基于竞争型制造商创新投入的零售商需求预测信息共享研究

本文考虑两个制造商的竞争,从创新投入的视角构建零售商需求预测信息共享模型,运用贝叶斯统计理论和斯坦伯格博弈方法,探讨了制造商之间的竞争和其开展的成本降低创新对零售商需求预测信息共享的影响。研究发现：（1）制造商的创新投入决策受竞争对手和零售商信息共享的双重影响。（2）由于两个竞争型制造商进行成本降低创新,存在一定的条件使得零售商可以通过免费共享需求信息而获利。（3）当制造商们的创新能力较强时,供应链能够自发达到完全信息共享状态。当制造商们的创新能力较弱时,零售商的信息共享价值为负,竞争型制造商可以通过支付信息共享费用来激励零售商共享需求预测信息。制造商支付的信息共享费用与创新能力、上游竞争强度、预测准确性和随机需求波动性正相关。本文的研究克服了Shang等（2016）关于上游竞争型供应链中零售商信息共享研究中未考虑制造商创新的不足,并进一步探讨了上游竞争型供应链中的信息共享激励机制。     

时间价格敏感型需求下的二阶段供应链协调模型

本文讨论时间价格敏感型需求环境下,两阶段供应链中供应商和零售商的最优决策,其中供应商的决策为供应提前期和批发价格,零售商的决策为零售价格.通过分析集中决策模式和分散决策模式下的决策过程,进行优化求解给出了两种模式下最优决策的数学表达式;并设计了实现供应链完美协调的组合契约.     

货栈容量有限且库存量影响需求的供应链协调模型

本文研究了由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的供应链系统运作协调问题,在考虑零售商面临的市场需求依赖于库存水平、产品的零售价格与其存储时间有关、货栈容量有限且不允许缺货的情形下,首先给出了在分散式系统下供需双方的最优决策;其次,讨论了作为Stackelberg主导方的供应商如何设计批量折扣计划,使其自身利润最大化同时也实现供应链系统完美协调。理论分析结果和数值实验结果都表明该折扣模型对于改善供需双方绩效和供应链运作协调是十分有效的。     

The Impact of Forecast Errors on Early Order Commitment in a Supply Chain*

Supply chain partnership involves mutual commitments among participating firms. One example is early order commitment, wherein a retailer commits to purchase a fixed‐order quantity and delivery time from a supplier before the real need takes place. This paper explores the value of practicing early order commitment in the supply chain. We investigate the complex interactions between early order commitment and forecast errors by simulating a supply chain with one capacitated supplier and multiple retailers under demand uncertainty. We found that practicing early order commitment can generate significant savings in the supply chain, but the benefits are only valid within a range of order commitment periods. Different components of forecast errors have different cost implications to the supplier and the retailers. The presence of trend in the demand increases the total supply chain cost, but makes early order commitment more appealing. The more retailers sharing the same supplier, the more valuable for the supply chain to practice early order commitment. Except in cases where little capacity cushion is available, our findings are relatively consistent in the environments where cost structure, number of retailers, capacity utilization, and capacity policy are varied.     

虚拟第三方控制下供应链对突发事件的协调研究

为了提高供应链内部激励的效率,文章引入虚拟第三方对供应链进行集中控制,对供应商以及销售商进行激励。并且深入分析了虚拟第三方控制下供应链的需求突变情况,对第三方的产品定价以及分配份额的影响。研究发现需求突变不会影响分配份额,但定价却随需求突变程度不同而有所增加或降低。     

非对称信息下市场需求与生产成本同时发生扰动时的供应链决策

对由一个生产商和一个销售商组成的两级供应链模型,基于以生产商为主导的Stackelberg 博弈,针对需求函数分别为线性和非线性的情形,研究非对称信息下市场需求和生产成本同时扰动的供应链最优决策。在市场规模不确定的条件下建立生产商与销售商的利润函数,根据两类扰动之间的关系分四种情况确定供应链中各因素及总利润的最佳表示形式。通过数值仿真试验讨论供应链中各因素随扰动及市场信息变化而变化的各种趋势和最优生产量在一定条件下的鲁棒性,并进一步说明非对称信息下两类扰动对供应链的影响。     

