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1.
Eric Rasmusen 《Social Choice and Welfare》2012,38(4):601-615
One reason to call an activity a vice and suppress it is that it reduces a person’s future happiness more than it increases
his present happiness. Gruber and Koszegi (Q J Econ 116(4):1261–1303, 2001) show how a vice tax can increase a person’s welfare in a model of multiple selves with hyperbolic preferences across time.
The present paper shows that an interself analogy of the compensation criterion can justify a vice ban whether preferences
are hyperbolic or exponential, but subject to the caveat that the person has a binding constraint on borrowing. 相似文献
2.
Virtual Interpersonal Touch and Digital Chameleons 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We studied the characteristics of hand touch with a mechanical device that approximated a handshake, and we then examined
the effect of handshake mimicry on assessment of a partner. Two participants interacted with a force-feedback joystick that
recorded each of their hand movements individually. The two participants then greeted one another by feeling the recording
of the other person’s movements via the force-feedback device. For each dyad, one of the participants actually received his
or her own virtual handshake back under the guise that it was the other person’s virtual handshake. Results demonstrated three
significant findings. First, for any given participant, a metric that took into account position, angle, speed, and acceleration
of the hand movements correlated highly within individuals across two handshakes. Second, across participants, these metrics
demonstrated specific differences by gender. Finally, there was an interaction between gender and mimicry, such that male
participants liked people who mimicked their handshakes more than female participants did. We discuss the implications of
these findings and relate them to theories of social interaction.
相似文献
Jeremy N. BailensonEmail: |
3.
In drawing, psychological mood can be denoted in a direct way (i.e., “literally”) through facial expression cues (e.g., a
frowning face denotes sadness in a direct way), but it can also be connoted in an indirect way (i.e., “non-literally”) through
figurative or non-figurative cues. This study examines how child and adult drawers selectively use literal and non-literal
expressive strategies in accordance with the nature of the topic being depicted. In a between-subject design, 120 participants
produced drawings of either a person or a house, in one of three versions: baseline, happy, and sad. The results indicated
that drawers preferentially used literal expressive strategies for the person and non-literal strategies for the house. There
was an increasing tendency between 7 and 11 years of age to express the drawn person’s mood non-literally in addition to literally.
The positive correlation obtained between representational and expressive drawing ability suggests that enrichment of drawers’
graphic repertoire enhances their ability to draw expressively. Implications for clinical and educational practitioners are
discussed. 相似文献
4.
General Representation of Epistemically Optimal Procedures 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Franz Dietrich 《Social Choice and Welfare》2006,26(2):263-283
Assuming that votes are independent, the epistemically optimal procedure in a binary collective choice problem is known to be a weighted supermajority rule with weights given by personal log likelihood ratios. It is shown here that an analogous result holds in a much more general model. Firstly, the result follows from a more basic principle than expected-utility maximisation, namely from an axiom (“Epistemic Monotonicity”) which requires neither utilities nor prior probabilities of the ‘correctness’ of alternatives. Secondly, a person’s input need not be a vote for an alternative; it may be any type of input, for instance a subjective degree of belief or probability of the correctness of one of the alternatives. The case of a profile of subjective degrees of belief is particularly appealing, since no parameters such as competence parameters need to be known here. 相似文献
5.
Using a sample from the Longitudinal Study of Adolescent health (Add health), we tested whether psychosocial motivation or
health factors were the best predictors of sexual engagement by Latinos. The Latino sample (3,460) included sub samples of
Mexican (n = 1587) Chicano (n = 137), Cuban (n = 501), Puerto Rican (n = 586), Central/South American (n = 367) adolescents and individuals self-identified as Hispanic other (n = 282). Our findings showed that most Latino adolescents understood that if they had unprotected sex they were at risk for
HIV/AIDS and STI’s. Additionally, as we hypothesized, the motivation items were better predictors of sexual engagement than
the health risk items. However, the motivation items were only significant for the females with one exception, the Mexican
males. There were other subgroup differences as well. Our findings have important implications for prevention strategies. 相似文献
6.
In this paper, we present an innovative approach for ranking profiles of capability sets on the basis of equity. An interesting
way of capturing the notion of equity is to take into account the extent to which each of the different functioning vectors
is shared by the population under consideration (of size n). This is done by defining the ‘common capability sets’ enjoyed by k individuals as the set of functioning vectors simultaneously available to at least k individuals (1 ≤ k ≤ n). These sets are closely related to the original capability sets and have some interesting properties that are examined throughout
the paper. We define and axiomatically characterize a capability profile ranking that lexicographically compares the different
common capability sets.
