社会支持对老年人心理健康影响的研究

为了探究社会支持对老年人心理健康的影响,本研究采用社会支持评定量表、症状自评量表(SCL-90)和生活再适应量表(SRRS),对武汉市随机抽取的442位60岁以上老年人进行了问卷调查。研究结果表明:社会支持对老年人心理健康具有主效应和缓冲作用;在有轻度及以下心理压力的情况下,较多邻居、同事、家人、经济和活动支持能显著改善男性老人的心理健康水平,较多朋友、同事和活动支持能显著改善女性老人的心理健康状况;在有中度及以上心理压力的情况下,较多家人支持和较多安慰支持能分别显著改善男性老人和女性老人的心理健康状况。     

高龄老人的心理状况分析

心理状况是老年人晚年生活质量的重要方面 ,随着高龄老人的迅速增长 ,研究高龄老人的精神生活越来越成为必要。通过对高龄老人性格特征、心理感受、认知能力及对生活满意度等的分析表明 ,高龄老人心态的变化及认知能力的衰退十分显著 ,女性老人的心理状态不及男性老人。健康状况是高龄老人最关心的问题 ,生活环境和医疗条件对生活满意度有直接影响 ,积极的生活方式和提高文化程度有助于改善他们的心理状况。高龄老人是一个非常脆弱的群体 ,需要家人和社会从卫生保健、经济、家庭氛围、文化社会等多方面给予关怀和帮助。     

上海市高龄老人生活质量及其社会政策支持

本文利用上海市老龄科研中心1999年进行的"中美高龄老人比较研究调查"的数据资料,对上海市高龄老人的生活现状进行了多因素分析,研究了高龄老人生活满意度与其文化程度、经济状况、健康状况和邻里熟识程度的关系,并对上海市目前高龄老人的政策支持状况进行了分析.     

城市女性高龄老人问题的调查与思考

文章结合实地调查和相关资料对城市女性高龄老人的生活状况进行了分析。结果表明,中国城市女性高龄老人生活状况不容乐观,基本生活缺乏保障,存在着高风险,面临着生存危机。为改善女性高龄老人的生活状况,提高生活质量,必须构建以居家养老和社区养老相结合的养老体系。     

女性独居老人自评生活满意度的影响因素分析

文章利用2002年中国高龄老人健康长寿状况调查数据,从中选取女性独居老人,运用因子分析和Logistic回归等方法分析讨论了影响女性独居老人生活满意度的因素。分析结果表明,在众多影响独居老年女性生活满意度的因素中,心理因素和经济因素的作用最直接。生理因素和人口因素对生活满意度的影响通过心理因素体现,而社会因素对生活满意度的影响在一定程度上与心理因素相关。     

异质性、家庭支持与中国高龄老人的死亡率:虚弱度模型的应用

本文通过虚弱度模型展示了中国高龄老人死亡率模式中的个体异质性,女性内部异质性远大于男性。在控制未观测异质性后,结果显示:男性和女性高龄老人的基准死亡率呈现交叉效应;配偶对男性高龄老人的存活存在显著的保护作用,已婚有偶的男性高龄老人死亡风险较之无偶的低22%(=1-e-0.253);除日常照料和精神慰藉外,子女对烟酒嗜好等不健康生活方式的监督,对男性高龄老人的存活也可能存在不可替代的保护作用。女性高龄老人在社会支持网络依赖、社会经济地位与健康生活方式上迥异于男性,使得配偶和子女以上支持作用并不显著。     

高龄失能老人居住方式及影响因素的实证研究

高龄失能老人居住方式直接影响到长期照护服务质量,通过对211位高龄失能老人的调查,发现他们理想的居住方式与现实的居住方式之间存在很大差异,大多数高龄失能老人理想的居住方式是与家人同住,而现实的居住方式则是入住养老机构比例在大幅度提高。经济与社会支持因素对高龄失能老人理想居住方式有较大影响,而居住地、婚姻状况、儿女数量等多因素阻碍他们实现理想的居住方式,使他们不得不居住在养老机构。在研究的基础上,提出社区应整合社会多方资源将照护服务递送到居家高龄失能老人身边,同时提高机构照护服务质量,使身居养老机构的高龄失能老人在接受专业化照护服务的同时感受到居家的温馨,以实现高龄失能老人理想的居住方式,满足他们对长期照护服务的需求。     

