城市老年人口家庭经济流动类型及其影响因素分析——以上海为例

文章采用“上海市老年人口状况与意愿跟踪调查”的数据,对不同人口学特征的城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型进行分析,发现城市老年人家庭代际经济流动类型的性别差异、年龄差异、受教育程度差异和婚姻差异。运用二元Logistic回归对老年人家庭经济流动类型的影响因素进行分析,结果表明性别、年龄、受教育程度、子女补贴、月平均收入和住院天数等因素对老年人家庭代际经济流动类型有显著影响。     

The quality of urban life and the perception of livability: A case study of neighbourhoods in Benin City,Nigeria

Third World cities face many persistent planning problems. The problems persist partly because planning has not been sufficiently responsive to local peculiarities. This lack of responsiveness is in turn because of the gross scale at which problems are conceived and attacked. One of the persistent problems in all Nigerian cities is their poor environmental quality. This study, therefore, seeks to investigate the environmental problems of Benin City, capital of Bendel State of Nigeria. Six environmental dimensions are measured and analysed. A composite conceptual index of quality of life is derived from the six dimensions, and compared with an index of perceived quality for each area. The study adopts the neighbourhood as the unit in collecting and analysing data, and in proposing solutions. It is recommended that planning administration in Benin City must be decentralized, if it is to be more responsive to intra-city environmental eccentricities, and improve the quality of life.     

Ego-dystonic heterosexuality: a case study

This study reports a case of a heterosexual male who was not psychotic and expressed a wish for a homosexual orientation. The psychodynamics of this patient are discussed, and the classification of ego-dystonic states discussed. It is concluded that DSM-III diagnoses should reflect underlying psychological disorders rather than sexual orientation.     

Son preference and sex composition of children: Evidence from india

Although the effect of son preference on sex composition of children ever born is undetectable in national-level estimates that aggregate across all families, this article provides empirical evidence from India that son preference has two pronounced and predictable family-level effects on the sex composition of children ever born. First, data from India show that smaller families have a significantly higher proportion of sons than larger families. Second, socially and economically disadvantaged couples and couples from the northern region of India not only want but also attain a higher proportion of sons, if the effects of family size are controlled.     

Changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action

Indian society suffers from substantial inequalities in education, employment, and income based on caste and ethnicity. Compensatory or positive discrimination policies reserve 15% of the seats in institutions of higher education and state and central government jobs for people of the lowest caste, the Scheduled Caste; 7.5% of the seats are reserved for the Scheduled Tribe. These programs have been strengthened by improved enforcement and increased funding in the 1990s. This positive discrimination has also generated popular backlash and on-the-ground sabotage of the programs. This paper examines the changes in educational attainment between various social groups for a period of nearly 20 years to see whether educational inequalities have declined over time. We use data from a large national sample survey of over 100,000 households for each of the four survey years--1983, 1987-1988, 1993-1994, and 1999-2000--and focus on the educational attainment of children and young adults aged 6-29. Our results show a declining gap between dalits, adivasis, and others in the odds of completing primary school. Such improvement is not seen for Muslims, a minority group that does not benefit from affirmative action. We find little improvement in inequality at the college level. Further, we do not find evidence that upper-income groups, the so-called creamy layer of dalits and adivasis, disproportionately benefit from the affirmative action programs at the expense of their lower-income counterparts.     

