Recognition and Interpretation of the Concept of Human Rights in China in the 19~(th) and Early 20~(th) Centuries

In the West human rights do not remainonly at the level of appeals and cries fromsome thinkers but are embodied in basic be-lief and the values of the general public. Theconcept of human rights is intrinsically re-lated to the whole intellectual tradition, espe-cially to religion and culture. It serves notonly as a utilitarian rationality but also as valuerationality. However, in their absorption andintroduction of the Western concept of hu-man rights in the 19th and early 20th centuries,the …     

Safeguarding the Lives of the Elderly and Their Dependence on the Community─Results of a Survey Conducted in the Nankai District of Tianjin

I. Purpose and Elements of the SurveyThe survey in the Nankai district of Tianjin city was designed toinvestigate the various safeguards for elderly people sixty-five years orabove, their demands in this respect, the ways for individuals, familiesand communities to satisfy these demands, and to analyze problemsrelated to the improvement of the quality of life of elderly people so as toprovide a basis for the government to make relevant policies.The survey covered mainly the safeguards for el…     

On the Character of Universality:A Comparative Study on the Mor-phology of the Traditional Phi-losophies of China and the West

Since the era of Plato and Aristotle,Western philosophy has defined the pursuitof universal knowledge as its final goal, lead-ing to the rise of the absolute concept ofuniversality and the world of absolute prin-ciples composed of universal concepts. Tra-ditional philosophy in the West is a learningin search of universal knowledge while thehighest aim for traditional Chinese philoso-phy is to acquire the realm of Tao. This isthe demarcation line dividing the morphol-ogy of the traditional ph…     

Corporate-monopoly Capitalism─An Analysis of the Japanese Model

This paper will attempt to define and analyze the Japanese model ofcorporate-monopoly capitalism, and to explain corporate-monopolycapitalism in Japan based on the fundamental tenets of Marxism.I. The Basic Definition of Corporatemonopoly CapitalismIn this paper I use the following definitions of monopoly capitalismbased on the fundamental tenets of Marxism as a logical starting pointand basis for analysis. I view the Japanese model as an institutionalmodel, a specific model of monopoly ca…     

Professors and Students in China during World WarⅡ:The Political Involvement of Intellectuals during and after the War

There were in the past two main approaches to discussion of the political orientation of the intellectual community and its relations with student unrest in the Republican period, especially on the upsurge of the student movement during the civil war between the Guomindang and the Communist Party of China (CPC) (1945-1949). One was to attribute this to the leadership of the CPC, seeing it as the "second front" opened up by the CPC when the two parties were at war. The other approach was straightforward discussion of how intellectual circles promoted democracy, struggled against autocracy and gradually became estranged from the     

Party,State and Society:the Relationship among the Three

There are cases in village self-government where the head of the villagers' committee and the secretary of the Party branch in the village are one and the same person. Under such conditions the relationship between township/town and village is simplified. Although the relationship of guidance between the township government, the guide, and the villagers' committee, the guided, and the relationship of direct control between the township/town Party committee, the controller, and the village Party branch, the controlled, are theoretically distinguishable as laid down in legal texts, it is difficult to differentiate between     

Chinese Women''''s Studies against the Background of Globalization

The position of globalization in the Chinese social context is quite different from that which it holds in Western society and academic circles, where it is called into question and subject to criticism. In China, it is a concept with basically positive significance and is linked with the Chinese undertaking of going out into the world, as if serving as proof that China is being admitted by the outside world.     

On the Relationship between Globalization and Modernity

Discussions on globalization have been lively since the middle of 1990s. They have replaced, to a certain degree, past contentions on modernity and post-modernity to emerge as a hot topic in the mainstream world of learning. What then is the relationship between globalization and modernity? There are now three different viewpoints on this question in academic circles:     

A Study of the "Purge" of the Guomindang in Nanjing in 1927

In order to resist the measures taken by the Wuhan government to weaken their power, the Nationalists in Nanjing represented by Jiang Jieshi began in the spring of 1927 to use underworld forces to indirectly seize party and administrative power in the areas under their control. After repeated consultations with some of the founding members of the Guomindang, Jiang Jieshi, motivated by the desire to establish a separate central organ and to legitimize his own position, launched the so-called "purge" marked by the April Twelfth Massacre. After realizing     

The Process of Urbanization and the Protection of Peasants'''' Rights and Interests

