云南艾滋病流行对人口安全的影响

艾滋病流行通过影响人口数量、素质、结构、增加贫困人口进而危及人口安全。本文基于云南省HIV/AIDS流行趋势的预测 ,对云南艾滋病流行对人口安全的影响作了初步的测算和评估 ,并提出了缓解人口安全的对策     

实现资源整合建立防治艾滋病的综合模式

将生殖健康/计划生育服务和艾滋病防治相结合是《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》确定的原则,也是被大量事实证明的具有很好的投入产出的最佳实践。《国际人口与发展会议行动纲领》指出:“在发达国家和发展中国家艾滋病都是一个重大问题。各国政府应评估艾滋病感染和艾滋病对人口和发展的影响,应通过一种多部门协调机制来控制艾滋病并充分注意其社会经济影响。”世界银行认为,“将艾滋病     

关注妇女抗击艾滋张维庆主任在2005年中国纪念世界人口日电视电话会议上的讲话

艾滋病不仅是一个疾病问题,更是一个影响深远的社会问题和人口问题,是全人类共同面对的一个严峻挑战。目前,我国艾滋病的流行正处在由高危人群向普通人群大面积扩散的临界点。经性接触传播及母婴传播的比例呈现上升趋势,女性艾滋病病毒感染者所占比例近年来有较大幅度的增加。艾滋病的快速蔓延和传播,正在严重危害着人民的生命健康和中国的人口安全,进而将会对我国经济社会的发展甚至全面建设小康社会的进程造成严重影响。     

河南省计划生育/生殖健康服务与艾滋病预防结合模式

为充分发挥人口计生系统网络健全、深入基层和农村,密切联系育龄群众的优势,积极开展全社会参与,多部门合作预防艾滋病,河南省人民政府对省人口和计生部门提出了5项职责:宣传预防艾滋病知识、推广使用安全套、预防艾滋病新型避孕技术研究、阻断艾滋病毒母婴传播及医源性传播、协助卫生防疫部门开展艾滋病、性病及其他传染病的监测工作。在全球基金第三轮中国艾滋病项目支持下,2006年2月项目组对河南省人口计生部门在参与艾滋病防治工作中将计划生育/生殖健康服务体系与艾滋病防治工作相结合模式和经验进行考察和总结。考察期间课题组分别与…     

艾滋病流行对人口与社会经济的影响

艾滋病已逐渐成为当前迫切需要解决的全球性问题。艾滋病的扩散不仅影响着整个国家的社会和经济发展,而且对个人、家庭和社区均产生严重的后果。艾滋病对社会劳动力资源、人口预期寿命、社会稳定、卫生和社会体系和政府部门的工作都带来了威胁,并侵蚀经济和社会的发展成果,这表明艾滋病是一个涉及发展和人类安全的问题,必须予以高度重视。     

美国艾滋病人口的现状及趋势

自1979年美国发现第一位艾滋病患者后,艾滋病人口的急剧增长已构成了对美国各级政府公共政策、卫生、教育、医疗保健、就业等领域相当广泛的影响。随之而来的巨额政府及私人赞助的预防和治疗艾滋病的科研、教育及宣传已经带来了可观的成效,例如艾滋病患者权益的保护,新的病疗产品和方法的不断产生,患者生存寿命的提高以及病痛的减轻等。尽管如此,艾滋病患者及病毒感染者的     

河南省计划生育／生殖健康服务与艾滋病预防结合模式

为充分发挥人口计生系统网络健全、深入基层和农村，密切联系育龄群众的优势，积极开展全社会参与，多部门合作预防艾滋病，河南省人民政府对省人口和计生部门提出了5项职责：宣传预防艾滋病知识、推广使用安全套、预防艾滋病新型避孕技术研究、阻断艾滋病毒母婴传播及医源性传播、协助卫生防疫部门开展艾滋病、性病及其他传染病的监测工作。     

我国北部边境地区的人口安全流动和艾滋病预防模式探索

2005年开始,原国家人口计生委在联合国开发计划署的支持下,共同启动了＂中国北部边境地区安全流动和艾滋病预防＂项目。本文将对该项目6年的实施成果和项目模式进行总结,为在相似人口、社会、经济环境下,利用人口计生服务网络,提高流动人口及其家庭的艾滋病自我防护能力,进行多部门合作的艾滋病预防干预提供借鉴。     

