家庭结构和代际交换对养老意愿的影响

家庭因素对行为人的养老意愿具有重要影响。本文通过实证方法分析行为人家庭结构和代际交换对其养老意愿的影响,结果表明,"不局限共居家庭"中的代际交换即使没有发生在行为人身上,也可能通过示范效应影响行为人的养老意愿;代际交换中反映老人主动性的"付出"较"回报"而言,对加大行为人对家庭养老的认同程度具有更明显的作用,而且这种主动性可能比个人特征、家庭结构等客观因素的影响更明显。     

劳动力外流下农村家庭代际支持性别分工研究

利用西安交通大学人口与发展研究所2001年、2003年和2006年"安徽省老年人生活福利状况跟踪调查数据",采用随机效应的Logistic模型,从老年父母和成年子女两个角度研究农村老年人家庭代际支持性别分工机制的变化。结果发现,农村老年人家庭代际交换仍然符合合作群体模式,由于不同性别在家庭中的角色和性别分工不同,老年父亲从子女外出中直接获益更多,老年母亲更多地是获得补偿性支持;儿子仍然在家庭养老中承担主要责任,女儿得到老年父母帮助时提供的补偿性支持更多,劳动力外流促使儿子和女儿对老年父母代际支持的性别差异缩小,女儿在家庭养老中的地位和作用显著提高。     

代际关系、价值观和家庭养老－－关于家庭养老的文化解释

本文从宏观的社会变迁的角度考察了家庭养老的变化问题,作者指出:代际关系、价值观和家庭养老内在一致。随着代际关系、价值观的变迁,家庭养老的内涵、形式、特点及功能都发生了变化。文章指出在做家庭养老的研究时应该将家庭养老视为一个不断变化的与传统的家庭养老不同的概念而不是相反。     

家庭结构、代际关系与老年人赡养——以安徽薛村为个案的考察

本文以薛村为个案。认为当代中国农村家庭结构的核心化、小型化特别是老年空巢家庭或者单身老人家庭的核心化带来了家庭养老的困境,家庭结构核心化趋势是代际关系变迁的某种外在表现形式。原有家庭内部的代际关系变迁成为家庭结构与老年赡养变化的主要原因。短时间的理性的代际平衡并不是建立在代际双方共有认同基础之上的．老年人仍然以长时间的道德与感情的互惠模式考虑与子辈之间的关系。但是子辈却愈发用现代的理性方式考量代际关系。赡莽老人的动力不是来自于生我养我的父子之恩情。而是一种与市场交换形式相类似的有来有往的给予方式。家庭养老模式的内涵和原则产生的变化使得农村老年人生存状况下降．在此之中国家成为老年人所期盼的救济对象,但国家的有限资源无法对老年人实施全面的救济。改善老年人生活仍然应以原来的家庭养老模式为基础。并且对之加以外部制度建设和内部社会化机制的完善。     

替代还是补充?居家养老服务对中国老年人代际支持的影响效应

发展居家养老服务和支持家庭养老功能发挥都是实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重要内容,但居家养老服务对家庭养老功能究竟产生何种影响尚需深入研究。在反事实因果的框架下,基于2018年和2020年两期中国老年社会追踪调查(CLASS)数据,使用双重差分倾向得分匹配法(PSM-DID)分析居家养老服务对家庭代际支持的影响。研究发现,居家养老服务显著减少了老年人的家庭代际支持获得,尤其是在一定程度上替代了子女对老年人的工具支持,这种替代作用在相对弱势的老年群体中更为明显;居家养老服务并未显著削弱老年人的家庭代际关系,说明中国家庭养老功能的整体发挥依然得以维系。应加强居家养老服务对家庭养老的支持作用,促进居家养老服务与家庭养老之间的相互融合和良性互动。     

城镇化背景下农村随迁父母的代际关系——基于代际团结模式的分析

随着城镇化进程加快,农村流动人口已呈现举家迁移趋势,农村随迁父母规模也将继续增加。家庭代际关系对农村随迁父母的生活福利有重要影响,但目前流入地政府和学术界对此未给予充分关注。本文利用2013年12月在深圳市P区的农民工随迁父母调查数据,基于代际团结模式探讨城镇化背景下农村随迁父母的代际关系。结果表明,中国的经济发展特别是城镇化进程改变了传统的家庭代际关系,农村随迁父母与外出务工子女同住增强了农村流动家庭的代际团结,女儿在家庭代际关系中扮演更加积极的角色,家庭养老的传统性别分工有所弱化。城镇化背景下依靠子女养老已经难以满足农村随迁父母的现实养老需求,而社会养老逐渐成为农村随迁父母的养老选择之一。本文是将代际团结模式分析应用于中国农村随迁父母代际关系研究的有益探索,同时可以为流入地政府制定改善农村随迁父母的生活福利、实现农民工及其家庭在流入地平等享受基本公共服务的相关政策提供现实依据。     

