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1.
This paper examines the political economy of public employment, specifically the impact of labor unions on public employment
across 20 OECD nations during the 1965–1983 period. A theoretical paradigm based on exchange theory is used to explain the
rationale for organized labor’s role in public employment. A model is then presented and tested to explain variation in public
employment levels across the 20 nations. The results of the analyses support the central hypothesis that labor union power
is positively correlated with public employment. Following the data analysis, the conclusions and implications of the findings
are discussed as they pertain to the political economy in advanced industrial democracies. 相似文献
2.
B. T. Matemilola A. N. Bany-Ariffin W. N. W. Azman-Saini 《Transition Studies Review》2012,18(3):601-612
Recent financial crisis which saw an increase in risk premium and shareholder’s required return around the world has been
in part attributed to firms excessive debt leverage. This paper tests the impact of debt leverage on shareholder’s required
return in South Africa. The paper specifies dynamic panel models and uses difference generalized method of moment (GMM) estimation
technique. The results show that long term debt is positively related to shareholder’s required return. Similarly, total debt
is positively related to shareholder’s required return. The results are robust to alternative model specification namely system
GMM. Based on the findings, the study suggests that debt leverage is an important risk factor to be priced in equity valuation.
The findings also suggest that the dynamic nature of firms’ capital structure decision should not be neglected. The paper
contributes to capital structure research by testing Modigliani and Miller proposition two on listed firms in South Africa.
Besides, it uses better estimation technique that controls for unobservable firm-specific effects and endogenous problem.
In addition, two measures of leverage are used as independent variable compared to a single measure commonly found in the
literature. 相似文献
3.
Human resource shortages require effective human resource management (HRM). Findings from research about ongoing labor shortages
in air traffic control (ATC) are used to build a preliminary theory of appropriate HRM responses. Our international sample
of major ATC agencies generally developed a set of best HRM practices to attract, motivate, and retain human assets. Key factors
included (1) cultural and institutional norms, (2) technological change, (3) union responses, and (4) organizational form
and structure (e.g., civil service versus commercial firms). While ATC’s rare human aptitudes, lengthy training to develop
firm-specific human capital, and lifelong employment may limit the preliminary theory’s general applicability, crucial lessons
emerge about human resource planning.
This research was conducted with the support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, the Rice Fellowship,
the Ziegler Fellowship, and the Center for International Business Studies at the University of Alberta. We are indebted to
the individuals interviewed. 相似文献
4.
Abstract To determine whether absentee-owned firms destabilize local economies, we examine the relationship between absentee ownership of manufacturing companies and employment change in manufacturing for 109 Pennsylvania towns. This issue arises because some earlier studies find that corporate connections through absentee-owned firms are positively related to local employment growth, whereas other work claims that locally owned operations are more stable. We attempt to reconcile these findings by arguing that absentee ownership is destabilizing only in the case of non-conglomerate firms. Our results show that absentee ownership in fact increases the closure rate of firms, thereby negatively affecting manufacturing employment change. Yet, this relationship differs by the parent company's organizational structure. Employment in branches of non-conglomerate firms is more detrimental than employment in branches of conglomerates — an important qualification of the argument that the “conglomeratization” of advanced industrial societies negatively affects communities. 相似文献
5.
J. Harold McClure 《Journal of Labor Research》1994,15(3):271-282
The Wessels model suggests that firms respond to increases in the minimum wage rate by decreasing the level of fringe benefits
— an action which produces an inefficiency effect that lowers workers’ utility and the supply of labor. Standard models of
monopsony, however, argue that wage floors prevent the exercise of market power and increase employment. I show that wage
floors, even with fringe benefit curtailment, may increase employment by lowering the marginal expense of labor. Employee
utility and employment will rise somewhat but not as much had the firm acted competitively in setting both wages and fringes. 相似文献
6.
Bivariate probit estimates with partial observability identify the factors influencing the worker’s decision to seek a state
or local government job and the factors influencing the government’s decision to hire particular workers. The estimates routinely
confirm the presence of a local job queue but confirm the presence of a state job queue only when the role of unionization
is explicitly recognized. Our results suggest that the net benefits from local and state government employment are greater
than those from private sector employment. The estimates also indicate that local governments disproportionately hire racial
minorities relative to the local governments’ pool of applicants but indicate no such relationship for state governments.
The authors thank Dale Belman, Jugal Ghorai, and Matt Higgins for help on this and related work. We also thank the referee
and the editor for useful suggestions. 相似文献
7.
Gul Aldikacti Marshall Hiromi Taniguchi 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2012,23(1):213-235
While research has shown that having a “good” job significantly promotes formal volunteering, we have limited knowledge of
how this paid work-to-volunteer work relationship may differ between men and women. Based on the gender-identification spillover
theory, we hypothesize that because of the societal expectations that women should be caring, giving and communal, positive
job traits such as authority and autonomy promote women’s volunteering more than men’s. Our analysis of data from the National
Survey of Midlife in the United States shows that women who exercise supervisory authority on the job volunteer significantly
more hours than women who do not, whereas job authority makes no difference in the number of hours volunteered for men. Meanwhile,
job autonomy promotes men’s volunteering, but not women’s. Implications of these and related findings for future research
on gender and volunteering are discussed. 相似文献
8.
