南方三省区域间技术外溢的经济效果研究

利用永续盘存法、Watanabe的技术外溢系数和Jaffe技术相似度的计算公式,对广东、福建和湖南三省自主研究开发和吸收同化外溢技术所形成的知识存量进行测算,并将其代入广义的Cob,Douglas生产函数,实证研究各省技术知识存量的产出弹性系数.研究结果表明,广东省的技术知识存量最大,湖南省次之,两个省份知识存量的主要来源是自主研发投资;福建省的总技术知识存量最小,且科技投入结构不合理;广东省技术知识存量的产出弹性系数最大,其次为湖南省和福建省.     

以美国为参照的国际性技术外溢的经济效果研究

首先,以影响母国技术溢出和东道国吸收同化的8项指标为主要依据,使用因子分析法对26个选定国家进行综合排序,并选取了基于美国技术外溢的11个主要接受国.其次,在对技术知识存量和技术同化能力的度量方法进行描述后,将美国单独作为技术溢出方,测算了11个主要接受国通过进口贸易、FDI和人员交流3种无形(直接)外溢渠道,从美国吸收的外溢技术知识存量.最后,将11个主要接受国从美国吸收的知识存量总和的面板数据纳入广义Cobb-Douglas生产函数中进行研究.结果显示,美国的国际性技术外溢在各国经济发展中发挥了积极的作用.     

国际性无形技术外溢与中国全要素生产率——基于分位数回归的实证研究

考虑国际性技术外溢中技术外溢方和吸收方互动因素的基础上,本文测算了我国各省吸收同化的无形国际性外溢R&D存量,将其代入Coe和Helpman推导的内生增长模型中,利用我国各省的面板数据估计了自主R&D存量和无形国际性外溢R&D存量对全要素生产率的弹性系数,同时,应用了分位数回归分析了无形国际性技术外溢对TFP的贡献随着各省市TFP的分位点的变化而变化的趋势。研究结果表明,自主R&D投资显著促进全要素生产率的增长,是我国各省技术进步的主要推动力;无形的国际性技术外溢同样促进了各省的全要素生产率的提高,但其作用要小于自主R&D投资对各省全要素生产率的推动作用。分位数回归结果进一步表明,随着各省市全要素生产率的提高,无形的国际性技术外溢对各省全要素生产率的促进作用逐步降低。     

基于专利引用的国际性技术外溢实证研究

采用专利跨国引用作为国际性技术外溢的代理变量,基于美国国家经济研究局专利引用数据库分析中国发明专利技术的现状和特征;依据该数据库中6大类36个专利的细分类别,计算1985年～1999年中国与11个创新型国家(地区)的技术相似度;运用技术知识存量替代技术知识流量,测算中国1985年～2004年的对外技术依存度,综合分析技术相似性、对外技术依存度、地理距离和语言等因素对中国通过专利引用获取国际性外溢技术的影响,利用负二项回归方法对影响中国专利引用的相关因素进行计量研究。研究结果表明,技术相似度与跨国专利引用之间不存在显著性正相关关系,对外技术依存度、语言差异均与跨国专利引用显著负相关,地理距离与跨国专利引用显著正相关。     

中国乡镇企业吸纳劳动就业的实证分析

本文利用资本对劳动的边际技术替代率指标对乡镇企业资本替代劳动的动机做出了解释 ,并运用产出 (实际总产值 )对劳动就业的吸纳弹性系数和资本对劳动就业的吸纳弹性系数两个指标 ,对乡镇企业吸纳劳动就业能力的具体情况进行了深入分析和计算 ,得出了乡镇企业吸纳劳动就业能力呈边际递减规律的结论 ,并简要分析了背后的主要原因。在此基础上 ,提出了增加乡镇企业吸纳劳动就业能力的若干政策建议     