隔代照料经历对中国老年人养老意愿的影响

中国人口老龄化已进入加速发展阶段,对社会经济发展和家庭变迁产生广泛影响,家庭内部代际互动成为社会关注的焦点。伴随“三孩”生育政策的实施,为兼顾工作与家庭,越来越多的年轻夫妻向子女的（外）祖父母寻求育儿帮助,老年人隔代照料作为家庭层面支持生育的有效方式之一也逐渐成为老年人晚年生活的重要组成部分。文章运用2015年和2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）数据,借助二元Logistic回归模型、多分类Logistic回归模型和广义结构方程模型分析隔代照料经历对中国老年人养老意愿的影响。研究发现：隔代照料经历会增强老年人家庭养老意愿,体现了家庭内部资源代际交换与家庭成员责任承担的相互交织;子女给予老年人养老支持起部分中介作用,即隔代照料经历使老年人获得更多的经济支持、生活支持和情感支持,进而强化其未来与子女同住的养老意愿。在现阶段生育政策不断调整、家庭结构发生改变的背景下,家庭养老始终是我国最主要的养老方式,（外）祖父母照料孙子女是一种积极主动的选择,有利于缓解家庭育儿压力,突出老年人的家庭价值与社会价值,完善“一老一小”服务体系,促进代际协作融合,在家庭内部逐步形成照料孙辈与赡养老...     

中国老年人的代际支持模式及其对养老方式选择的影响

利用2018年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,基于家庭代际关系转变视角,通过对老年人从子女处获得的经济支持、照料支持、情感支持聚类分析,划分了“低-低-低”“高-低-高”“高-高-高”三种代际支持模式。多分类Logistic回归发现,“低-低-低”模式下的老年人更可能选择自己家养老和机构养老,“高-低-高”和“高-高-高”模式下的老年人更可能选择子女家养老。代际经济支持和情感支持对老年人选择子女家养老有正向促进作用,代际照料支持对老年人选择社会化养老方式具有正向促进作用,而代际情感支持对老年人选择社会化养老方式具有反向抑制作用。研究结果表明,当代中国老年人的代际支持模式的传统性与现代性并存,代际经济支持对老年人养老方式选择的影响在不断弱化,代际照料支持未对社会化养老产生替代作用,代际情感支持很大程度上制约了老年人选择社会化养老方式。构建老年人的家庭支持体系应侧重代际情感支持,同时加强社会保障体系和养老服务体系建设,补充代际经济支持和照料支持,以建立家庭养老和社会养老之间的有效衔接,从而实现居家、社区、机构的有效联动。     

养老保障能力评估对农民养老风险感知的影响及其代际差异--基于5省1573个样本的实证分析

利用5省22个乡镇1573个样本的调查数据,探讨了养老保障能力评估对农民养老风险感知的影响及其代际差异。研究发现：第一,农民养老风险感知的普遍程度较高,家庭养老保障能力评估是影响农民养老风险感知的重要因素,新农保作为一种有限保障并不能降低农民的养老风险感知。第二,农民的养老风险感知存在代际差异,其中家庭养老保障能力评估和社会养老保障能力评估对农民养老风险感知的影响存在代际差异,这主要是因为不同代际农民的养老观念、消费观念、所处的人生阶段存在差异所形成的。由此提出政府要正确认识农民的养老风险感知及其代际差异,着力在增加农民收入和提高新农保待遇水平两方面采取措施降低农民的养老风险感知,以避免养老危机的发生。     

中国农村老年人家庭代际交换的年龄轨迹研究

文章基于生命历程理论的研究视角,借助西安交通大学人口与发展研究所与美国南加州大学合作在巢湖农村进行的历时9年的四期纵贯调查数据,构建起代际交换变动的多层曲线增长模型,对老年人在60岁及以后的整个生命阶段中,个体年龄、出生队列和家庭生命阶段三方面因素对家庭代际交换的效应进行了分解,并描绘了代际交换的年龄发展轨迹。结果表明,代际交换的发展动力源自于社会、家庭、个体三个层面,其动态轨迹既是个体发展过程和历史过程,也是家庭策略,其水平的高低取决于个人时间、历史时间和家庭时间的同步。     

Practising planned birth and carrying out the education of transforming social traditions]

