新型城镇化背景下深圳盐田社区治理转型研究

深圳"盐田模式"社区治理体制创新的基本思路是通过厘清社区行政职能、自治职能与服务职能,从而实现社区作为群众性自治组织的自治性.但是,"居站分离"在现实运作中仍存在行政权与自治权失衡的问题.从"居站分离"模式发展到"1+3+X"模式,从行政权和自治权适度分离发展到治理主体的多元化,反映了新型城镇化背景下深圳市盐田区由原本的政府一元治理走向合作治理的大致脉络.     

深圳城市治理的三种模式研究

城市社区治理体系改革是基层党和政府与社区各类组织之间权力职能关系的一种多方位调整,居民自治、党建引领与企业参与分别代表着目前实践中的三种不同改革思路,其内在逻辑折射出改革者对于解决社区现实问题的区别性研判,以及对社区治理体制改革内容的差异化理解,并将深刻影响城市治理的发展向度.在住房商品化改革深入推进,社区形态经历复杂转型,社区利益主体日渐多元,居民的民主法治观念逐渐觉醒,基层群众自治需求增长的现实背景下,以深圳在居民自治、社区党建、社区服务等方面探索出的"盐田模式""南山模式""桃源居模式"为例,阐释三者之间的关系并分析其中的优缺点,对于研判城市社区治理体系改革的趋向和特征有启迪作用.     

新时代社区治理模式的理论基础

在新时代多元主体协同共治体系的生成中,构建完整的理论体系是一切实际行动的基础.从马克思哲学角度来看,"社会有机体"理论则是从唯物主义角度对社区内部组织权力重新调整和分配的探究,有助于厘清国家与社会的关系变化发展的内在根源.在中国化社会治理思想的演变过程中,从早期高度集中的"单位制"到实现自治功能和多元参与治理的"社区制",充分体现了中国化进程中社会治理发展方向的科学性和民主性.此外,对国外治理的研究方法的借鉴也有利于新时代下我国社区治理中党组织与多元主体之间的关系协调,对我国的治理体系的完善提供了有意义参考.     

基于多元主体互构的社区治理行动逻辑研究

本文立足"社会治理"政治话语和社区多元化权力的结构格局,从网格化管理模式与社区自治的运作关系研究入手,构建了当代中国城市基层社会治理改革创新模式,首次提出了"多元复合化治理"的新概念。文章通过梳理和总结网格化管理的相关理论研究及所面临的时代性挑战,并基于行政权力与社区差异化利益诉求对立所造成的基层社会制度性"断裂"这一事实,提出了突破网格化管理理论和实践困境的创新行动逻辑,进而尝试建构全新的既有理论指导又有可操作性的基层社会治理模式,努力克服社区网格化管理的"负效应",促进社区治理的良性运转。     

虚拟社会背景下的上海社区治理创新

社区是社会的基础和细胞。网络虚拟社会正以其信息多元性、交互性和去中心化等特点,使社区治理面临多方面的挑战。基于上海市6区15个街道(镇)39个社区(居委会)的实证调研表明,虚拟社会在丰富上海社区治理资源的同时,也给社区治理带来了严峻挑战。这主要表现在:虚拟社会的"参与式社区自治"难敌现实社会的"任务型社区自治";虚拟社会呼唤社区治理"崇尚自由"与现实社区治理强调"建构秩序"难以实现有机均衡;虚拟社会期待社区治理实现"多元共治"却遭遇了现实社区推行"自上而下"的治理。为此,网络虚拟社会背景下的上海社区治理创新需要明确的思路是:坚定一个模式——协商合作而不是"独自打保龄球";明确一个原则——强化政府对社区的有效治权而不是无原则的屈从"民意";正视一个态度:积极正视而不是有意回避网络社会给社区治理带来的风险。要做好"顶层设计",提高社区治理效能;尊重居民情感和地位,畅通网络民意渠道,保障居民的知情权、表达权和监督权;加强对网络舆论的引导,形成自觉、自主、自治的网络舆论平台;提升网络安全管理技术水平,完善社区网络预警及保障体系;重心下沉,努力探索社区公共服务新模式。     

深圳花果山:专业社区服务导入重构社区治理体制

设立社区工作站,作为"解放居委会"的重要举措,曾是社区治理体制改革的一大创新. 在深圳,2005年开始实行"居站分设",社区工作站成为政府在社区的行政服务平台.2012年4月,深圳市南山区招商街道却"首吃螃蟹"——"撤销"了花果山社区工作站.今年4月,招商街道又撤销了两个社区工作站. ——深圳为何再次"自我革命"?     