The concern of the Chinese world of learning over the existing problems of urbanization is concentrated at present on environmental pollution, traffic jams, tight accommodation, increasing unemployment and social disorder, and little attention is given to the damage to peasants' rights and interests as a matter of overriding importance for the development of urbanization. This phenomenon is rooted in the theoretical hypoth-     

Cultural Advancement and the Primary Stage of Socialism

China is and will remain for a long time to come in the primary stageof socialism. This is a scientific conclusion drawn by the CommunistParty of China (CPC) based on China's present economic and socialdevelopment, and after summing up historical experiences and lessons.This conclusion is a true reflection of the basic Chinese conditions andserves as an objective basis and starting point for the determination of theobjectives in the socialist modernization drive, and the formulation ofvario…     

How Can the Draft Property Law Get through the Constitution?

The dispute over whether differential or equal protection should be accorded to real right has deep roots in the Constitution and is a manifestation of the contradictions in content and implications among different provisions of the Constitution. On the one hand, Articles 6, 7 and 12 of the Constitution stipulate that "the basis of the socialist economic system of China is public ownership of the means of production," "the state economy is the leading force in the national economy," and "socialist public property is sacred and inviolable," that is, the property of different property holders enjoys different constitutional positions.     

The Productive Service Industry and Modern Economic Growth

Productive services refers to market-ized non-ultimate consumption services, i.e., services as intermediate inputs of other products or service production, taking place continuously in various stages of production. The productive service industry is knowledge- and technology-intensive and changes the contents and nature of service products and their position and role in the national economy. Serving as an economic "bonding agent," the productive service industry becomes a driver of modern economic growth and boosts economic competitiveness. Services are increasingly entering the productive field as a soft means of production and play an important role in raising economic efficiency and competitiveness.     

Special Issue: The Cold War and Sino-Soviet Relations in the 1950s Introduction

Since the last decade of the last century,research in the history of the Cold War hasentered a new stage thanks to the declassifi-cation of relevant documents in Russia andEastern European countries as well as a suc-cession of publications of material fromChinese historical archives. In this research,investigation of Sino-Soviet relations is oneof the most striking subjects.The change in Sino-Soviet relations toa considerable extent decided the fate of thesocialist camp, and directly influ…     

A Sociological Report on the Present Conditions of the “New Group of the Unemployed”

The fixed pattern of thought in stud- ies on laid-off workers and unemployment over recent years is that in talking about this problem people tend to refer only to laid-off workers from state-owned enterprises, or at most include those from enterprises that were originally collectively owned. However, there exists in our society another huge group of the unemployed, known as the “new group of the unemployed,” which has received little attention. For the members of this group we lack not only…     

Research on the History of the Western Regions:A Retrospective and Prospects

The term "Xiyu" or the "Western Regions" first appeared as thetitle of a chapter in Ban Gu's History of the Han Dynasty (Han shu ),published in the early years of the Eastern Han dynasty. It was defined inthe book as an area "lying to the west of the Xiongnu and south of theWusun peoples; an area flanked by large mountains on its northern andsouthern sides, with a river flowing through its heart; an area measuringmore than six thousand li from west to east and over one thousand lifrom nort…     

Cherishing Men from Afar:Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793

The visit to China of the Macartney embassy in 1793 was an event ofno special significance in the eyes of the people concerned, at least ofthose in the Qing court. However, it later aroused great interest amongWestern historians and a variety of interpretations have appeared. Themainstream, and not so far-fetched view is that trade-driven, expandingBritish imperialism met a proud Chinese empire that saw itself as thecenter of the world and conflict resulted because of cultural misunderstandi…     

极尽巧能“乾隆工”

Qing dynasty was keen on jade and related objects made of jade, which gave rise to the rapid development and great improvement of the jade manufacturing techniques. The techniques in that period collectively referred to as “Qianlong Gong”. The artworks made by “Qianlong Gong” are of great technical and artistic values and even known as the luxuries in the collection circle.     

Can NGOs Solve China''''s Difficult Problems?

In present-day China, "NGO" has become one of the most fashionable concepts in the wake of the WTO. However, in practice NGOs encounter many institutional obstacles. The first is difficulty in registration, which has forced some NGOs to register as enterprises with the departments in charge of industry and commerce. Some others are simply "illegal" organizations, not registered and just operating in their own way. The other obstacle is diffi-