Practicing planned birth involves more than having fewer children; it revolutionizes old habits and customs. According to Confucian and Mencian tents, of the 3 unfilial acts, to lack an heir is the greatest. Even today some believe that only males are capable of carrying on the family line, but actually both male and female are posterity because: 1) historically, there have been societies where only women were considered to be heirs; 2) scientifically, both men and women pass on hereditary characteristics; 3) racially, all men and women are children of the nation. Further, the following old ideas must be addressed: traditionally a woman married into a man's family and thus was not considered an heir, but a man can just as easily become a member of the woman's family; 2) in old China women had no inheritance rights, but by law they now do, so they can be heirs; 3) when women married they took the man's surname and it was thus thought her family line would die, but posterity and surnames are two separate matters. The traditional attitude that "the more the offspring, the greater the prosperity" is not necessarily true because: 1) a big family does not necessarily mean there are more people to work because children under 16 years old cannot contribute to the family's labor force and need to be supported; 2) when children mature, they marry and must use their resources for their own family, so they cannot continue to subsidize their parents; furthermore, a big family requires enough land and agricultural implements to work it; 3) even though a big family has a greater income, expenditures are also larger. The traditional attitude of "raising children to forestall the problems of old age" no longer applies because with or without children the elderly can rely on the socialist system of ownership.     

代际支持对老年人主观幸福感的影响--基于年龄组的差异性分析

本文从年龄组差异的角度分析了代际支持对老年人心理健康的影响。研究发现,在控制了客观健康状况等变量后,老年人的心理健康水平并非随着年龄增长呈现出下降趋势。其次,接受代际支持和给予代际支持都对老年人心理健康有着显著的促进作用。第三,对于不同年龄组来说,代际支持对老年人心理健康产生的效果既有共同点也存在着差异。相似之处在于充足的经济支持对65－74岁、75－84岁和85岁及以上这三个年龄组老人的心理健康都是有利的。然而,更突出的是这三个年龄组之间的相异点：对于65－74岁这一组别而言,老人与子女之间的经济交换最为频繁。这种经济上的互惠提升了老人的积极情绪、抑制了消极情绪的产生。就75－84岁的老年人来说,子女在日常照料的作用表现的十分显著。和子女共同居住、在生病时由子女照料的老人表现出更少的消极情绪。至于85岁以上的高龄老人,得到充足的情感支持对于提升主观幸福感的作用更为显著;最先和子女分享想法的老人有着更高的心理健康水平。因此就现实状况来看,当父母逐渐衰老,作为子女,应当更加关注对父母的日常照护和情感关怀。尤其是对于这些高龄老人,他们对子女的情感态度更为敏感;子女提供的充足的情感支持对其心理健康有着十分显著的促进作用。     

First-generation effects on second-generation fertility

The number of children born to the second generation is shown to be inversely related to the predicted income of the first generation (father's father) and to the number of siblings in the second generation. This is true even when second-generation characteristics are taken account of. This long-term effect may be the result of parental influences on the tastes, opportunities or genes of their children. They do get an empirical expression because of the imperfect and partial measurement of second-generation characteristics.     

Comparison and fairness in family planning]

There are two kinds of comparison in family planning (FP) practice. First, people compare the number of children they have with their desired family size. Second, people compare their number of children with other's. The extent of their satisfaction from the comparison often depends on their expectation. And people's expectation about their family size may have an impact on the level of fertility. One task in a FP program is to regulate people's objects for comparison and to reduce the number of children they expect to have. But, changes in people's desired number of children are largely dependent upon the socio economic charges which can not be achieved in short time. Therefore, it would be more advisable to direct people to compare their fertility behavior with those of couples who have only one child, rather than those who have 3 or 4. Satisfaction with family size also comes from a feeling of fairness. People not only look at what they get, but also at what others get. Fairness and justice in FP program implementation is important. If those who violate local birth control policies and regulations are not properly punished, other people would feel that the situation is unfair and they would regret that they did not do the same. The pressure brought by over-population to socio-economic development has been gradually felt by most people. But, it is still difficult to have them strictly observe the present fertility regulation policy. If restrictions of various kinds are enforced and education and publicity are used, people will feel that they are being treated fairly. This will facilitate the promotion of the FP program.     

中国家庭代际关系与老年男子生活幸福度

本文研究了我国家庭代际关系对老年男子（55岁及以上）生活幸福度的影响。根据代际连带理论,代际关系取决于不同的方面：居住安排,代际支持交换,代际情感以及代际准则。利用2006年中国综合社会调查数据,发现代际关系对老年男子生活幸福度有显著的影响。西方国家的相关研究曾指出老年父母在代际关系中充当给予者时,其生活幸福度会提高;然而本文的研究发现我国的情况恰好相反,父母得到子女支持越多时其幸福感越高。同时,代际情感也会显著地提高老年父母的主观幸福感。     