关注妇女 抗击艾滋

在今年第16个世界人口日到来之际,中宣部、卫生部、人口计生委、全国妇联四个部门共同启动的“关注妇女,抗击艾滋”行动,具有重要意义。艾滋病不仅是一个疾病问题,更是一个影响深远的社会问题和人口问题,是全人类共同面对的一个严峻挑战。目前,我国艾滋病的流行正处在由高危人群向普通人群大面积扩散的临界点。经性接触传播及母婴传播的比例呈现上升趋势,女性艾滋病病毒感染者所占比例近年来有较大幅度的增加。艾滋病的快速蔓延和传播,正在严重危害着人民的生命健康和中国的人口安全,进而将会对我国经济社会的发展甚至全面建设小康社会的进…     

全年龄人口死亡模型构建及应用——以江苏省为例

人口死亡特征不仅具有时间和区域属性,同时也具有年龄属性,多重属性决定了人口死亡规律的复杂性。在研究儿童少年期、青壮年期以及中老年期人口死亡模型的基础上,以江苏省为例构建了基于局部人口死亡模型的全年龄人口死亡模型,并对江苏省人口死亡过程进行了研究。研究表明：基于局部人口死亡模型的全年龄人口死亡模型能够细致刻画人口死亡过程依年龄变化的特点;江苏省儿童少年期、青壮年期和中老年期人口死亡模式可以分别采用威布尔对数线性模型、三次多项式模型和罗吉斯蒂模型来描述;近年来江苏省人口死亡水平不断下降,但各年龄层死亡水平下降特点不尽相同。     

流动人口行为特征及其空间过程与HIV/AIDS扩散

流动人口的行为特征及其空间过程是HIV/AIDS扩散的重要因素之一,其行为特征的高危性和流动性使流动人口成为HIV/AIDS的易感人群,在其流动的空间过程中与不同类型人口的相互接触,当发生与HIV/AIDS人群的高危行为时,一方面容易使自己感染HIV;另一方面,流动人口成为HIV携带者后与其他人发生高危行为则会成为HIV的传染源之一,其结果是导致了HIV/AIDS在感染者数量和感染空间上的扩散。因而,针对流动人口高危行为特征及其空间过程提出防控HIV/AIDS扩散的对策是可行的。     

云南流动人口与艾滋病扩散

人口流动既是社会经济进步的标志之一 ,也会带来一系列的社会问题。由于流动人口具有与常住人口不同的特征 ,在迁移过程中 ,他们不仅成为艾滋病的易感人群 ,同时也成为艾滋病扩散的重要媒介。这一点 ,可以从流动人口分布、流量与HIV/AIDS流行程度的时、空关系中得到清楚的印证     

Modelling the spread of HIV/AIDS in China: the role of sexual transmission

The study presented here is an exploration of the implications of patterns of sexual behaviour for the spread of HIV in China, using a bio-behavioural macrosimulation model. To reflect the uncertainty surrounding key parameters, analyses of varied scenarios are used to show a range of possible outcomes consistent with variations in selected biological and behavioural inputs. The latter are estimated from a nationwide survey of sexual behaviour recently conducted in China, a country with an emerging HIV/AIDS epidemic, where it is feared that HIV/AIDS will spread to the general population via heterosexual transmission. The results highlight the primacy of the levels and distribution of sexual activity in the population. They offer some guidelines for understanding and interpreting the potential implications of current and prospective changes in sexual behaviour for the spread of HIV/AIDS in the world's largest population, and also highlight the need to collect better data on sexual behaviour for the estimation of key model inputs.     

Aids and population growth in sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing the sensitivity of projections

Despite different models to project the course of the AIDS pandemic and a scarcity of data to provide standard input parameters for those models, a limited consensus emerges from distinct sets of population projections. In sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates are projected to remain positive in spite of the pandemic over the next few decades. To investigate this conclusion, alternative projections of an HIV/AIDS epidemic and its related mortality are first produced from different sets of input parameters and assumptions. Their incorporation into the population projections of a fast-growing country illustrates the robustness of projected population growth rates under very different scenarios of the future epidemic but with the common assumption that it will not affect the mortality of the uninfected population, fertility nor migration. This paper then shows that the projected growth rates are much less robust when interactions between the epidemic and the demographic regime are allowed and identifies several potential mechanisms for such interactions. In particular, it suggests that improving our confidence in the medium-term projections of the demographic impact of AIDS in the region requires less a refinement of the projections of the epidemic than a better understanding of its impact on the timing of the postulated fertility decline.     