Proximate sources of population sex imbalance in india

There is a population sex imbalance in India. Despite a consensus that this imbalance is due to excess female mortality, the specific source of this excess mortality remains poorly understood. I use microdata on child survival in India to analyze the proximate sources of the sex imbalance. I address two questions: when in life does the sex imbalance arise, and what health or nutritional investments are specifically responsible for its appearance? I present a new methodology that uses microdata on child survival. This methodology explicitly takes into account both the possibility of naturally occurring sex differences in survival and possible differences between investments in their importance for survival. Consistent with existing literature, I find significant excess female mortality in childhood, particularly between the ages of 1 and 5, and argue that the sex imbalance that exists by age 5 is large enough to explain virtually the entire imbalance in the population. Within this age group, sex differences in vaccinations explain between 20% and 30% of excess female mortality, malnutrition explains an additional 20%, and differences in treatment for illness play a smaller role. Together, these investments account for approximately 50% of the sex imbalance in mortality in India.India has a serious population sex imbalance. There are around 108 men for every 100 women in the country as a whole. In a country with the same level of development and typical mortality patterns, one would expect to see about 100 men for every 100 women. Sen (1990, 1992) coined the phrase “missing women” to describe this population imbalance, and attributed it to sex discrimination. Consistent with this view, other authors (Kishor 1993; Visaria 1971) have argued, based on census data and other sources, that the sex imbalance is almost certainly due to excess female mortality.There is a very large literature on the underlying sources of parental sex preferences (see, e.g., Agnihotri 2000; Agnihotri, Palmer-Jones, and Parikh 2002; Murthi, Mamta, and Dreze 1995; Qian 2008; Rosenzweig and Schultz 1982) that focuses on the relative contributions of factors such as female labor-force participation and female education in determining overall sex ratios. A second literature, more closely related to this work, focuses on the proximate sources of female mortality¹: that is, conditional on preferences, what specific treatments (or lack thereof) are responsible for the differences in mortality (Basu 1989; Borooah 2004; Griffiths, Matthews, and Hinde 2002; Mishra, Roy, and Retherford 2004; Pande 2003).Despite this second literature, a coherent overall picture of the proximate sources of excess female mortality is still lacking. This article focuses on two primary questions: at what ages does most of the excess female mortality occur, and what is the relative contribution of various forms of neglect to this excess mortality? In contrast to most of the existing literature, I am concerned not only with whether various health and nutrition inputs play a role, but also with how large that role is.The methodology used here, formally outlined in the following section, differs from most of the previous literature in two ways. First, I use data from Africa on sex differences in mortality and child health investments as a comparison for India. Existing literature (e.g., Das Gupta 1987) has often focused solely on sex differences in mortality in India. However, because when boys and girls receive equal treatment by their parents or caregivers, boys are more likely to die, the lack of a comparison group likely understates the extent of excess female mortality. Second, when considering the proximate sources of excess female mortality in childhood, I consider not only the difference in treatment but also the importance of that treatment for mortality (i.e., the difference in mortality probability with and without treatment). Multiplying these two factors gives full information about the importance of each element for understanding the overall excess female mortality. The literature generally has considered only the difference across sexes in each treatment; it has not considered the importance of these treatments in mortality, which is crucial for evaluating the relative contribution of each input (Basu 1989; Borooah 2004; Griffiths et al. 2002; Mishra et al. 2004; Pande 2003).²I first use microdata to identify exactly the age source of the excess female mortality in childhood and to explore the importance of childhood sex bias in the overall imbalance. This question has, of course, been addressed by other researchers (Das Gupta and Bhat 1997; Dyson 1984; Klasen 1994; Padmanabha 1982; Preston and Bhat 1984); the work here uses a new methodology, but the results largely echo what has been found in the previous literature. In particular, the results suggest important variations within young children. All areas of India see relatively little excess female mortality between the ages of a few months and 2 years, yet substantial excess mortality between 2 and 5 years of age. I also present evidence on the contribution of the under-5 sex ratio bias to the overall bias. Using demographers’ life tables (Coale, Demeny, and Vaughn 1983), I calculate the expected sex ratio overall in India, assuming the empirically observed sex ratio at 5 years of age, and normal mortality thereafter. This exercise suggests that virtually all the sex ratio imbalance in the country can be explained by excess under-5 mortality.Following this analysis, I move on to the primary contribution of the article, exploring the proximate sources of this excess female mortality between the ages of 2 and 5. Consistent with previous literature, I focus on biases in nutrition, preventative medicine, and medical treatment. The evidence here suggests that, contrary to some of the previous literature, sex differences in vaccinations play a very large role in the sex imbalance, explaining about 20% to 30%. Malnutrition explains about 20%. Interestingly, differences in treatment for respiratory infections and diarrhea together explain only about 5% of the imbalance, and approximately 50% is left unexplained by these childhood investments.The results here have potentially important policy implications, suggesting that increases in vaccinations for girls could have a large effect on the overall sex imbalance in India.     