婚姻对中国高龄老人健康长寿影响的性别差异分析

文章利用中国高龄老人健康长寿纵向调查1998年基线数据和2000年跟踪数据,就婚姻对中国高龄老人健康长寿影响的性别作用差异进行了剖析。研究结果表明,婚姻状况对女性高龄老人健康的保护作用强于男性高龄老人,婚姻状况对男性高龄老人死亡风险的降低作用比女性高龄老人大,较高的婚姻满意度有利于高龄老人减缓健康状况的下降和死亡风险的下降,高龄老人近期丧失配偶对健康状况的下降有恶化作用并增加死亡风险,女性的这种作用强于男性。     

高龄老人健康自评的比较分析

本文根据相关调查数据,对高龄老人健康自评状况进行了总结和比较:高龄老人的健康自评状况总体上较好;男性高龄老人的健康自评好于女性;有文化程度的高龄老人群体的健康自评好于无文化程度群体;结过婚的高龄老人群体在健康自评上好于未结过婚的群体。     

高龄老人心理状况与健康长寿关系研究

文章根据2000年中国高龄老人健康长寿调查数据,从认知能力和心理状态方面对高龄老人的心理状况进行实证分析。由数据看出,中国高龄老人的心理健康状况较好,并随年龄的增加呈下降趋势,认知能力的下降幅度远大于心理状态下降的幅度;城乡高龄老人的心理健康状况有所差异,城镇好于乡村;女性高龄老人的心理健康状况不如男性高龄老人;教育和婚姻都有助于心理健康;高龄老人的心理健康状况与他们对自己的生活和健康状况的自评显著相关。     

Regional differences in marital fertility in the Netherlands in the second half of the nineteenth century

Abstract In the Netherlands, as in other countries, substantial regional differences in the birth rate have always been the rule rather than the exception. Of course, differences in crude birth rates may be attributed to a number of possible reasons, not all of them of primary demographic interest. For instance, according to the census of 31st December 1899, the number of women per 1,000 men in the province of Drenthe was only 924; in the province of Zuidholland the corresponding number was 1,073. It is clear that, ceteris paribus, the crude birth rate in Zuidholland would be about 7% higher than in Drenthe at that time. In such a case, the difference could reflect differences in economic development or job opportunities, factors not devoid of demographic significance, but only indirectly so.     

Why the rise in adolescent fertility rates in the Dominican Republic in the 1990s?

Despite concern over high pregnancy rates and levels of risk for sexually transmittedinfections, adolescent fertility rates in the Dominican Republic have not changed substantially since the early 1980's, and actually increased during the early to mid 1990s. The present study was undertaken to assess the factors contributing to the recent rise in fertility among Dominican adolescents. The findings suggest that although contraceptive use among adolescents and young adults has increased, this has been more than offset by ominous trends on other determinants of fertility. Among these are declines in mean age at first sex and first marriage/union without a commensurate decline in mean age at first contraceptive use, and stubbornly high discontinuation rates for oral contraceptives andcondoms. There is also some evidence that rates of induced abortion among adolescents may have increased, without which adolescent fertility rates would have been even higher. Demand for children among Dominican adolescents remains strong, suggesting that efforts to reduce the current high prevalence of risky sexual behaviors need to influence social norms in order to be successful.     

乡-城转移人口的生育率水平问题

乡一城人口转移作为城市化过程,总体上有利于生育率下降或低生育水平的稳定。但是,由于乡一城转移人口的生育率水平具有既不同于城也有别于乡的差别特征,因此这种转移对城乡生育率的变化必然产生一定的差别效应。通常认为,乡一城转移人口的生育率水平介于城乡之间,即低于乡而高于城。但是,有关研究认为,我国乡一城迁移流动人口的生育率水平已经转变为低于城市。对此,很值得进一步深入探讨。本文首先分析我国城乡生育率的变化和区域差异,然后对乡一城转移人口的总和生育率进行尝试性的推算,最后聚焦讨论流动人口生育行为的流动性问题。     

经济较发达地区农村空巢老人的养老问题——以浙江农村为例

本文通过对现阶段浙江农村空巢家庭类型及成因的分析,比较了农村空巢家庭与传统同已婚子女一起生活老年人生活质量的差异,认为空巢老人家庭生活质量不仅低于农村人口的平均生活水平,也低于传统同子女一起生活的老人,并对如何解决农村养老问题提出了对策建议。     