We examine the effect of parental employment on child health as measured by children’s percentile body mass index (pBMI). Our investigation reveals that hours of parental employment are important determinants of child health. We find a highly
significant role for the influence of fathers’ hours of work on the pBMI. Given that work hours of both mothers and fathers impact child health, ignoring parents’ joint decision making in child
health production may lead to biased results. Additionally, we conclude that parental work hours may impact both the quality
and quantity of time that parents spend with their children. Specifically, we find that shared parent–child activities such
as building or repair work, and reading influence childhood obesity. 相似文献
9.
conclusion The continued enhancements of information technologies facilitate and increase knowl-edge intensity in organizations. As such,
knowledge and information technologies play critical roles in the development of competitive advantage by firms. For example,
IT facilitates organizational learning and helps firms move into international markets by making it easier to coordinate geographically
dispersed units and operations. Even entrepreneurial new venture firms are moving into international markets earlier in their
life cycle (Oviatt and MacDougall, 1977; Zahra et al., 2000). IT has become especially important to smaller, entrepreneurial
firms to facilitate their networking and coopera-tive ventures with other firms in order to compete more effectively with
much larger firms for major projects. Furthermore, information technologies facilitate these firms’ technological learning,
a critical element to their survival and long-term success (Zahra et al., 2000). IT has also helped firms from emerging markets
(e.g., Korea, Mexico) compete more effectively against firms from developed markets that have more resources. Thus, IT has
helped facilitate the increasing globalization of businesses. 相似文献
10.
Mark S. Pulliam 《Journal of Labor Research》1984,5(4):351-370
From the perspective of a management labor lawyer, this article argues that any legitimate theory of employment rights must
be founded on the premise that employment is a voluntary relationship governed by mutual consent. In contrast, the erosion
of the doctrine of at-will employment and the substitution of its legal antithesis, the tort of wrongful discharge, depend
on a conception of employment rights as something the employee possesses at the employer’s expense, that is, without the employer’s
consent. The theme of this article is that an employment right does not exist apart from contract. The government cannot violate
an employment right unless it prevents a willing employee and a willing employer from making a contract concerning a proper
subject on terms satisfactory to both. In public sector employment, the state is one of the parties to the employment contract.
In most cases, a public employer cannot be “willing” if the same sovereign or polity has enacted conditions on public employment,
that is, has placed limitations on itself. This article analyzes the legal aspects of exclusive union representation and related
union security arrangements within this conceptual framework.
Member, State Bar of California. Associate, Latham & Watkins, Los Angeles and San Diego. I wish to thank my colleague, Mark
W. Smith, for his helpful suggestions and comments during the preparation of this paper. The views expressed here are solely
those of the author. 相似文献
11.
Andranik Tangian 《Social Choice and Welfare》2010,35(1):129-161
The article is based on three findings. The first one is the interrelation between Arrow’s (Social choice and individual values,
Wiley, New York, 1951) social choice model and the mathematical theory of democracy discussed by Tangian (Aggregation and
representation of preferences, Springer, Berlin, 1991; Soc Choice Welf 11(1):1–82, 1994), with the conclusion that Arrow’s
dictators are less harmful than commonly supposed. The second finding is Quesada’s (Public Choice 130:395–400, 2007) estimate
of their power as that of two voters, implying that Arrow’s dictators are not more powerful than a chairperson with an additional
vote. The third is the model of Athenian democracy (Tangian, Soc Choice Welf 31:537–572, 2008), where indicators of popularity
and universality are applied to representatives and representative bodies. In this article, these indicators are used to computationally
evaluate the representativeness/non-representativeness of Arrow’s dictators. In particular, it is shown that there always
exist Arrow’s dictators who on the average share opinions of a majority, being rather representatives. The same holds for
dictators selected by lot, which conforms to the practice of selecting magistrates and presidents by lot in ancient democracies
and medieval Italian republics. Computational formulas are derived for finding the optimal “dictator–representatives”. 相似文献
12.
Kevin Lang 《Journal of Labor Research》1984,5(1):81-92
Wages generally rise more slowly with experience in union than in nonunion settings. It has been argued that the lower slope
of the earnings profiles reflects the preferences of the median worker. It is shown in this paper that the median worker model
(assuming a median worker exists) does not lead to a uniformly less steeply sloped earnings profile. Instead, the lower return
to seniority reflects the firm’s rational response to the union’s monopoly power. Thus, the lower slope in unionized firms
reflects the objectives of firms, not unions, in the bargaining process.
I would like to thank Bill Dickens, Bernie Grofman, Shu Kahn, and Donald Martin for useful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
13.