基于不对称需求信息的供应链最小订购量决策

在由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的两级分散供应链中,供应商通过制定最小订购量取得规模效应,保障自身利益。当零售商和供应商之间存在需求信息不对称时,即零售商掌握需求信息而供应商仅知道需求信息中价格敏感因子的分布,如何进行最小订购量决策成为供应商面临的一个重要问题。针对这一问题,从营销视角构建了基于Stackelberg博弈的利润最大化模型。假设供应商知道需求的价格敏感因子服从正态分布,通过严密的数学推导确定了模型中的最优最小订购量。将提出的最优最小订购量决策方法应用于云存储的销售供应链中,确定了云存储供应商销售的最优最小存储容量,阐释了方法的合理性与有效性。通过实验研究发现,最小订购量的设置提升了供应商的利润。所提方法对于考虑最小订购量的供应链协调研究具有积极的推动作用。     

库存水平影响需求的变质性产品的供应链协调模型

在考虑市场需求是库存水平线性分段函数、变质性产品和零售商采用(S,s)订货策略的情形下,本文研究了由一个供应商和一个零售商构成的供应链系统运作协调问题。给出了可以实现供应链完美协调的数量折扣策略,理论证明了模型最优解的存在性和唯一性,同时提供了相应的求解方法。数值算例结果表明该折扣模型对于改善供需双方绩效和供应链运作协调是十分有效的。     

在ARIMA(0,1,1)需求下的牛鞭效应与信息共享的评价

本文考虑一个包含一个供应商和一个零售商的两级供应链,研究在需求模型ARIMA(0,1,1)下牛鞭效应的量化和信息共享的价值,比较信息共享之前和之后的差异,其结果表明信息共享能给供应商带来减轻牛鞭效应、减少现有平均库存以及降低成本等好处。     

Impact of information exchange on supplier forecasting performance

Forecasts of demand are crucial to drive supply chains and enterprise resource planning systems. Usually, well-known univariate methods that work automatically such as exponential smoothing are employed to accomplish such forecasts. The traditional Supply Chain relies on a decentralized system where each member feeds its own Forecasting Support System (FSS) with incoming orders from direct customers. Nevertheless, other collaboration schemes are also possible, for instance, the Information Exchange framework allows demand information to be shared between the supplier and the retailer. Current theoretical models have shown the limited circumstances where retailer information is valuable to the supplier. However, there has been very little empirical work carried out. Considering a serially linked two-level supply chain, this work assesses the role of sharing market sales information obtained by the retailer on the supplier forecasting accuracy. Weekly data from a manufacturer and a major UK grocery retailer have been analyzed to show the circumstances where information sharing leads to improved forecasting accuracy. Without resorting to unrealistic assumptions, we find significant evidence of benefits through information sharing with substantial improvements in forecast accuracy.     

基于决策者风险规避特性的供应链需求信息共享价值分析

在随机需求条件下,利用条件风险估值(conditional value-at-risk,CVaR)的风险度量准则建立了供应链的需求信息共享决策模型,着重分析了零售商的风险规避程度以及市场需求的不确定性信息对供应链各决策者以及供应链整体信息共享价值的影响。研究结果表明,需求信息共享价值与零售商的风险规避程度、市场不确定性大小以及市场不确定信息所预测的市场需求变化情况有关。数值分析结果表明,零售商越害怕市场的不确定性风险,需求信息共享越有利于提升分散供应链的运作效率;但当市场信息反映出未来的市场需求是消极且零售商接近风险中性时,供应链的需求信息共享价值反而小于零,此时没有进行信息共享的必要。     