Social Reporting in the 1970s and in the 1990s

In this paper I give an account of the major welfare conceptsand social reporting concepts of the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s. Inconclusion I discuss possibilities and limits of social reporting today.Quality of life and qualitative growth were the welfare programs of the1970s. The next decade saw a trend to individualization, subjectivewell-being and plurality of life styles. In the last decade the qualityof society once more came into the forefront in concepts likesustainable development, human development and social capital. From thefar-reaching program of the social indicators movement socialreports are the most visible results in many countries whereas ambitiousplans like national goals accounting failed. In the 1980s we watched akind of dissolution by diffusion and in the 1990s a revival inseveral fields. Overall, the monitoring and enlightenment function stillis the most important contribution of social reporting but today on ahigher level of data, methods and international comparisons.     

Keeping the ball in the air: contact in long-distance friendships

As people continue to be more mobile, maintenance behaviors for long-distance friendships will continue to be a part of the relocation experience. In this qualitative study, 25 women age 45 and over, who had relocated a number of times, were asked to talk about how their friendships had transitioned to being long-distance relationships and what current maintenance behaviors entailed. Communication was a major theme involving electronic mail (e-mail), Christmas cards, telephone calls, and visits. Results from the current study suggest that maintaining the perception of the existence of a well-connected social support system could be accomplished with a single, annual contact. Further, the long-distance friendship biographies explored in this study provided characteristics of friendship maintenance behavior that could be grouped into three main categories forming a proposed typology of long-distance friendship maintenance.     

Keeping the Ball in the Air: Contact in Long-Distance Friendships

ABSTRACT

As people continue to be more mobile, maintenance behaviors for long-distance friendships will continue to be a part of the relocation experience. In this qualitative study, 25 women age 45 and over, who had relocated a number of times, were asked to talk about how their friendships had transitioned to being long-distance relationships and what current maintenance behaviors entailed. Communication was a major theme involving electronic mail (e-mail), Christmas cards, telephone calls, and visits. Results from the current study suggest that maintaining the perception of the existence of a well-connected social support system could be accomplished with a single, annual contact. Further, the long-distance friendship biographies explored in this study provided characteristics of friendship maintenance behavior that could be grouped into three main categories forming a proposed typology of long-distance friendship maintenance.     

关于京津沪超低生育率中外来人口分母效应的检验

本文质疑梁秋生论文中控制外来流入人口以后京津沪大城市总和生育率均高于 1 0的推算结果 ,并根据全国第五次人口普查 1‰抽样样本的京津沪育龄妇女案例进行了检验汇总。按两种不同口径的汇总结果都表明 ,京津沪户籍育龄妇女的总和生育率远远低于 1 0。     

The fall in household size and the rise of the primary individual in the United States

The long-term fall in household size in the United States is discussed within the framework of the aging of the population, continuing as the effects of fertility and mortality decline accumulate. Using distributions of households by size from U.S. census data 1790–1970 and a components of change analysis on primary individuals for 1950–1974, household changes are related to demographic change for the periods 1790–1900, 1900–1950, and 1950–1974. Fertility and mortality declines have unambiguous impact on household size until the increases in primary individuals begin. But these, too, have a theoretically interesting, if indirect relationship to population structure.     

Changes in Cohabitation After the Birth of the First Child in Chile

In Chile, as in other Latin American countries, most children born outside of marriage are born to currently cohabiting couples. After having their first child, parents could marry, separate, or experience no change in union status. This paper explores changes in cohabitation that occur after the birth of the first child in Chile and analyzes how these changes might be associated with the birth of children and socioeconomic status. The data come from the New Chilean Family Survey, a small longitudinal survey administered to women after giving birth (n = 564). I use life tables and event history techniques to assess changes in respondent union status up to 4 years after the birth of the first child, and to study the transitions out of cohabitation. The results indicate that the unions in the sample are relatively stable, because less than 40 percent of cohabiters change status over the period of 4 years. However, marriage still appears to be a more stable type of union than cohabitation. Among cohabiters, there is evidence of a nonlinear relation between union stability and educational attainment, because the most stable unions are the unions of women with a high school diploma and not the unions of women who did not complete their secondary education. Having planned the first birth and the birth of an additional child seems to consolidate the cohabiting union, because these variables are not related to the entry into marriage, but they are related to lower risks of dissolution. These findings suggest that the Chilean case differs from the cases of Europe and the United States.