The Nordic countries at the same time exhibit a remarkably high participation rate of mothers and a more moderate decline
in fertility rates compared to other Western countries. This has been attributed to the fact that the welfare state model
and, especially, the family friendly policies chosen in the Nordic countries are unique. In this paper we evaluate the impact
of Nordic countries’ family friendly policies on employment, wages and children’s well-being. We demonstrate that, although
the ‘Nordic model’ has been successful in boosting female employment, it is a costly solution. Furthermore, family-friendly
policies mainly directed towards giving mothers the right to be on long paid maternal leave have adverse effects on women’s
wages with consequences for gender equality. Indeed, extensive family-friendly schemes may even have created a ‘system-based
glass ceiling’ hindering women’s career progression. There is no evidence however of a trade-off between family-friendly policies
and family welfare as effects on child development and children’s well-being of publicly provided child-care are found to
be modest or even positive.
相似文献
Mette Verner (Corresponding author)Email: |
14.
A telephone survey with 339 randomly selected Chinese Canadian caregivers examined the employment and economic costs of family
caregiving for the elderly. Although the Chinese culture places a strong emphasis on filial obligation, caregiving is not
without economic consequences. Caregiver’s age, financial adequacy, and employment, caring for an additional care receiver,
and levels of assistance in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), were the predictors for economic costs perceived by family caregivers.
Caregiver’s age, caring for an additional care receiver, and care receiver’s financial adequacy were significant predictors
for male caregivers. Caregiver’s financial adequacy and higher levels of assistance in ADL were the predictors for female
caregivers. Policies to support family caregivers should not just focus on the social aspect, but also the financial needs. 相似文献
15.
16.
Ernesto Tavoletti 《Transition Studies Review》2007,14(3):507-522
I evaluate the regional and local economic impact of the University of Cardiff, dividing its effects into two major sides:
expenditure impacts and knowledge impacts. I review the major tools and methodologies available in the literature to assess
the two sides. The expenditure impact in the financial year 2000–2001 is measured through a Keynesian multiplier model developed
by the Centre for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences, Cardiff University, in order to compare that same impact in the 1994–1995
financial year. The university’s knowledge impact is assessed through two main variables: (1) employment and destination of
graduates, or people impact, and (2) kind of knowledge produced. Cardiff University’s graduates enjoy full-employment, and
according to our conceptual framework, Cardiff’s higher education system is classified as “nonactive” positional competition
and “social” knowledge production.
相似文献
17.
Ana Carvalho 《Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations》2010,21(4):588-610
This article presents a global overview of the third sector in Portugal drawing on data from a linked employer–employee database—“Quadros
de Pessoal,” which is based on a compulsory annual inquiry to organizations, making it a better source of information than
those based on sample surveys and estimates. This study advances on previous overviews by providing more updated numbers for
organization size, age, gross revenue and employment levels, as well as their distribution across the ICNPO third sector activity
classification. The evolution of these variables from the period 1997 to 2007 is also analyzed. The Portuguese third sector
has been fast growing, with revenues amounting to 5.64% of Portugal’s GDP and employment representing 4% of the country’s
employment in 2007. It is mainly composed of very small organizations, with diminutive revenues. Perhaps its most striking
features are the uneven distribution of employment and revenue and the strong concentration on social services. 相似文献
18.
Workplace Policy and Environment,Family Role Quality,and Positive Family-to-Work Spillover 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Daphne E. Pedersen Krista Lynn Minnotte Gary Kiger Susan E. Mannon 《Journal of Family and Economic Issues》2009,30(1):80-89
We used role theory to direct our analysis of the association between family-friendly policies, workplace environment, family
role quality, and positive spillover from family to work. Taking data from 104 dual-earner couples with children living in
Utah, we examined the influence of both partners’ access to family-friendly policies, both partners’ workplace environments, and the family role quality reported by the couple. We found that family role quality was
significantly associated with positive family-to-work spillover for men and women. In addition, women’s own workplace culture
and the ability of women’s partners to leave work to care for children were associated with women’s positive family-to-work
spillover. These findings were viewed through the lens of gender theory and traditionally structured institutions and roles. 相似文献
19.
We extend Davis and Patterson’s analysis of the incidence and determinants of regional mobility of Ph.D. economists. By exploiting
previously collected data, we identify the patterns of regional mobility not only at the point of entry into the labor market
for economists who received their doctoral degree in 1968 but also the net mobility of these economists over a 25-year period.
The net effects of regional mobility decisions made between graduation in 1968 and year-25 employment in 1993, and between
initial professional employment in 1969 and year-25 employment in 1993, are analyzed. Our results suggest that many economists
demonstrate a propensity to“nest“ in their degree and first-job regions of employment and that those employed in government
service and those with a greater diversity of work experience are more likely to migrate across regions during their careers. 相似文献
20.
Luis Angeles 《Journal of Economic Inequality》2010,8(4):463-473
This paper uses a novel approach for testing Kuznets’ hypothesis. Following Kuznets’ original insights, we test for an inverted
U relationship between employment outside agriculture and income inequality, instead of the traditional focus on GDP per capita
and income inequality. Our results, obtained using panel and country by country regressions, do not support Kuznets’ hypothesis. 相似文献