FDI与产业结构升级:基于中部地区的理论及实证研究

本文从外资的资本供给和技术外溢的角度来分析外商直接投资促进东道国经济增长并进而促进产业结构升级作用机理,在此基础上利用我国中部地区的数据进行了实证研究。结果表明中部地区人力资本存量在外资通过技术外溢效应促进中部地区产业结构升级的过程中并未发挥明显的作用;而在3种外资投资方式中,外商独资企业的技术外溢作用最为明显,对产业结构产生了显著的正向作用,合资企业和合作企业未能对产业结构产生明显的作用。     

外商直接投资质量评价

本文在考虑物价指数、汇率和折旧等因素的基础上,测算我国总资本存量和外商直接投资(FDI)存量.在科技产出与技术水平、FDI质量与其母国技术水平正相关的前提假设下,提出了以科技产出与影响大小代替技术水平的间接评价FDI质量的方法,并对我国16个主要外资来源国家和地区FDI质量进行排序;就我国引进FDI策略选择问题,提出引进FDI应该以外资技术能够向中资企业转移,弥补我国技术缺口为标准.     

基于工作设计的薪酬激励机制研究

基于工作的内在激励效用,利用委托代理框架,讨论了工作设计对薪酬激励机制的作用规律,并对知识工作复杂性设计的情形进行了分析.研究表明,在一定条件下,工作设计能够有效地利用工作的内在激励作用,提高员工的努力水平,优化薪酬激励机制;增加知识工作的复杂性对薪酬激励机制具有或正或负的影响,这取决于复杂性导致的边际风险与边际产出之间的相互作用;工作设计具有提高产出和降低转移支付的收益,同时也使员工承担更多努力和风险成本,收益等于成本时知识工作的复杂性设计处于最优水平.     

基于进口贸易的国际技术溢出的同化能力研究

本文首先测算了G7各国通过国际贸易对我国的溢出系数，在此基础上计算出了同化系数时间序列；其次，测算了G7国家和我国的技术知识存量；最后计算得出了G7各国通过贸易对我国的有效溢出的技术知识存量，并进行了比较研究。研究发现，我国的技术知识存量大部分来源于技术引进与国际性技术溢出，自主研发形成的技术知识存量有限。     

技术外溢过程中创新行为模型研究

技术外溢既有正面影响又有负面影响.将采用Muller和Haag(1996)的方法来研究技术外溢对公司市场份额以及公司存活的影响.研究表明,外溢效应能引起创新活动的急剧增加(创新推动).所以,除了在新产品的发展过程中起主要作用的随机事件外,通过聚集几家公司和科学系统的劳动力与知识,同样可以使知识增加,使创新成功.仿真肯定了Silverberg(1998)提出的结论创新的引入时间对于以后市场份额的发展起着至关重要的作用.同时发现,如果创新不是在恰当的时间而是过早引入,市场份额也会很小.而这一恰当时间是由组织现有知识的储备量所决定的.     

Criteria for selecting a production control philosophy

Logistic objectives constitute a compromise between having short leadtimes and a low volume of work in progress on the one hand and a high resource loading and due date obligation on the other. Miscellaneous production planning approaches offered today provide different combinations of logistic objectives for satisfying a manufacturing strategy. To combine the strength of the various approaches into a unified system, a new approach based on a dynamic and distributed production planning methodology is proposed. To customize the approach, various analyses and specifications have to be made and for that reason some important characteristics and criteria for analysing production control philosophies will be given.     

The social construction of the meaning of acute stressors: a qualitative study of the personal accounts of police officers using a stress counselling service

The police profession is one in which acute stressors are encountered more frequently than in other occupations. Using the personal accounts of 35 police officers attending an in-house stress counselling clinic, the aim of the present study was to provide a qualitative examination of how the institutional context of policing influenced the ways in which acute stressors signified to individual police officers experiencing felt distress. Using the framework of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy as an analytical tool, it is argued that beliefs contributing to the experience of felt distress are related to the way in which policing as both an identity and an activity is constructed through the police organizational culture. Not only do these constructions influence the ways in which officers perceive themselves and their environments, but they also operate at the collective level to 'normalize' some emotional responses and to 'pathologize' others which, it is argued, could impact upon the outcomes of interventions such as stress counselling.     