We would like to thank for helpful discussion and comments to Jorge Alcalde-Unzu, Ritxar Arlegi, Miguel A. Ballester, Jose
Enrique Galdón, Antonio Nicolò, Jorge Nieto, Prasanta Pattanaik, John Weymark and the anonymous referees of this paper. The
project is supported by Spanish’ Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Technologia (SEC2003-08105) and by the European Commission
(MRTN-CT-2003-504796). 相似文献
7.
Ramona W. Denby 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2011,28(2):113-131
This study examines kinship caregivers’ (n = 830) experiences and their perceptions of the children (n = 1,339) in their care in order to predict permanency intent. Permanency intent is a caregiver’s expressed intent to adopt
the child in his or her care or to provide permanent, legal guardianship. The results of this study reveal that most caregivers’
permanency choice is guardianship and not adoption. However, binary logistic regression results uncovered six factors (i.e.,
thorough explanation of case plans, decreases in caregiver emotional stress, decreases in child depression, child lack of
communication with birth parent, caregiver providing care for a sibling group, decreases in run-away behavior) that predict
that a caregiver will adopt the child in his or her care. Policy, practice, and research implications are noted. 相似文献
8.
Helga Myrseth Geir Scott Brunborg Magnus Eidem 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2010,26(4):561-569
Cognitive distortions have been thought to play an important role in the development and maintenance of pathological gambling.
The present study investigated whether severity of gambling problems and gamblers’ preference for chance or skill games were
related to two sub-factors of cognitive distortions as measured by the Gamblers Belief Questionnaire: Luck/Perseverance, which
reflects an individual’s perception that chance is favorable to him/her, and Illusion of Control, which reflects an individual’s
perception that his/her behavior influences chance occurrences. Participants (N = 166) were recruited from a race track (n = 79), off-course betting facilities (n = 50) and from an online treatment program for problem gamblers (n = 49). Gambling severity was measured by the South Oaks Gambling Screen, and 73 were classified as pathological gamblers
whereas 93 were classified as non-pathological gamblers. The present study supports previous proposals that cognitive distortions
are core processes related to gambling behavior as pathological gamblers reported more cognitive distortions than did non-pathological
gamblers. A preference for skill games was also associated with greater Illusion of Control compared to a preference for chance
games. For gamblers preferring skill games there were no differences in Luck/Perseverance or Illusion of Control between pathological
and non-pathological gamblers. 相似文献
9.
Vitaro F Wanner B Brendgen M Tremblay RE 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2008,24(4):535-553
We compared offspring of problem gamblers (n = 42) to offspring of parents without gambling problems (n = 100) to see (1) whether the two groups differed with respect to depressive feelings and conduct/antisociality problems
and (2) whether ineffective parenting or the offspring’s own gambling problems played a mediating role in this context. Participants
were drawn from a relatively large community-based study (N = 1,872). Parents rated their own gambling and other mental health problems when their children were in mid-adolescence.
The children’s self-reports on depressive feelings and conduct/antisociality problems were assessed at two points in time:
by mid-adolescence and again by early adulthood. Results showed that children of parents with gambling problems reported more
depressive feelings and more conduct problems by mid-adolescence than children of parents without gambling problems. Children
of problem gamblers also experienced an increase in their depressive symptoms from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Importantly,
ineffective parenting, but not children’s gambling problems, mediated almost all the links between parental problem gambling
and children’s adjustment problems. These results add to a very small data base showing that children of problem gamblers
are at risk for a variety of adjustment problems.
相似文献
Frank VitaroEmail: |
10.
Contests with group-specific public-good prizes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Kyung Hwan Baik 《Social Choice and Welfare》2008,30(1):103-117
We examine the equilibrium effort levels of individual players and groups in contests in which n groups compete to win a group-specific public-good prize, the individual players choose their effort levels simultaneously
and independently, and the probability of winning for each group depends on the groups’ effort levels. In the basic model,
we show that, in each group, only the highest-valuation players expend positive effort and the rest expend zero effort; there
is underinvestment in the contest for the group as a whole. Next, in the main model in which the players are budget-constrained,
we show that low-valuation players free ride on high-valuation players’ contributions, not vice versa, but the free-rider
problem is “alleviated” as compared with the basic model. 相似文献
11.