Temporary migration: a case study of Florida

Most migration statistics in the United States focus on changes in permanent residence, thereby missing temporary moves such as the daily commute to work, business trips, vacations, and seasonal migration. In this paper, we analyze temporary migration streams in Florida, focusing on moves that include an extended stay. Using several types of survey data, we examine the characteristics of non-Floridians who spend part of the year in Florida and Floridians who spend part of the year elsewhere. We develop estimates of the number, timing, and duration of temporary moves and the origins, destinations, characteristics, and motivations of temporary migrants. This study presents the most comprehensive analysis yet of temporary migration in Florida and provides a model that can be used in other places. It also points to a serious shortcoming in the US statistical system, namely, the lack of information on temporary migration streams. We believe the American Community Survey provides an opportunity to remedy this problem.     

Role of women in schooling and child labour decision: the case of urban boys in India

This paper uses household level data from National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO) of India, the 55th round (1999–2000), to show that for urban male children there exists significant wage incentive for schooling, though school dropout rate and child labour incidence are not so small. The parents’ level of education plays an important role in reducing this tendency; thus establishing the linkage between social and human capital outcomes in the family. We also look at the incidence of harmful and manual occupations among the child labour. Mother’s education now appears as a very important factor in curbing these incidences; supporting earlier findings that women’s empowerment (one important indicator of which would be female educational level) is indeed instrumental in increasing parental awareness.     

城市新移民的社区融入与社会排斥——成都市社区个案研究

本文以社会排斥理论作为概念工具,对城市新移民的城市社区融入问题进行研究。笔者从新移民和城市居民两个不同的角度收集资料,根据新移民的职业、在城市的居住时间和长期居住意愿选取典型个案。笔者从经济排斥、社会关系排斥和文化排斥三个方面进行分析。认为社会排斥是新移民社区融入的壁垒所在,缓解消除社会排斥,实现社区参与、社会交往的“破冰”,是形成社区内社会关系“互构共变”的基础,是城市新移民真正融入社区的前提。     

Cohort change and the diffusion of environmental concern: a cross-national analysis

This study explores value change across cohorts for a multinational population sample. Employing a diffusion-of-innovations approach, we combine competing theories predicting the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and environmentalism: post-materialism and affluence theories, and global environmentalism theory. The diffusion argument suggests that high-SES groups first adopt pro-environmental views, but as time passes by, environmentalism diffuses to lower-SES groups. We test the diffusion argument using a sample of 18 countries for two waves (years 1993 and 2000) from the International Social Survey Project. Cross-classified multilevel modeling allows us to identify a nonlinear interaction between cohort and education, our core measure of SES, in predicting environmental concern, while controlling for age and period. We find support for the diffusion argument and demonstrate that the positive effect of education on environmental concern first increases among older cohorts and then starts to level off until a bend point is reached for individuals born around 1940 and becomes progressively weaker for younger cohorts.     

Understanding stalling demographic transition in high-fertility countries: a case study of Guatemala

The debate surrounding the use of period, cohort, and tempo-adjusted measures has framed most of the recent studies evaluating the utility of macro-level fertility indicators. Period measures are susceptible to distortions, due to birth timing changes, but there is currently no universally accepted adjustment technique. Recent comparative analyses have offered some insights but only as applied to the low-fertility developed world setting. The utility of different types of measures in the high fertility context is unclear. Furthermore, regional variation in the pace of fertility transition is characteristic of many less developed countries and is rarely incorporated into macro-level analyses. The purpose of this analysis is to evaluate macro-fertility indicators at the regional and national levels in a high-fertility country, Guatemala, using the four most recent survey data sets. The results support the use of macro-level period indicators and adjusted period indicators of fertility in developing country contexts.     