The moderating role of social support in Karasek's job strain model

This paper examines whether social support is a boundary-determining criterion in the job strain model of Karasek (1979). The particular focus is the extent to which different sources of social support, work overload and task control influence job satisfaction, depersonalization and supervisor assessments of work performance. Hypotheses are tested using prospective survey data from 80 clerical staff in a university setting. Results revealed 3-way interactions among levels of support (supervisor, co-worker, non-work), perceived task control and work overload on levels of work performance and employee adjustment (self-report). After controlling for levels of negative affect in all analyses, there was evidence that high levels of supervisor support mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of job satisfaction and reduced reported levels of depersonalization. Moreover, high levels of non-work support and co-worker support also mitigated against the negative effects of high strain jobs on levels of work performance. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of social support networks both at, and beyond, the work context.     

Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain

This paper presents research on the relationships between the work-related stressor of perceived job insecurity and various indicators of occupational strain, taking into account employees' personality dispositions (trait negative and positive affectivity) and coping resources. Respondents were 222 Australian public servants surveyed during organizational restructuring that involved downsizing and threat to job certainty. The research was formulated within an adaptation of Osipow, Doty, and Spokane's (1985) framework of stress-strain-coping that included the possible direct as well as moderating effects of personality dispositions in reporting occupational strain (Parkes, 1990). Findings from hierarchical regression analyses indicate consistent significant independent effects of personality dispositions, coping resources and perceived job insecurity on various indicators of strain. There was also support for the moderating roles of negative affectivity and self-care in the relation between perceived job insecurity and physical strain. Implications for the role of dispositional factors, especially negative affectivity, and the utility of various coping resources in accounting for occupational strain in times of threatened job security are discussed.     

Introduction to Special Section on Sensitivity Analysis and Summary of NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis

This guest editorial is a summary of the NCSU/USDA Workshop on Sensitivity Analysis held June 11–12, 2001 at North Carolina State University and sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Office of Risk Assessment and Cost Benefit Analysis. The objective of the workshop was to learn across disciplines in identifying, evaluating, and recommending sensitivity analysis methods and practices for application to food‐safety process risk models. The workshop included presentations regarding the Hazard Assessment and Critical Control Points (HACCP) framework used in food‐safety risk assessment, a survey of sensitivity analysis methods, invited white papers on sensitivity analysis, and invited case studies regarding risk assessment of microbial pathogens in food. Based on the sharing of interdisciplinary information represented by the presentations, the workshop participants, divided into breakout sessions, responded to three trigger questions: What are the key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods applied to food‐safety risk assessment? What sensitivity analysis methods are most promising for application to food safety and risk assessment? and What are the key needs for implementation and demonstration of such methods? The workshop produced agreement regarding key criteria for sensitivity analysis methods and the need to use two or more methods to try to obtain robust insights. Recommendations were made regarding a guideline document to assist practitioners in selecting, applying, interpreting, and reporting the results of sensitivity analysis.     

Job stress, job strain, and psychological withdrawal among Dutch university staff: towards a dualprocess model for the effects of occupational stress

This study examined the antecedents of job strain (emotional exhaustion, health complaints) and withdrawal behaviour (e.g. lowered organizational commitment) among a cross-sectional sample of 131 academic staff members of the law department of a large Dutch university. Conservation of resources theory (Hobfoll, 1989) provided the theoretical background for this study. Strains and withdrawal behaviours were expected to be most prominent among those who reported having few resources and/or who reported high job demands. Structural equation modelling revealed that this was indeed the case. As predicted, differential patterns of effects emerged for job demands and job resources. Analysis of the effects of four job-specific stressors revealed that especially the structural aspects of a staff member's teaching task (e.g. the number of students in their classes) contributed strongly to perceived job demands. Theoretical and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Distinguishing traumatic, vicarious and routine operational stressor exposure and attendant adverse consequences in a sample of police officers