Shanghai Maps Out First HIV／AIDS Prevention and Control Regulation

In 2005, Shanghai, a mega city with a population of 16million, will map out its first regulation on HIV/AIDSprevention and control to protect the legal rights ofHIV/AIDS carriers.An thorough investigation has been conducted in 2004and a team of local legislative, medical experts,government officials and related members have reviseda draft regulation that will be submitted to theMunicipal People's Congress for review in March 2005.The regulation will highlight the legal rights ofHIV/AI…     

Accessibility of health and human services for the HIV-infected

Most research on services for the HIV/AIDS population has focused on primary medical care or on service brokering by advocacy groups. Little research data exist on the extent to which services of programs that do not specialize in HIV/AIDS clients are available to these individuals who often have multiple and multi-dimensional problems. The reported research examines selected data from a sample of 236 medical, behavioral health and social service programs in Miami-Dade County, Florida. A constructed measure of involvement in services for HIV/AIDS clients, pertinent provider program and client characteristics are examined in the context of geo-distributed data on reported AIDS cases and census data. In logistic regression analyses, two aspects of race/– the population in the zip code area served by the program, and the clients or patients seen in the program – were significant in predicting program under-response, defined as level of response relative to cumulative reported AIDS cases from the program's zip code area. The analysis is briefly discussed regarding its relevance and methodological generalizability for HIV/AIDS and related public health policy and applied purposes.     

The worried well: maximizing coping in the face of AIDS

This paper discusses the AIDS epidemic in terms of its impact on the psychology of individuals and their relationships. Special emphasis is given to treatment strategies that therapists may find useful in working with the worried well presenting with psychological and sexual difficulties in reaction to AIDS anxiety. Issues of denial, control, and compliance will be presented as central to working with this population.     

India's National Family Health Survey provides new information on maternal and child health and AIDS awareness

Teams surveyed a sample of 88,562 households, drawn from 99% of the population of India in 24 states plus the National Capital Territory of Delhi, between April 1992 and September 1993 to collect a basic set of information on all 500,492 household members, with more details on the 89,777 women in the households who had ever been married and were aged 13-49 years. This National Family Health Survey (NFHS) collected information from the women on a range of health topics including child immunization, women's knowledge of AIDS, services and facilities use during pregnancy and childbirth, infant feeding and treatment for diarrhea, and infant, child, and maternal mortality. Levels of infant and child mortality declined in India, but 8% of all children still die before their first birthday and 11% die before reaching age 5. As for maternal mortality, there are an estimated 420 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births annually. That rate implies that at least 100,000 Indian women die each year due to causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. Survey results indicate the need to strengthen vaccination programs and teach women about proper infant feeding practices. They also highlight the need to increase antenatal care and other medical services. In all of these areas, the NFHS results indicate wide variation among India's regions and states. Furthermore, a general lack of AIDS awareness suggests that the government's AIDS awareness campaign, relying primarily upon electronic media, has not yet reached the majority of India's population.     

AIDS in China

Most recent official statistics indicate that there was a cumulative total of 133 AIDS cases in mainland China through the end of October 1996 and 5157 people infected with HIV. Official statistics also indicate continuing increases in recent years in the number of people with AIDS and people infected with HIV, and that the incidence of infection is growing in China. HIV has been found to have been transmitted in China through IV drug use, sexual activities, from mother to child, and through transfusions and the use of blood products. Important risk factors for the spread of HIV in China include high population density, a considerable transient population, drug use, prostitution, blood transfusion, the improper sterilization of medical instruments in rural areas, changes in people's sexual attitudes and behaviors, and lack of information on safe sex. The Chinese government reports having taken considerable steps to check the spread of HIV/AIDS and supports communication and education as an essential tool in the fight against the epidemic. Life expectancies in China's provinces and municipalities are listed.     

Social Networks and Unobserved Heterogeneity in Risk for AIDS

As a sexually transmitted disease, AIDS spreads along social networks; consequently,it is reasonable to propose to utilize these networks in teaching people to avoid practices that put them at increased risk of contracting AIDS. Most obviously, homosexual men are both at relatively high risk of contracting AIDS, and in many urban areas have well crystallized community structures and high social connectivity. We present evidence suggesting that using such social networks can have the unanticipated consequence of reaching a set of men who are at relatively low risk. Evidently, there is great unobserved heterogeneity among the population in terms of risk, and while this heterogeneity is not captured by conventional measures of risk behavior, it is closely linked to network processes.