需求具有价格敏感性的供应链收益共享契约设计研究

本文研究了供应链收益共享契约的协调问题。在综合考虑最终销售价格为内生变量和剩余产品残值与生产成本相关的情况下,建立了供应链收益共享契约协调模型,并借助报童模型对零售商和供应商的决策行为进行分析,给出零售商最优决策行为和契约参数φ取值范围的计算公式。最后进行了数值实例分析,验证了供应链收益共享契约的有效性。     

两期不确定性需求下的供应链供需博弈

由一个供应商和一个零售商组成的系统,系统成员进行两期博彝,每期初,零售商订购,每期末,销售剩余产品剩余价值为零;零售商所面临的两期不确定性需求相关或不相关,当两期需求相关时,系统成员可以通过第一期销售情况更新第二期不确定性需求的分布.基于此模型,首先,探讨了供应商提供的回购合同的条件以及最优的回购合同参数.其次,通过数值模拟计算,得出零售商和供应链系统偏好于采用更新信息,增加收益,而供应商获取更多的更新信息使得自身收益减少.最后,若在不确定性需求相关下,供应商愿意提供回购合同,那么在不确定性需求不相关下,供应商也愿意提供回购合同,还指出,学习不确定性需求分布最佳的方式是通过回购合同,而不是批发价格合同.     

不确定需求情境下的供应链预测契约设计

以报童模型为基础,研究了在由单一生厂商和零售商组成的供应链系统中,生产商如何通过契约设计来影响零售商的需求预测行为,使其收益最大化的问题。文章基于静态博弈模型对此问题进行了分析,发现在整合供应链情境下,当需求预测成本较小时选择预测能够获得更高的期望收益;在分散式供应链情境下,当生产商选择预测契约时,预测成本最终由生产商承担,且其期望收益为预测成本的减函数,而选择无预测契约时则为预测成本的非减函数;最后通过生产商期望收益对比,给出了最优策略。     

Pay‐Back‐Revenue‐Sharing Contract in Coordinating Supply Chains with Random Yield

We consider coordination issues in supply chains where supplier's production process is subject to random yield losses. For a simple supply chain with a single supplier and retailer facing deterministic demand, a pay back contract which has the retailer paying a discount price for the supplier's excess units can provide the right incentive for the supplier to increase his production size and achieve coordination. Building upon this result, we consider coordination issues for two other supply chains: one with competing retailers, the other with stochastic demand. When retailers compete for both demand and supply, they tend to over‐order. We show that a combination of a pay back and revenue sharing mechanism can coordinate the supply chain, with the pay back mechanism correcting the supplier's under‐producing problem and the revenue sharing mechanism correcting the retailers' over‐ordering problem. When demand is stochastic, we consider a modified pay‐back‐revenue‐sharing contract under which the retailer agrees to not only purchase the supplier's excess output (beyond the retailer's order), but also share with the supplier a portion of the revenue made from the sales of the excess output. We show that this contract, by giving the supplier additional incentives in the form of revenue share, can achieve coordination.     

Allocating Capacity with Demand Competition: Fixed Factor Allocation*

We consider a supply chain consisting of a supplier and two retailers. The supplier sells a single product to the retailers, who, in turn, retail the product to customers. The supplier has limited production capacity, and the retailers compete for the supplier's capacity and are duopolists engaged in Cournot competition for their customers. When the sum of the retailers' orders exceeds the supplier's capacity, the supplier allocates his capacity according to a preannounced allocation rule. We propose a new capacity allocation rule, fixed factor allocation, which incorporates the ideas of proportional and lexicographic allocations: it prioritizes retailers as in lexicographic allocation, but guarantees only a fixed proportion of the total available capacity to the prioritized retailer. We show that (1) the fixed factor allocation rule incorporates lexicographic and proportional allocations from the perspectives of the supplier and the supply chain; (2) under fixed factor allocation, the supply chain profit is not affected by the allocation factor when it is greater than a threshold; (3) the retailers share the supply chain profit with the supplier depending on the value of the allocation factor; and (4) the fixed factor allocation coordinates the supply chain when the market size is sufficiently large. We also compare fixed factor with proportional and lexicographic allocations, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the supplier can optimize his capacity level and wholesale price under fixed factor allocation.     