Problems in studying occupational stress within the police service are identified and the paucity of work on operational duties as potential stressors are discussed. The present study reports the results of a factor analysis of operational stressors (N = 601 serving British police officers) that revealed three factors: exposure to death and disaster; violence and injury; sexual crime. These were demonstrated to be reliable scales and were included in logistic regression models together with a range of demographic and psychological variables. Models were applied to men and women separately, which showed there to be different predictors of the likelihood of suffering distress (measured by the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ) in terms of the officer's gender and operational role. Overall the model for women officers was better at predicting psychological distress than that for men. These findings are related to aspects of the police occupational culture. Further discussion is offered that conceptualizes police operational stressors as traumatic, routine and vicarious. Finally, some implications are drawn for the provision of stress intervention in the light of this differentiation.     

Dermal Uptake of 18 Dilute Aqueous Chemicals: In Vivo Disappearance‐Method Measures Greatly Exceed In Vitro‐Based Predictions

Average rates of total dermal uptake (K_up) from short‐term (e.g., bathing) contact with dilute aqueous organic chemicals (DAOCs) are typically estimated from steady‐state in vitro diffusion‐cell measures of chemical permeability (K_p) through skin into receptor solution. Widely used (“PCR‐vitro”) methods estimate K_up by applying diffusion theory to increase K_p predictions made by a physico‐chemical regression (PCR) model that was fit to a large set of K_p measures. Here, K_up predictions for 18 DAOCs made by three PCR‐vitro models (EPA, NIOSH, and MH) were compared to previous in vivo measures obtained by methods unlikely to underestimate K_up. A new PCR model fit to all 18 measures is accurate to within approximately threefold (r = 0.91, p < 10^?5), but the PCR‐vitro predictions (r > 0.63) all tend to underestimate the K_up measures by mean factors (UF, and p value for testing UF = 1) of 10 (EPA, p < 10^?6), 11 (NIOSH, p < 10^?8), and 6.2 (MH, p = 0.018). For all three PCR‐vitro models, log(UF) correlates negatively with molecular weight (r² = 0.31 to 0.84, p = 0.017 to < 10^?6) but not with log(vapor pressure) as an additional predictor (p > 0.05), so vapor pressure appears not to explain the significant in vivo/PCR‐vitro discrepancy. Until this discrepancy is explained, careful in vivo measures of K_up should be obtained for more chemicals, the expanded in vivo database should be compared to in vitro‐based predictions, and in vivo data should be considered in assessing aqueous dermal exposure and its uncertainty.     

Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition,Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction reported that the 2011 natural disasters, including the earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, resulted in $366 billion in direct damages and 29,782 fatalities worldwide. Storms and floods accounted for up to 70% of the 302 natural disasters worldwide in 2011, with earthquakes producing the greatest number of fatalities. Average annual losses in the United States amount to about $55 billion. Enhancing community and system resilience could lead to massive savings through risk reduction and expeditious recovery. The rational management of such reduction and recovery is facilitated by an appropriate definition of resilience and associated metrics. In this article, a resilience definition is provided that meets a set of requirements with clear relationships to the metrics of the relevant abstract notions of reliability and risk. Those metrics also meet logically consistent requirements drawn from measure theory, and provide a sound basis for the development of effective decision‐making tools for multihazard environments. Improving the resiliency of a system to meet target levels requires the examination of system enhancement alternatives in economic terms, within a decision‐making framework. Relevant decision analysis methods would typically require the examination of resilience based on its valuation by society at large. The article provides methods for valuation and benefit‐cost analysis based on concepts from risk analysis and management.     

UNIX系统性能监控简述及shell系统资源统计程序

本文简要阐述了unix系统中(主要以IBM的AIX为例)进行系统性能管理的几种命令行工具,并通过编写shell实例程序,运用其中提到的工具实现系统资源利用率的统计程序,为做好unix系统管理和调优提供参考.