This research examined industrial diversification patterns and win rates within the 1977–1979, 1983–1985 and 1992–1994 periods
for all NLRB certification elections of the 30 most active unions in 1977–1979. We found significant change in diversification
and little change in average win rates over the study period. The general trend was less total diversification and more unrelated
diversification in 1992–1994 relative to 1983–1985 and 1977–1979. Total diversification and election frequency had no impact
on win rates. However, related diversification had a significant positive influence on union win rates for elections recorded
outside unions’ core organizing industries. 相似文献
12.
Bethany A. Corliss Edith C. Lawrence Megan A. Nelson 《Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal》2008,25(4):271-285
This study addresses the dearth of research on families of children with serious emotional disturbances (SEDs) by examining
parents’ perceptions of their families’ resources and stressors. Parent and/or guardian responses on the Family Inventory
of Resources and Stressors (FIRST) whose children were receiving treatment for SEDs (n = 80) were compared to those with children without SEDs (n = 48). One-way ANCOVA analyses revealed that, when controlling for income and education level, families of children with
SEDs reported significantly greater stress levels than families of children without SEDs, but both groups reported similar
levels of resources. The principles derived from this study provide critical information for treatment providers and researchers
seeking to develop an in-depth understanding of the resources and stressors of families of children with SEDs so as to more
effectively collaborate with them in treatment planning. 相似文献
13.
Janice C. Marceaux Cameron L. Melville 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(1):171-190
This study examined the efficacy of two group treatments for pathological gambling, a node-link mapping-enhanced cognitive-behavioral
group therapy (CBGT-mapping) and twelve-step facilitated (TSF) group treatment. Forty-nine participants meeting criteria for
pathological gambling were recruited from local newspaper advertisements. These participants were randomly assigned to one
of three conditions: TSF (n = 11), CBGT-mapping (n = 18), and Wait-List control (n = 9); 11 refused treatment prior to randomization. Outcome measures included number of DSM-IV criteria met, perception of
control/self-efficacy, desire to gamble, and frequency of gambling episodes. Analyses revealed a significant treatment group × time
interaction (η2partial = .39). Specifically, the group treatments resulted in significant improvements in the dependent measures, while the Wait-List
group remained relatively stable. Overall, CBGT-mapping and TSF had no significant differences on any outcome measure at follow-up
assessments. Analysis of post-treatment and 6-month follow-up reveal a significant improvement in gambling outcomes (i.e.,
fewer DSM-IV criteria met, greater self-efficacy, and fewer gambling episodes (η2partial = .35), with treatment gains maintained at 6 months. These results are consistent with previous research for group treatment
for pathological gambling and provide support for the utility of TSF and a mapping-based CBT therapy as viable intervention
for pathological gambling. 相似文献
14.
Christopher R. H. Hanusa 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,33(2):311-333
Given a fixed set of voter preferences, different candidates may win outright given different scoring rules. We investigate
how many voters are able to allow all n candidates to win for some scoring rule. We will say that these voters impose a disordering on these candidates. The minimum
number of voters it takes to impose a disordering on three candidates is nine. For four candidates, six voters are necessary,
for five candidates, four voters are necessary, and it takes only three voters to disorder nine candidates. In general, we
prove that m voters can disorder n candidates when m and n are both greater than or equal to three, except when m = 3 and n ≤ 8, when n = 3 and m ≤ 8, and when n = 4 and m = 4 or 5. 相似文献
15.
Weatherly JN Miller JC Montes KS Rost C 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(2):217-223
Dixon and Johnson (Anal Gambl Behav 1: 44–49, 2007) proposed the Gambling Functional Assessment as a tool to identify the consequences maintaining the respondent’s gambling
behavior, but subsequent studies on its psychometric properties suggested that it could use improvement. The present study
investigated the internal consistency of the Gambling Functional Assessment—Revised using the responses of 1,060 undergraduate
students. Temporal reliability was assessed by a second administration of the measure four (n = 87) or twelve (n = 98) weeks after the first administration. Temporal reliability was also compared to the South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur
and Blume in Am J Psychiatry 144: 1184–1188, 1987), which was also administered at both time points. Internal consistency measures were good to excellent, even when potential
non-gamblers were excluded from the analyses. Temporal stability was also very good, with the possible exception of the consequence
of “escape” at 12 weeks. The Gambling Functional Assessment—Revised represents a potentially useful tool for researchers and
therapists interested in why respondents are gambling. 相似文献
16.