城市社区建设中的居民自治研究述评

当前推进国家治理体系及治理能力现代化的进程中,在基层社区内形成民主管理,社区事务的治理以居民自治为主、多方参与,具有重要意义。通过整理我国城市社区居民自治的研究文献,从主体视角和机制视角分析了城市社区居民自治现状。概括了党政机关、自治组织和社区居民在居民自治中的不同作用,分析了社区居民自治中政治机制、法律机制和文化机制的作用。目前的居民自治研究主要从宏观着眼,为我国城市社区居民自治指明了道路,但具体的可操作的方法并不多。     

权力结构变迁下的城市社区治理问题研究

创新城市社区治理体系是推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重要环节。以"单位制"为基础的城市社区类型解体后,取而代之以"街居制"为主导的城市社区类型,城市社区治理中的权力类型从单一转向多元。如何在多元化的权力碰撞过程中实现善治目标值得考虑。有必要对我国城市社区治理中行政权力的作用、社区自治的理想与现实、社会组织的定位、居民委员会的性质进行分析,就城市社区治理的法治路径提出建议。     

农村社会变迁与新社区自治的制度—目标构建——以浙江省杭州和嘉兴市农村为例

农村新社区是我国农村社会变迁中乡村治理的基本结构和社会民主化建设的基本单元,是在一定地域范围和规模基础上的自治载体,是乡政村治模式的组织形式和制度条件。本文以浙江省社会主义新农村建设为基础,分析了农村新社区自治的制度环境,并从支持系统、机制创新、功能结构运行、权限实现等方面提出了农村新社区自治的制度安排设想,初步设定了农村新社区自治的目标框架。农村新社区自治是党的十六届六中全会上提出,并在党的十七大继以发展的新农村建设的重要目标之一,是我国城市社区自治实践向农村的延伸和拓展,是农村新社区基本治理结构的探索和基层政治民主化建设的一个创举。本文以浙江省杭州和嘉兴市为例,就农村社会变迁过程中新社区自治的制度和目标构建进行了探讨。     

城市化过程中过渡型社区的长效治理:"三社联动"的视角

过渡型社区是指在法定城市社区中,由土地被征占的农民构成的演替式边缘社区和含有土地被征占的农民的混合式综合社区.因其居民主体自身的异质性和作为过渡型社区发展阶段呈现出特殊的生存性、适应性、发展性问题,使得普通城市社区治理模式的借鉴意义有限,有必要探索有针对性的长效治理方案以优化治理效能."三社联动"这一协同治理理念下的基层治理的具体实践模式,因其提供资源整合和多元化服务的特点而展现出其适用性.推动"三社联动"在过渡型社区中的实践模式发展,对过渡型社区治理以及普通城市社区治理具有良好借鉴意义."三社联动"模式可通过多重主体入场提供完整的就业支持系统;利用教育—服务双承载模式提供多样化培训服务;加强三大主体联动共建社区公共文化空间,培育家园理念建设,推动过渡型社区居民的社区归属感提升和城市融入进程.     

土耳其世俗化进程中的中产阶层功能分析

土耳其是第一个以中产阶层为主体的伊斯兰国家。中产阶层形成至今约有一个世纪的历史,其成员组成由最早奥斯曼帝国晚期的官僚阶级和军人、到现代土耳其时期的小商人、知识分子等。大多数中产阶层自身建构为欧洲身份认同,喜欢西方化的生活方式。在98％都是穆斯林的土耳其,这部分中产阶层坚持推行世俗化发展道路,支持国家加入欧盟和深化与美国的传统盟友关系。中产阶层不仅是民主化的推动力,而且是推动国内经济增长的重要力量。21世纪以来,土耳其经济稳定的增长使中产阶层占有比例不断扩大,以至于土耳其成为西方大品牌竞相投资扩张的热土。在当代土耳其,中产阶层与现代化已经融为一体,他们教育水平较高,具有良好的文化特征,对整个社会文化氛围的形成具有巨大的影响力。可以说,中产阶层是决定土耳其国家未来发展方向的重要力量。     