Womens education and diffusion of the fertility transition: The case of Egypt 1960–1996 in 4905 administrative subdivisions

Egypt comprises thousands of small geographic units. Total fertility rates are reconstructed for the 4905qism, qarya, medina, markaz andshiyakhat covering non-desert Egypt at the 1960, 1976, 1986 and 1996 censuses. This fine spatial scale reveals that heterogeneity across subdivisions increased during the fertility transition, illustrating the rapidity of change. Spatial patterns appear in the fertility upsurge of 1974–85, which is accompanied by a large but temporary reduction in heterogeneity. Fertility varies greatly between subdivisions and geographic differentials underlie the expected and observed association between fertility, literacy, family transfers and industrialization. Cairo led the decline of fertility, but that decline is counterbalanced by rapid economic growth and persistently high levels of illiteracy. A similar pattern of fertility change is observed for the chief city of the Muhafaza and its surrounding area. Egypt presents an archetype of demographic transition as improved economic and educational status diffuses across the country, moderated by its specific geography.     

Linking green space to health: a comparative study of two urban neighbourhoods in Ghent, Belgium

This paper investigates the nature of the relationship between the greenness of the local environment and the health and well-being of its inhabitants by looking at a number of possible mediators within the same study: physical activity, perceived stress, ability to concentrate, social cohesion and neighbourhood satisfaction. Data were collected through a survey of residents in two neighbourhoods that differ objectively in green space provision, but which are largely similar in demographics, socio-economic factors, housing conditions and other environmental characteristics, apart from green space. Of the three dependent variables of interest: self-reported general health, bodily functioning and general well-being (happiness), it was self-reported happiness that differed significantly between the two neighbourhoods, with greater happiness in the greener neighbourhood. Amongst the possible mediators, people??s satisfaction with their neighbourhood differed significantly: those living in the greener neighbourhood were more satisfied. Mediation analysis indicated that neighbourhood satisfaction fully mediates the relationship between neighbourhood greenness and happiness. Among the specific (environmental and social) neighbourhood qualities asked about, perception of neighbourhood greenness was found to be the most important predictor of neighbourhood satisfaction. Additional analysis showed that the view from the living room??green or not green??fully mediates the relationship between neighbourhood greenness and neighbourhood satisfaction. This study underscores the importance of nearby green space for people??s overall well-being and suggests the need for green space to be evaluated in terms of visual proximity, that is, whether and how it is experienced from the street and the home.     

中国西部城市贫困问题研究--以甘肃省为例

城市贫困已成为我国现今城市发展中的一个突出问题。本文在对贫困相关概念界定的基础上,通过对我国西部地区城市贫困现状的分析,揭示出其产生和扩大的深刻原因并由此提出一系列可供选择的政策建议。     

When having many children pays: a case study from Taiwan

The objective of this paper is to investigate the direct financial cost and benefit of raising children during a demographic transition in Taiwan, and to examine whether fertility decline is consistent with Caldwell??s wealth flow theory, which states that fertility decline is caused by reduced benefits of children. The paper describes a method of estimating the average economic returns of children over the entire parental lifecycle, using a 42-year span of Taiwanese household and individual economic pseudo-panel data. Results show that returns to children may turn positive and are not highly negative all the time, as found in the previous literature.     

Allocation of resources for social services: Israel as a case study

The motives of the enormous growth of state expenditure for social services in advanced industrial societies, is one of the most puzzling questions in social policy analysis. The aim of this article is predicated upon the assumption that there are a few factors which jointly influence the allocation of societies to social services. Various factors which were found relevant to allocation in other studies are examined with regard to their ability to explain allocation for social services in Israel. Along with the traditional indicator of societal allocation, i.e. yearly fiscal expenditures for social services, another variable is suggested to test this societal allocation, namely the creating of new social programs. This new indicator will be explained and will be tested as to how the explanatory factors can predict the establishing of new programs.     

When having many children pays: a case study from Taiwan

The objective of this paper is to investigate the direct financial cost and benefit of raising children during a demographic transition in Taiwan, and to examine whether fertility decline is consistent with Caldwell’s wealth flow theory, which states that fertility decline is caused by reduced benefits of children. The paper describes a method of estimating the average economic returns of children over the entire parental lifecycle, using a 42-year span of Taiwanese household and individual economic pseudo-panel data. Results show that returns to children may turn positive and are not highly negative all the time, as found in the previous literature.