不同渠道权力结构下资金约束零售商的采购和融资策略

针对由供应商、3PL企业和资金约束零售商组成的供应链,研究了三种渠道权力结构（以供应商为主导的S权利结构、以3PL企业为主导的L权利结构、供应商和3PL企业同时主导的N权力结构）和两种融资模式（3PL企业融资服务和贸易信贷融资）下零售商的采购和融资策略。首先,分别构建了针对三种渠道权力结构和两种融资模式的以供应链成员利润最大化为目标的优化模型,并通过求解模型得到了供应商、3PL企业和零售商的最优定价策略;然后,通过比较不同情形下的供应链成员利润,分析了零售商的采购和融资策略。研究结果表明：在S权力结构下,零售商应选择直接向供应商订货并接受贸易信贷融资模式;在L权力结构下,零售商应选择接受3PL企业的代理采购和融资服务;在N权力结构下,零售商应选择融资利率更高的采购和融资模式。此外发现,供应商和3PL企业均应选择优先宣布定价策略,当二者在市场中权力相当时,其应该调高各自的融资利率。     

Optimal Sourcing and Lead‐Time Reduction under Evolutionary Demand Risk

We develop a real‐options model for optimizing production and sourcing choices under evolutionary supply‐chain risk. We model lead time as an endogenous decision and calculate the cost differential required to compensate for the risk exposure coming from lead time. The shape of the resulting cost‐differential frontier reveals the term structure of supply‐chain risk premiums and provides guidance as to the potential value of lead‐time reduction. Under constant demand volatility, the break‐even cost differential increases in volatility and lead time at a decreasing rate, making incremental lead‐time reduction less valuable than full lead‐time reduction. Stochastic demand volatility increases the relative value of incremental lead‐time reduction. When demand has a heavy right tail, the value of lead‐time reduction depends on how extreme values of demand are incorporated into the forecasting process. The cost‐differential frontier is invariant to discount rates, making the cost of capital irrelevant for choosing between lead times. We demonstrate the managerial implications of the model by applying it first to the classic Sport‐Obermeyer case and then to a supplier‐selection problem faced by a global manufacturer.     

Sourcing Decisions with Stochastic Supplier Reliability and Stochastic Demand

Supplier sourcing strategies are a crucial factor driving supply chain success. In this paper, we investigate the implications of uncertain supplier reliability on a firm's sourcing decisions in an environment with stochastic demand. In particular, we characterize specific conditions under which a firm should choose a single versus multiple supplier sourcing strategy. In an environment with both uncertain demand and supply, we characterize the total order quantity, the number of suppliers selected for order placement, and the allocation of the total order quantity among these selected suppliers. For deeper managerial insight, we also examine the sensitivity of the optimal sourcing decisions to interactions between uncertainties in product demand and supply reliability. We show that sourcing from a single supplier is an optimal strategy for environments characterized by high levels of demand uncertainty or high salvage values. A numerical analysis based on data obtained from an office products retailer further reinforces our analytical results. In addition, we also find that when minimal order quantities are imposed, there are situations where it is not optimal to place an order with the lowest cost supplier.     

基于货架空间成本共担的不同权力供应链均衡分析

针对产品需求受货架空间与零售价格共同影响的两级供应链,通过比较供应商主导、零售商主导和权力均等三种不同权力结构供应链均衡结果,分析了供应商与零售商共同承担货架空间成本对供应链定价、货架空间分配和利润的影响。研究结果表明:供应商与零售商共同承担货架空间成本会减少供应商主导供应链的整体利润,但会使零售商主导和权力均等供应链通过分配更多的货架空间增加产品销量,在一定范围内使得供应链整体利润得到提高。由于三种不同权力结构供应链均未达到整体最优,提出了基于货架成本共担的收入共享合同,并给出了供应商和零售商均能接受的分配方案。