中国高龄老人就医及时性状况研究

基于 1 998年中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据 ,对中国高龄老人患病能否得到及时医治的状况进行了分析。结果表明 ,高龄老人调查当时若患病 ,只有 3 7%左右的高龄老人不能得到及时医治 ;农村 (4 2 % )该比例略高于城镇 (3 0 % ) ;患病得不到及时就医的群体比较固定。LOGISTIC回归还揭示患病由家庭成员提供照料服务的高龄老人比由社会提供照料服务的高龄老人得不到及时医治的可能性小 ,与患病不能及时医治的高龄老人相比 ,患病能得到及时医治的高龄老人健康自评好的比例高 ,完全自理的比例高 ,认知健全比例高 ,疾病对日常生活妨碍比例小 ,隶属健康纯类的可能性大 ,其后死亡的可能性小 ,健康存活的可能性大。说明患病得到及时治疗对高龄老人晚年健康促进和生存具有一定的影响。     

A research on the assurance of family planning and providing for the aged]

An important cause of resistance to China's family planning (FP) program in rural areas is the need to have children to support parents in their old age. Provision of insurance for old age support will facilitate the implementation of the FP program among the rural population. A trial project was initiated in five cities and counties in Fujian province i 1986. The program included schemes for both eligible couples and for single children. The township or the village pays a lump sum or monthly premium to the insurance company for each couple, which enables them to collect 30-35 Yuan/month after they reach 55 years of age. To further expand the insurance program, a survey was conducted in 1987 to determine whether rural farmers would be willing and able to pay the insurance premium themselves. 77% of the respondents reported that they could afford to pay 60% of the premium. Among them, 59% were willing to pay. It was suggested that besides individual purchase of the insurance plan, the rural communities could contribute to the payment of the premium from the fines for unplanned births, from the local tax, and from the country government budget. Preferential treatment should be given to the couples of two daughters who receives sterilization; the communities should pay for a larger share of their premium. The current insurance scheme needs to be reformed so that the plan can offer more than the individual's bank savings. To do so, the insurance company needs to be able to invest their premium income and obtain higher returns. The employees of the insurance company need to improve their work efficiency to win the trust of the people in the program.     

A problem worthy to be noted by society and parents]

The problems in China faced by families and teachers dealing with the "only child" are discussed in this report. Out of 1144 students studied for this report, 26.2% came from 1-child families. Based on interviews with parents and teachers, the report determines that the only child shows a rapid development in intelligence, has a better standard of living than children from households of 2 or more children, and enjoys better health. However, the only child is found to be less equipped to deal with the pressures of daily life in spite of the above advantages, due mostly to the fact that his parents shelter him and do not allow him to deal with his own problems (some to the point of spoon-feeding their children who are old enough to attend school). The new governmental policy of 1 child per family, says the report, is in fact reversing population growth, yet seems to be creating a new generation of "little kings and queens" that are beginning to receive a sizable amount of attention from social workers. The main concern of social workers is that these children are being spoiled by their families and are creating difficulties in the classroom; namely, they 1) lack common courtesy and act superior to other children; 2) are willful, causing disturbances in the classroom; 3) lack discipline; and 4) seem to be lazier than other children. These characteristics are generally fostered in the home and parents are guilty of not enforcing discipline.     

关于贫困地区农村家庭养老问题的思考——以甘肃省庆阳市镇原县张老庄村为例

家庭养老是目前我国贫困地区农村主要的养老保障形式。对甘肃省镇原县张老庄村家庭养老现状的研究表明,农村老年人在经济来源、生活照料、精神慰藉等方面对家庭和子女的依赖性较强,尽管家庭养老的保障水平较低,但老年人对家庭养老的满意度较高。笔者从历史、文化、经济、制度等方面对家庭养老长期存在的原因进行了分析,指出了新时期家庭养老的诸多弊端,提出了家庭、社区、社会三位一体的养老模式。     

Flexible Work Hours and Other Job Factors in Parental Time with Children

Flexible working hours are typically seen to be advantageous to working parents, as the flexible hours more easily allow responsibilities of care and employment be balanced. But do flexible work hours actually mean that parents can spend more time with their children? This article explores this for parents of young children in Australia. The analyses use the time use diaries of children in the two cohorts of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC), from the first wave of the study in 2004. The study children in each cohort were aged about one year old and 4–5 years old. For each child, a weekday and weekend diary were completed, giving 5,579 weekday diaries and 4,478 weekend diaries. The diaries captured details of the children’s activities and of who they were with in each 15 min period of a day, and so allowed calculation of the total amount of time the child was with their mother and with their father. Multivariate analyses were used to determine whether amounts of mother-child and father-child time varied according to flexibility of work hours, taking account also of other job characteristics, family and child characteristics. The analyses showed that flexible work hours had only weak independent relationships with mothers’ and fathers’ time with children. Inasmuch as flexible hours are beneficial for parents, it appears that this is related to their ability to distribute their time between work and family time, rather than giving them more time with children.