建了两类产业旁侧关联网络模型,进一步分析了四种旁侧效应。计算实例表明,产业旁侧关联网络可以描述产业部门之间的旁侧关联,表明活动过程中行为主体之间的关联关系和区域经济的结构特征,为分析旁侧效应提供了方法,也为研究关键产业、产业集群和制定区域非均衡发展战略等问题提供了定量化的依据。 相似文献
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Artificial neural networks are new methods for classification. We investigate two important issues in building neural network models; network architecture and size of training samples. Experiments were designed and carried out on two-group classification problems to find answers to these model building questions. The first experiment deals with selection of architecture and sample size for different classification problems. Results show that choice of architecture and choice of sample size depend on the objective: to maximize the classification rate of training samples, or to maximize the generalizability of neural networks. The second experiment compares neural network models with classical models such as linear discriminant analysis and quadratic discriminant analysis, and nonparametric methods such as k-nearest-neighbor and linear programming. Results show that neural networks are comparable to, if not better than, these other methods in terms of classification rates in the training samples but not in the test samples. 相似文献
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Open innovation, fuelled by the rise of the Internet, has made it feasible and cheaper for firms to open themselves up to a wide range of external sources of innovative ideas. The explosive growth of open innovation intermediary networks, such as InnoCentive or Linked‐in, enables the rapid pairing of firms seeking knowledge to address a wide range of business challenges (seekers) with other firms or individuals who already have relevant knowledge (solvers or knowledge brokers). These intermediary networks allow procurement departments to source codified and un‐codified knowledge from firms or individuals outside their traditional supplier networks using one‐off transactional relationships. Although sourcing ideas in this way theoretically poses problems for knowledge search and transfer, we have found that companies can draw on processes and integration mechanisms developed by procurement and design engineering to develop effective organizational learning routines. These routines are strategically vital to source new ideas through open innovation using intermediary networks and create competitive advantage. 相似文献
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Domino Effect Analysis Using Bayesian Networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A new methodology is introduced based on Bayesian network both to model domino effect propagation patterns and to estimate the domino effect probability at different levels. The flexible structure and the unique modeling techniques offered by Bayesian network make it possible to analyze domino effects through a probabilistic framework, considering synergistic effects, noisy probabilities, and common cause failures. Further, the uncertainties and the complex interactions among the domino effect components are captured using Bayesian network. The probabilities of events are updated in the light of new information, and the most probable path of the domino effect is determined on the basis of the new data gathered. This study shows how probability updating helps to update the domino effect model either qualitatively or quantitatively. The methodology is applied to a hypothetical example and also to an earlier‐studied case study. These examples accentuate the effectiveness of Bayesian network in modeling domino effects in processing facility. 相似文献
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Maximizing Profits of Routing in WDM Networks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Let G = (V, E) be a ring (or chain) network representing an optical wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) network with k channels, where each edge ej has an integer capacity cj. A request si,ti is a pair of two nodes in G. Given m requests si,ti, i = 1, 2, ..., m, each with a profit value pi, we would like to design/route a k-colorable set of paths for some (may not be all) of the m requests such that each edge ej in G is used at most cj times and the total profit of the set of designed paths is maximized. Here two paths cannot have the same color (channel) if they share some common edge(s).This problem arises in optical communication networks. In this paper, we present a polynomial-time algorithm to solve the problem when G is a chain. When G is a ring, however, the optimization problem is NP-hard (Wan and Liu, 1998), we present a 2-approximation algorithm based on our solution to the chain network. Similarly, some results in a bidirected chain and a bidirected ring are obtained. 相似文献
14.
We consider the (preemptive bipartite scheduling problem PBS) (Crescenzi et al., On approximating a scheduling problem, Journal of Combinatorial Optimization, vol. 5, pp. 287–297, 2001) arising in switching communication systems, where each input and output port can be involved in at most one communication at the same time. Given a set of communication tasks to be communicated from the transmitters to the receivers of such a system, we aim to find a schedule minimizing the overall transmission time. To achieve this, we allow the preemption of communication tasks. However, in practice preemption comes with a cost, d, and this renders the problem NP-hard (Gopal et al., An optimal switching algorithm for multibeam satellite systems with variable bandwidth beams, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol.30, pp. 2475–2481, 1982). In this paper, we present a
approximation algorithm, which is the first one for the PBS problem with approximation ratio strictly less than two. Furthermore, we propose a simple optimal polynomial time algorithm for a subclass of instances of the PBS problem.This work has been partially supported by the the European Union (FET-Working Group APPOL II), and the Greek General Secretariat of Research and Technology. 相似文献
15.
Lingxiu Dong Panos Kouvelis Zhongjun Tian 《Production and Operations Management》2017,26(8):1534-1552
Discretionary commonality is a form of operational flexibility used in multi‐product manufacturing environments. Consider a case where a firm produces and sells two products. Without discretionary commonality, each product is made through a unique combination of input and production capacity. With discretionary commonality, one of the inputs could be used for producing both products, and one of the production capacities could be used to process different inputs for producing one of the products. In the latter case, the manager can decide, upon the realization of uncertainty, not only the quantities for different products (outputs) but also the means of transforming inputs into outputs. The objective of this study is to understand how the firm's value, its inventory levels for inputs and capacity levels for resources are affected by the demand characteristics and market conditions. In pursuing this research, we extend Van Mieghem and Rudi ( 2002 )'s newsvendor network model to allow for the modeling of product interdependence, demand functions, random shocks, and firm's ex post pricing decision. Applying the general framework to the network with discretionary commonality, we discover that inventory and capacity management can be quite different compared to a network where commonality is non‐discretionary. Among other results, we find that as the degree of product substitution increases, the relative need for discretionary commonality increases; as the market correlation increases, while the firm's value may increase for complementary products, the discretionary common input decreases but the dedicated input increases. Numerical study shows that discretionary flexibility and responsive pricing are strategic substitutes. 相似文献
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Generalized Diameters and Rabin Numbers of Networks 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Reliability and efficiency are important criteria in the design of interconnection networks. Recently, the w-wide diameter dw(G), the (w – 1)-fault diameter Dw(G), and the w-Rabin number rw(G) have been used to measure network reliability and efficiency. In this paper, we study dw(G), Dw(G) and rw(G) using the strong w-Rabin number rw
*(G) for 1 w k(G) and G is a circulant network G(dn; {1, d,..., dn
–1}), a d-ary cube network C(d, n), a generalized hypercube GH(mn
– 1,..., m0), a folded hypercube FH(n) or a WK-recursive network WK(d, t). 相似文献
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