Aging in the shadow of the law: the case of elder guardianship in Israel

Historically, the frail elderly, as well as other vulnerable populations who are unable to care for themselves, have been subject to legal proceedings known as guardianships. Despite changes and reforms, adult guardianship law has survived as a fundamental legal institution aimed at protecting the frail elderly as well as other incompetent adults. However, very little is known on the reality of adult guardianship under Israeli law, and the experience of the adult population under guardianship was never empirically studied in Israel. The empirical void regarding the workings of the Israeli law in this area served as the impetus for this study. The study investigated the issue of adult and elder guardianship in Israel as revealed in Family Law Courts' rulings, while focusing in particular on the profile of the wards, the reasons and motives, the legal procedure, and the outcome of the guardianship process. The study was a quantitative analysis, based on a random sample that included 523 court cases requesting legal guardianship for adults due to impaired legal competence. Rulings on these cases were provided in Family Courts from Haifa, Nazareth, and the Krayot areas in the period of the years 2000-2002. A clear but somber picture emerges from the findings of this study: Every year thousands of elderly individuals are subjected to the plenary legal authority of guardians appointed by law. This severe legal outcome takes place without providing these elderly the right to express their positions, without the provision of legal representation, and without their being seen or heard by the courts. These findings lead to the conclusion that there is urgent need in Israel to carry out extensive reform in the realm of civil legislation on the issue of guardianship for adults and the elderly.     

Resiliency in the Aftermath of Repetitious Violence in the Workplace

Summary

The definition and occurrence of traumatic events is expanding and impacts everyone's lives in some way. The degree to which a violent event impacts an individual, a group, a workplace or the community varies. Unfortunately violent events are all too common. Businesses are realizing the significance of violence as a workplace problem and the varying degrees of trauma that has a devastating impact on employee retention, workplace functionality and personal well-being. The events can include industrial or natural disasters; worksite accidents; organizational changes; suicide; homicides; robbery; assault; threats of violence and even terrorism. How prepared an organization is varies and may be correlated with how resilient individuals and the entire workplace are after workplace violence/trauma. This article focuses on what workplace violence and trauma includes, the effects of repeat events, how resilient people are while trying to prevent additional events if possible in the workplace.     

Constructions of Europe in the run-up to the EU referendum in the UK

The paper reports findings from a focus group study on representations of Europe, conducted in England in the run-up to the UK EU referendum. Four themes were identified in the analysis: ‘cultured Europe’; ‘little Europe/global Britain’; ‘Europe as a cultural threat’; and ‘Eastern vs. Western Europe’. Analysis of these themes showed that Europe was an ambivalent identity category that could encapsulate contrary ideas such as cosmopolitanism/isolationism and cultural enrichment/undermining. Europe’s relation to Britain was also ambivalent in the data. Britain could be positioned as superior to Europe, sometimes being seen as closer to the ‘European essence’ in the context of the EU’s eastward expansion, which was seen as diluting European culture. But, Britain could also be seen as backward compared to the idea of cosmopolitan continental Europe. These different lines of argument and their ideological underpinnings are explored in the discussion of the findings.     

Aging in the Shadow of the Law

Abstract

Historically, the frail elderly, as well as other vulnerable populations who are unable to care for themselves, have been subject to legal proceedings known as guardianships. Despite changes and reforms, adult guardianship law has survived as a fundamental legal institution aimed at protecting the frail elderly as well as other incompetent adults. However, very little is known on the reality of adult guardianship under Israeli law, and the experience of the adult population under guardianship was never empirically studied in Israel. The empirical void regarding the workings of the Israeli law in this area served as the impetus for this study. The study investigated the issue of adult and elder guardianship in Israel as revealed in Family Law Courts' rulings, while focusing in particular on the profile of the wards, the reasons and motives, the legal procedure, and the outcome of the guardianship process.

The study was a quantitative analysis, based on a random sample that included523 court cases requesting legal guardianship for adults due to impaired legal competence. Rulings on these cases were provided in Family Courts from Haifa, Nazareth, and the Krayot areas in the period of the years 2000-2002.

A clear but somber picture emerges from the findings of this study: Every year thousands of elderly individuals are subjected to the plenary legal authority of guardians appointed by law. This severe legal outcome takes place without providing these elderly the right to express their positions, without the provision of legal representation, and without their being seen or heard by the courts. These findings lead to the conclusion that there is urgent need in Israel to carry out extensive reform in the realm of civil legislation on the issue of guardianship foradults and the elderly.     

新时代中国青年友善观践行之难论析

进入新时代,青年践行友善观对青年发展和社会发展更为重要。反思中国青年友善观践行的行为出发点、行为过程及行为结果,仍存有一些问题,如自我向他者的跨越难题、利益与友善的选择难题、适当的道德回应难题。在以教育手段化解这些难题的友善观培育过程中,因价值观教育特性把握的缺少和知识教育本位的侵占,教育效果并不理想。因此,认清进而把握新时代中国青年友善观践行的突出问题,是明晰新时代中国青年友善观乃至社会主义核心价值观培养方向,引导广大青年成为德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人的重要前提。