Rockloff MJ Dyer V 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2007,23(4):467-478
The Four Es is a 40-item scale measuring psychological risk for the development of problem gambling behavior. One-year follow-up interviews
(n = 395) from a previously reported phone survey in Queensland, Australia (n = 2,577) (Rockloff & Dyer, 2006) tested the ability of the Four Es instrument to prospectively identify persons who would later develop gambling problems.
Two groups of participants were selected for the 1-year follow-up interviews, including (1) persons who had gambling problems,
high-risk alcohol abuse problems, and/or substance abuse problems (abuse group); and (2) a random selection of other persons
from the original survey (random group). The results indicated that the “Excess” trait, which measures impulsive behavior,
was predictive of relative increases in gambling problems for both groups over the 1-year period. Additionally, the Four Es
questionnaire showed good psychometric properties in the surveys, with a test-retest reliability of r = .70 and a Cronbach’s alpha reliability of α = .90 and .92 in the original and follow-up interviews, respectively. 相似文献
17.
Marriage matching and gender satisfaction 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Vicki Knoblauch 《Social Choice and Welfare》2009,32(1):15-27
The performance of the Gale–Shapley marriage matching algorithm (Am Math Mon 16:217–222, 1962) has been studied extensively
in the special case of men’s and women’s preferences random. We drop the assumption that women’s preferences are random and
show that , where R
n
is the men’s expected level of satisfaction, that is, the expected sum of men’s rankings of their assigned mates, when the
men-propose Gale–Shapley algorithm is used to match n men with n women. This is a step towards establishing a conjecture of Knuth (Mariages Stables et leurs relations avec d’ autres problémes
combinatoires, 1976, CRM Proceedings and Lecture Notes, Vol 10, 1997) of 30 years standing. Under the same assumptions, we
also establish bounds on the expected rankings by women of their assigned mates. 相似文献
18.
LaPlante DA Gray HM LaBrie RA Kleschinsky JH Shaffer HJ 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2012,28(2):171-191
Gaming industry employees work in settings that create personal health risks. They also have direct contact with customers
who might engage in multiple risky activities (e.g., drinking, smoking, and gambling) and might need to facilitate help-seeking
by patrons or co-workers who experience problems. Consequently, the empirical examination of the processes and procedures
designed to prepare employees for such complex situations is a public health imperative. In the current study we describe
an evaluation of the Casino, Inc. Play Responsibly responsible gaming program. We surveyed 217 employees prior to and 1 month after (n = 116) they completed a multimedia driven responsible gambling training program. We observed that employees improved their
knowledge of responsible gambling concepts from baseline to follow-up. The Play Responsibly program was more successful in providing new knowledge than it was in correcting mistaken beliefs that existed prior to training.
We conclude, generally, that Play Responsibly is associated with increases in employees’ responsible gambling knowledge. 相似文献
19.
George W. Hopkins 《Journal of Labor Research》2010,31(4):348-364
In 1970, Miners For Democracy [MFD], a rank-and-file reform group within the United Mine Workers of America [UMWA], filed
suit under the Landrum-Griffin Act to overturn the 1969 UMWA presidential election on grounds of fraud, intimidation, and
corruption. Dissatisfied with the government’s prosecution of the case, MFD lawyers filed suit to gain intervenor status in
the courtroom. Trbovich v. United Mine Workers of America allowed MFD lawyers to join the prosecution and help win the case, setting an important precedent. The election rules resulting
from the Trbovich case created conditions for a fair campaign and an honest count. MFD won the election supervised by the Department of Labor,
providing an important case study of the impact of the LMRDA. 相似文献
20.
Matthew J. Rockloff Nancy Greer Carly Fay Lionel G. Evans 《Journal of gambling studies / co-sponsored by the National Council on Problem Gambling and Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming》2011,27(1):63-72
An experiment tested whether thinking about oneself, particularly in negative terms, increases gambling intensity on Electronic
Gaming Machines (EGMs). Forty male and 65 Female participants, aged 18–76 (M = 46.2, SD = 15.3), were recruited through newspaper advertisements to play a laptop simulated EGM in Hervey Bay, Queensland,
Australia. Prior to play, subjects in the test conditions audio tape-recorded 2 min of self reflection on either: (1) “things
you like about yourself,” or (2) “things you don’t like about yourself.” Immediately after the recordings, the subjects played an EGM that was programmed (rigged) with five wins
in the first 20 spins, and indefinite losses thereafter. Participants gambled more intensively in terms of Average Bet Size,
Number of Trials Played, and Speed of Betting in the negative self reflection condition compared to the control condition.
The experiment supports the proposition that EGM gambling behavior is motivated by escape from negative self reflection. 相似文献